Skeletal System Part 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the skeletal system?

  • Cartilages
  • Muscles (correct)
  • Bones
  • Joints

    • What term describes the division of the skeleton that includes the skull and vertebrae?

  • Appendicular skeleton
  • Hyaline skeleton
  • Compact skeleton
  • Axial skeleton (correct)

    • Which function of bones is primarily responsible for providing structure to the body?

  • Support (correct)
  • Mineral storage
  • Protection of organs
  • Blood cell formation

    • Which type of bone tissue is described as dense, smooth, and homogeneous?

    <p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of spongy bone?

    <p>To reduce bone weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of bones includes the humerus and femur?

    <p>Long bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mineral is primarily stored in bones, essential for various bodily functions?

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of blood cell formation within the bones called?

    <p>Hematopoiesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics describes long bones?

    <p>Typically longer than they are wide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these bones is classified as a flat bone?

    <p>Rib</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is characterized as generally cube-shaped?

    <p>Short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is NOT considered a long bone?

    <p>Tarsal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes irregular bones from other types of bones?

    <p>Their irregular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common example of a sesamoid bone?

    <p>Patella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes flat bones?

    <p>They are thin and usually curved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of short bones?

    <p>Longer than they are wide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary composition of the diaphysis in long bones?

    <p>Compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does articular cartilage serve at the ends of long bones?

    <p>Decreases friction at joint surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the epiphyseal plate primarily responsible for?

    <p>Facilitating lengthwise growth of a long bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tissue lines the inner surface of the diaphysis?

    <p>Endosteum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contained within the medullary cavity of long bones in adults?

    <p>Yellow marrow primarily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the periosteum?

    <p>It covers the outer surface of the diaphysis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the epiphyseal line signify in adult bones?

    <p>Remnant of the epiphyseal plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cartilage is found in the articular surfaces of long bones?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are bone markings primarily associated with?

    <p>Sites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which letter is associated with projections or processes that grow out from the bone surface?

    <p>T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of bone anatomy, which term describes cavities that house mature bone cells?

    <p>Lacunae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the open spaces in spongy bone primarily contain?

    <p>Marrow, blood vessels, and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is found at the center of an osteon and carries blood vessels and nerves?

    <p>Central (Haversian) canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lamellae represent in the microscopic anatomy of compact bone?

    <p>Concentric circles of lacunae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of bone marking typically begins with the letter 'F'?

    <p>Depressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic functional unit of compact bone known as?

    <p>Haversian system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which regions of a long bone remain as cartilage by birth?

    <p>Articular cartilages and epiphyseal plates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is appositional growth in bones primarily characterized by?

    <p>Growth in width by adding bone matrix to the outside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor directly influences the remodeling of bones throughout life?

    <p>Calcium ion level in the blood and muscle pull</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect bone density?

    <p>It activates osteoclasts to break down bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating bone formation during growth?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of osteoclasts in bone health?

    <p>They break down bone and release calcium into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when blood calcium levels are high?

    <p>Osteoblasts store calcium in bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is least likely to affect bone remodeling?

    <p>Dietary fiber intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Parts of the Skeletal System

    • Composed of bones, joints, cartilages, and ligaments.
    • Divided into two main subdivisions: axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

    Functions of Bones

    • Support for body structure and shape.
    • Protection of vital organs (e.g., skull protects the brain, rib cage protects thoracic organs).
    • Facilitation of movement through muscle attachment.
    • Storage of minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, along with fats in the marrow.
    • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).

    Classification of Bones

    • Adult skeleton consists of 206 bones, categorized into two types of osseous tissue:
      • Compact bone: dense and smooth.
      • Spongy bone: composed of needlelike pieces with open spaces.

    Bone Shape Classifications

    • Long Bones: Longer than wide; primarily compact bone, spongy at ends (e.g., femur, humerus).
    • Flat Bones: Thin, flattened bones; two layers of compact bone surrounding spongy bone (e.g., skull bones, ribs).
    • Short Bones: Cube-shaped; mostly spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone (e.g., carpals, tarsals).
    • Irregular Bones: Non-uniform shapes; do not fit other classifications (e.g., vertebrae, hip bones).

    Structure of Long Bones

    • Diaphysis: The shaft, mostly made up of compact bone.
    • Periosteum: A fibrous tissue covering the diaphysis, anchored to bone by Sharpey's fibers.
    • Epiphysis: The ends primarily made of spongy bone covered by compact bone.
    • Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage on epiphyses that reduces joint friction.
    • Epiphyseal Line: Marks where the epiphyseal plate was located in growing bones.
    • Endosteum: Tissue lining the inner shaft surface, composed of connective tissue.
    • Medullary Cavity: Contains yellow marrow in adults, red marrow in children for blood cell formation.

    Bone Markings

    • Features that serve as sites for muscle, tendon, and ligament attachment.
    • Types include projections (processes) that extend from the surface and depressions (cavities) that indent.

    Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

    • Spongy Bone: Composed of trabeculae and spaces filled with marrow, blood vessels, and nerves.
    • Compact Bone:
      • Osteocytes: Mature bone cells located in the matrix.
      • Lacunae: Cavities housing osteocytes.
      • Lamellae: Concentric rings around a central canal.
      • Central (Haversian) Canal: Contains blood vessels and nerves, runs through osteons.

    Bone Growth and Remodeling

    • Cartilage typically converts to bone by birth, except for articular cartilages and epiphyseal plates.
    • Appositional Growth: Bone width increases through osteoblast activity in the periosteum and osteoclast activity in the endosteum.
    • Bone remodeling occurs continuously based on calcium levels and gravitational/muscular stresses.

    Calcium Ion Regulation

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Released when calcium levels are low; stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium into the bloodstream.
    • Hypercalcemia prompts osteoblasts to deposit calcium into bones for storage.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on Chapter 5 of the Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, specifically exploring the skeletal system. Test your knowledge on the structure, function, and importance of bones in the human body. Ideal for students learning anatomy in a global context.

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