Human Anatomy Chapter: Bone Classification

Questions and Answers

What characterizes short bones?

They are generally cube-shaped. (correct)

They are typically thick and flat.

They primarily contain compact bone.

They have an irregular shape.

Which bones are classified as flat bones?

Carpals and tarsals

Vertebrae and hip bones

Clavicles and scapulae

Skull, ribs, and sternum (correct)

What is the primary composition of the diaphysis in a long bone?

Spongy bone

Compact bone (correct)

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrous connective tissue

What role do Sharpey's fibers play in the anatomy of a long bone?

They secure the periosteum to underlying bone. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of articular cartilage in long bones?

It decreases friction at joint surfaces. Signup and view all the answers

What do canaliculi in bone structure provide?

A transport system for nutrients Signup and view all the answers

During which developmental stage does cartilage primarily remain in the skeleton?

Embryonic stage Signup and view all the answers

What function do the cranial bones serve for the brain?

Attach to meninges to stabilize the brain's position Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the epiphyseal plates during childhood?

They allow for the growth of long bones. Signup and view all the answers

Which skull bones are movable?

Mandible and auditory ossicles Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the paranasal sinuses?

To resonate voice and lighten the skull Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone?

Maxilla Signup and view all the answers

How many individual vertebrae comprise the human vertebral column?

26 Signup and view all the answers

What type of inflammation is referred to when discussing sinus infection?

Sinusitis Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the skull contributes to forming the nasal cavity?

Ethmoid Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebrae are fused together in the human body?

Sacrum and coccyx Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vertebral arch?

House the vertebral foramen Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebrae are considered unique due to their specific structural characteristics?

Atlas and Axis Signup and view all the answers

What role do the ribs play in relation to the thoracic vertebrae?

They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What describes the structure of the sternum?

It has three parts: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ribs are known as floating ribs?

Ribs 11-12 Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone cell is responsible for breaking down the bone matrix during remodeling?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect bone growth and maintenance?

Dietary supplements Signup and view all the answers

Which fracture type involves the skin remaining intact?

Closed fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the healing process of a simple fracture?

Hematoma formation Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint are sutures in the skull classified as?

Immovable joints Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions involves a genetic abnormality affecting bone structure?

Osteogenesis imperfecta Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the skeleton includes the pelvic girdle?

Appendicular division Signup and view all the answers

How many bones constitute the adult human skull?

22 bones Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phases occurs last in the sequence of fracture healing?

Bone remodeling Signup and view all the answers

What structure allows the skull bones to remain flexible during birth?

Fontanels Signup and view all the answers

Which spinal curvature is characterized by an exaggerated forward curve in the thoracic region?

Kyphosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?

Supporting body weight and locomotion Signup and view all the answers

Which bone is referred to as the collarbone?

Clavicle Signup and view all the answers

How many phalanges are found in the big toe?

2 Signup and view all the answers

Which component is included in the appendicular skeleton?

Pelvic girdle Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a male pelvis compared to a female pelvis?

Narrower pelvic inlet Signup and view all the answers

Which bones articulate with the humerus?

Radius and scapula Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ligaments in the context of the foot's arches?

They provide stability and springiness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about the carpal bones?

They allow the wrist to bend and twist. Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical term for the kneecap?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification of Bones

Short bones are cube-shaped, mainly composed of spongy bone. Examples include carpals and tarsals.
Flat bones are thin and flattened, usually curved, with compact bone layers surrounding spongy bone. Examples include the skull, ribs, and sternum.
Irregular bones have irregular shapes and do not fit into other categories. Examples include vertebrae and hip bones.

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

Diaphysis is the shaft of the bone made of compact bone.
Epiphysis refers to the ends of the bone, composed mostly of spongy bone.
Periosteum is the fibrous connective tissue membrane covering the diaphysis and housing Sharpey's fibers that secure it to the bone.
Articular cartilage reduces friction at joint surfaces and covers the epiphysis.
Medullary cavity contains yellow marrow in adults (mostly fat) and red marrow for blood cell formation.

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone

Osteon (Haversian System) is a basic unit of bone structure.
Central (Haversian) canal contains blood vessels and nerves, while perforating (Volkman's) canal connects to it.
Lacunae are cavities housing osteocytes arranged in concentric rings within lamellae.
Canaliculi are tiny canals facilitating nutrient transport between the central canal and lacunae.

Changes in the Human Skeleton

The embryonic skeleton primarily consists of hyaline cartilage, which is largely replaced by bone during development.
Cartilage persists in specific areas, such as the nose, parts of ribs, and joints.

Bone Growth

Epiphyseal plates promote long bone growth during childhood, where new cartilage forms, is ossified, and replaced by bone.
Bones remodel and thicken until growth ceases, influenced by gravity and muscle stress.

Types of Bone Cells

Osteocytes: mature bone cells.
Osteoblasts: bone-forming cells.
Osteoclasts: bone-resorbing cells involved in remodeling and calcium release.

Factors Affecting Bone Growth and Maintenance

Heredity influences skeletal development and can include genetic conditions like Osteogenesis Imperfecta.
Nutrition provides essential minerals for bone health; deficiencies can impair growth.
Hormones regulate aspects such as cell division and calcium metabolism.
Exercise promotes bone density, while lack of weight-bearing activity can lead to calcium loss.

Types of Fractures

Closed (simple) fractures involve intact skin; open (compound) fractures break the skin.
Greenstick fractures are partial breaks common in children; comminuted fractures produce multiple fragments.
Impacted fractures involve bones forced into one another.
Pathologic fractures occur without trauma due to bone disorders.

Fracture Healing Process

Typically takes 6-8 weeks for simple fractures; consists of hematoma formation, fibrocartilage callus, bony callus formation, and remodeling.

Division of the Skeleton

The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.
The appendicular skeleton features the pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs.

Axial Skeleton Details

Skull consists of 22 bones: 8 cranial (frontal, occipital, etc.) and 14 facial bones (maxillae, mandible, etc.).
Sutures are immovable joints connecting cranial bones; fontanels ossify by age 2.

Vertebral Column

Comprises 26 vertebrae: 24 individual, plus sacrum and coccyx; cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions are distinct.
Specific vertebrae, like atlas and axis, allow unique movements.

Thoracic Cage

Protects thoracic organs; composed of vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and their cartilages.
Ribs are categorized into true, false, and floating ribs based on their connection to the sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton Details

Pectoral girdle connects arms to the body, consists of 2 clavicles and 2 scapulae.
The upper limb includes the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.

Pelvic Girdle

Composed of 2 ossa coxae, the sacrum, and coccyx; designed for weight-bearing.
Female pelvis is adapted for childbirth: broader and lighter with a wider pelvic outlet.

Lower Limb Structure

Includes femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
Tarsals form the ankle, with specific bones like the talus and calcaneus.

Bone Arches and Articulations

The foot has longitudinal and transverse arches that aid in weight distribution.
Articulations (joints) allow movement and flexibility, connecting bones unless specified (e.g., hyoid bone).

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Description

This quiz explores the classification and anatomy of bones, covering short, flat, irregular bones, and the gross and microscopic anatomy of long bones. Test your knowledge on various bone structures, including the diaphysis, epiphysis, and osteons. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.