Human Anatomy and Physiology: Skeletal System

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the olecranon process in the humerus?

It attaches muscles to the humerus.

It forms the head of the humerus.

It serves as the bony point of the elbow. (correct)

It rotates during arm movement.

Where does the biceps muscle attach on the radius?

At the radial tuberosity. (correct)

At the distal end of the radius.

At the radial head.

At the olecranon fossa.

Which bone is located on the same side as the thumb?

Ulna

Humerus

Carpals

Radius (correct)

What articulates with the head of the humerus?

The glenoid cavity of the scapula Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the olecranon fossa?

It accommodates the olecranon process when the arm is extended. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the radial tuberosity?

It is a site for muscle attachment. Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is found on the posterior side of the humerus?

Olecranon fossa Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is considered longer, the radius or the ulna?

Ulna Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the knee classified as?

Synovial joint Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are responsible for preventing side-to-side movement at the knee?

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the formation of flat bones in the skull during fetal development?

Intramembranous ossification Signup and view all the answers

Where is the primary site of ossification in endochondral ossification?

In the diaphysis Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteoblasts play in bone development?

They synthesize bone matrix Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments?

Prevent the femur from sliding forward or backward Signup and view all the answers

How is the patellar ligament classified in terms of its anatomical function?

Both a tendon and a ligament Signup and view all the answers

What mineral is primarily dissolved in body fluids and blood related to bone health?

Calcium phosphate Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pelvic outlet?

To serve as a passageway for infants during childbirth Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a Comminuted Fracture?

The bone is broken into 3 or more pieces. Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is known as the kneecap?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones bears weight in the lower leg?

Tibia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture is defined by a break that occurs at an angle?

Oblique Fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest tarsal bone in the foot?

Calcaneus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction of a Non-Displaced Fracture?

The bone is aligned properly. Signup and view all the answers

Which fracture type features a crack in the bone without a complete break?

Greenstick Fracture Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges does the great toe, or hallux, contain?

Two Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment method called that involves aligning a fracture without surgery?

Closed Reduction Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint does the femur form with the pelvis?

Ball-and-socket joint Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the fibula?

It resides alongside the tibia and helps stabilize the ankle. Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic test specifically measures bone density?

DEXA Scan Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between the bones of the foot and ankle compared to those of the hand?

The foot and ankle bear the weight of the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Depressed Fracture characterized by?

A dent or indentation in the bone. Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common cause of Osteoporosis?

Lack of exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of mastoiditis?

An untreated middle-ear infection Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is commonly treated with palate repair surgery?

Cleft lip and palate Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of bursitis?

Tenderness and swelling Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people over age 70 show signs of osteoarthritis?

85% Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arthritis is known for affecting children?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is osteogenesis imperfecta commonly referred to as?

Brittle bones Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can result from inadequate mineral crystal deposition in bones during childhood?

Rickets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications is associated with cleft lip and palate?

Hearing loss Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Upper Limb Anatomy

Humerus: Long bone of the upper arm; features include:
- Head: Enlarged end articulating with the scapula's glenoid cavity.
- Olecranon fossa: Depression on the posterior side, accommodating the olecranon process.
- Olecranon process: Elbow's bony point that slides in the olecranon fossa during arm extension.
Radius: Thumb-side bone; features:
- Proximal head: Disc-shaped, rotates on the humerus.
- Radial tuberosity: Muscle attachment point for biceps.
Ulna: Longer bone of the lower arm, located opposite the radius.

Lower Limb Anatomy

Femur: Longest and strongest bone; articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum forming a ball-and-socket joint.
Patella: Triangular sesamoid bone; ossifies between ages three and six, embedded in knee tendon.
Tibia: Weight-bearing shinbone; articulates with the femur and carries body weight.
Fibula: Slender bone alongside the tibia, does not bear weight but stabilizes the ankle.
Foot and Ankle Bones:
- Phalanges: Toe bones; hallux has 2 bones, other toes have 3.
- Metatarsals: Five bones numbered I-V, forming the foot's middle portion.
- Tarsals: Include seven bones, with talus and calcaneus being key components for ankle movement and weight support.

Joint Anatomy

Knee Joint: A synovial joint involving femur, tibia, and patella; supported by five ligaments:
- Collateral ligaments: Prevent side-to-side movement.
- Cruciate ligaments: Cross to stabilize forward and backward movement.
- Patellar ligament: Attaches the patella to the tibia, functioning as both tendon and ligament.

Bone Development

Mineral Deposition: Osteoblasts synthesize bone matrix, vital for bone formation and collagen fiber development.
Intramembranous Ossification: Forms flat bones, e.g., skull.
Endochondral Ossification: Forms long bones through cartilage models; primary ossification located in the diaphysis.

Fracture Types

Complete Fracture: Bone in two or more pieces.
Displaced Fracture: Bone misalignment.
Non-Displaced Fracture: Bone remains aligned.
Hairline Fracture: Crack in the bone.
Greenstick Fracture: Partial break, one side broken.
Spiral Fracture: Spiral break pattern.
Compression Fracture: Common in vertebrae due to compression.

Diagnostic Tools

DEXA Scan: Measures bone density using low-dose radiation.
X-ray: Visualizes dense structures, useful for diagnosing bone disorders.

Skeletal Conditions

Osteoporosis: "Porous bones"; severe loss of density, affecting cancellous bone.
- Causes include vitamin D deficiency and diminished hormone levels due to aging.
Mastoiditis: Infection of the mastoid bone, often stemming from untreated ear infections; treated with antibiotics, sometimes requiring surgery.
Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursa causing pain, common in joints like the knee and shoulder.
Arthritis: Inflammation of joints, with over 100 types; osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are prominent forms.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Congenital defect leading to brittle bones from collagen deficiency.
Rickets: Childhood disorder from inadequate mineral deposition, resulting in soft bones.

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Description

This quiz covers the anatomy and physiology of the skeletal system, focusing on the appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper limb. Participants will explore the structure and features of the humerus, radius, ulna, and carpal bones. Test your knowledge about bone markings and their significance in human anatomy.