Questions and Answers
Most of the bones of our limbs are classified as ____ bones.
long
Bones that grow within tendons are classified as _____ bones.
sesamoid bone
Phalanges are classified as _____ bones.
long
An example of an axial bone is the ____.
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The structural unit of compact bone is the _____
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Lacunae are connected to each other by _______
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In bone, collagen is found in the ______.
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The membrane that covers most of the outer surface of a long bone is the ____.
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Which of the following would not be found in the long bone of a thirty-year-old adult?
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Spongy bone is made up of small, flat pieces of bone called ____.
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The bone cell that produces the bony matrix in a developing bone is the ____.
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The primary ossification center of a long bone is found in the ____.
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Which structure plays an important role in widening long bone?
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Newly produced body matrix that has not yet been mineralized is called a(n) _____.
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This vertebra has no body.
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There are ___ pairs of false ribs.
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If you see a foramen in the transverse process of a vertebra, which type of vertebra are you observing?
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The glenoid cavity is part of which bone?
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Which bone is not part of the pelvic girdle?
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The two main types of joint classification are:
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This hip joint is an example of a(n) _____.
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A fibrous joint connected by ligaments is classified as a _____.
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Synovial joints are examples of ______.
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A unique feature of synovial joints is _____
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The fibrous capsule of a synovial joint is composed of _____.
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All of the following are synovial joints except:
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What movement has occurred when you bend your fingers to make a fist?
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This is the most freely movable type of synovial joint.
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Which of the following is the most complex joint?
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Which of the following joints is the most easily dislocated?
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The connective tissue sheath that covers each individual muscle is called _____
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A sheetlike extension of the epimysium is called a(n) ____.
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In a resting muscle cell, the myosin binding sites are blocked by ______.
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T tubules are extension of the _____
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Calcium ions will bind to ____ when present in the sarcoplasm.
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Which substance must bind to myosin heads in order for the heads to detach from the thin filaments?
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How does calcium reenter the terminal cisternae after muscle contraction is finished?
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A single contraction in response to a single threshold is defined as _____
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Which type of muscle contraction occurs when the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens during contraction?
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Skeletal muscle contractions increase in strength due to _____
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After about 30 minutes of exercise, which substance becomes the major source of fuel?
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Which of the following is present in smooth muscle?
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Smooth muscle cells can contract as a unit due to the presence of _____
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Study Notes
Bone Classification and Structure
- Long Bones: Most limb bones, including phalanges, categorized as long bones.
- Sesamoid Bones: Bones that develop within tendons, providing mechanical advantages.
- Axial Bones: An example includes the sternum which is part of the central axis of the skeleton.
- Osteons: The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric layers of mineralized matrix.
- Lacunae and Canaliculi: Lacunae are small cavities within bone tissue connected by canaliculi for nutrient and waste exchange.
Bone Composition and Development
- Collagen in Bone: Found within lamellae, providing structural integrity and flexibility.
- Periosteum: The outer membrane covering long bones, essential for growth and repair.
- Osteoblasts: Bone cells responsible for producing the bony matrix during bone development.
- Epiphyseal Plate: Not found in long bones of adults around thirty years old, indicating cessation of growth.
Bone Types and Functions
- Spongy Bone: Composed of trabeculae, it provides support and flexibility in bone structure.
- Osteoid Seam: Newly formed organic matrix in bones that hasn't yet mineralized.
Vertebral Anatomy
- Atlas: A unique vertebra that lacks a body, supporting the skull.
- False Ribs: There are five pairs which do not directly connect to the sternum.
- Cervical Vertebrae: Identified by the presence of foramina in their transverse processes.
Joint Classification
- Types of Joint Classification: Classified by structure (e.g., fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (e.g., synarthrosis, diarthrosis).
- Diarthrosis: A freely movable joint, such as the hip joint, which exemplifies diarthrodial joints.
- Gomphosis: A fibrous joint where teeth are anchored by ligaments.
Synovial Joint Characteristics
- Diarthroses: Another term for synovial joints which allow significant movement.
- Synovial Joint Features: Contains a fibrous capsule made of connective tissue that encloses the joint.
- Most Complex Joint: The knee joint is recognized for its complexity and susceptibility to injury.
Muscle Contraction and Physiology
- Endomysium: Connective tissue sheath covering individual muscle fibers.
- Aponeurosis: A sheet-like fibrous tissue that connects muscles to the parts they move.
- Tropomyosin: A protein that blocks myosin binding sites in resting muscle cells.
Calcium's Role in Muscle Contraction
- Calcium Ions: Bind to tropomyosin in the sarcoplasm, initiating muscle contraction.
- ATP Binding: Necessary for myosin heads to detach from thin filaments, allowing the muscle to relax.
- Active Transport: Mechanism used to reintroduce calcium ions into the terminal cisternae post-contraction.
Muscle Contraction Types
- Twitch: Defined as a single contraction responding to a single stimulus threshold.
- Concentric Contraction: Occurs when muscle length remains unchanged, characterized by exertion of force.
Energy Sources in Muscle Activity
- Recruitment of Motor Units: Method for increasing contraction strength by activating more motor neurons.
- Fatty Acids: Become the primary fuel source after approximately thirty minutes of aerobic exercise.
Smooth Muscle Characteristics
- Gap Junctions: Allow smooth muscle cells to contract as a unit, ensuring synchronized movements.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the classification of bones in the human body. This quiz covers various types of bones, including long, seasamoid, and axial bones, as well as the structural unit of compact bone. Perfect for students studying human anatomy or related fields.
