Hormone Modulators: Contraceptives & Cancer Therapy
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of combined contraceptive pills?

  • Suppressing the production of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland (correct)
  • Activating the apoptosis of ovarian follicles
  • Inhibiting the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus
  • Stimulating the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland

    • Which of the following is a benefit of using combined contraceptive pills?

  • Increased risk of ovarian cancer
  • Increased risk of blood clots
  • Weight loss
  • Reduced risk of breast cancer (correct)

    • What is the main difference between combined contraceptive pills and progesterone-only pills?

  • Duration of administration
  • Route of administration
  • Type of hormone present (correct)
  • Frequency of administration

    • What is the primary source of estrogen in postmenopausal women?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a side effect of combined contraceptive pills?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of raloxifene in osteoporosis?

    <p>Stimulating estrogen receptors in bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of progesterone-only pills over combined contraceptive pills?

    <p>Fewer side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of developing male contraceptives such as dimethandrolone undecanoate (DMAU)?

    <p>To provide a hormonal form of male contraception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of DMAU?

    <p>Weight gain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are progesterone-only pills administered?

    <p>Orally for 28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of the drug anastrozole?

    <p>Aromatase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of available forms of testosterone?

    <p>Liver inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Clomiphene in treating infertility?

    <p>Stimulating the release of GnRH by inhibiting negative feedback of endogenous oestrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of androgen replacement therapy in women and pre-pubescent children?

    <p>Virilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Finasteride in Androgen Ablation therapy?

    <p>Blocking the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Enzalutamide in prostate cancer therapy?

    <p>Blocking the androgen receptor to inhibit proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using Mesterolone in androgen replacement therapy?

    <p>It is an orally administered synthetic androgen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common complication of Clomiphene treatment in infertility?

    <p>Twins are common but multiple pregnancy is unusual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors in treating erectile dysfunction?

    <p>Inducing vasodilation through NO-induced relaxation of smooth muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is responsible for metabolizing Phosphodiesterase inhibitors like Sildenafil?

    <p>CYP3A4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common side effect of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

    <p>Flushing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for the effects of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors to occur?

    <p>Within 30-120 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors?

    <p>Treatment of erectile dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following references is NOT cited in the text?

    <p>Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of dimethandrolone undecanoate (DMAU)?

    <p>Hormonal contraception in men</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of combined nestorone-testosterone gel on serum gonadotropins in men?

    <p>Suppresses serum gonadotropins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of enzalutamide?

    <p>Androgen receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a current area of research in male hormonal contraception?

    <p>Exploring the use of nestorone and testosterone gel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of male hormonal contraception?

    <p>Increased convenience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Desogestrel and gestodene have fewer adverse effects than Nexplanon.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mifepristone is a full agonist of progesterone receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short-term HRT has a clear-cut benefit of reducing the risk of breast cancer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oestrogen ablation therapy is used during and after ER negative breast cancer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nexplanon lasts for 5 years.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rang & Dales Pharmacology is a 7th edition book.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mesterolone is anexample of a natural androgen.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Finasteride is used to treat benign prostate hyperplasia by converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clomiphene is used to treat infertility in males.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Androgen replacement therapy can cause masculineisation in pre-pubescent children.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzalutamide is used to treat benign prostate hyperplasia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Multiple pregnancy is a common complication of Clomiphene treatment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are used in the treatment of female infertility.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sildenafil induces vasoconstriction in the penis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    CYP3A4 is an enzyme that inhibits the metabolism of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The effects of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors occur within 10-30 minutes of oral administration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common side effect of Phosphodiesterase inhibitors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rang & Dales Pharmacology is a reference book used in anatomy and physiology.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Raloxifene is used to stimulate ERs in breast tissue.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anastrozole inhibits the aromatase enzyme that enables Oestrogen production in the ovaries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dimethandrolone undecanoate (DMAU) is a combination of a progestin and an androgen that can cause liver inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Testosterone is the main source of estrogen in postmenopausal women.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary mechanism of action of raloxifene is to reduce proliferation in breast and uterus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weight gain is a side effect of Anastrozole.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dimethandrolone undecanoate (DMAU) has been shown to be effective as a male birth control pill

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enzalutamide is used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Combined nestorone-testosterone gel is effective in suppressing serum gonadotropins in men

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Raloxifene is used to treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anastrozole is used to treat breast cancer by blocking the production of estrogen

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Androgen Replacement Therapy

    • Used in pituitary or testicular disease
    • Synthetic androgens, such as mesterolone, are orally administered
    • Side effects in women and pre-pubescent children: masculineization, decrease in LH & FSH

    Androgen Ablation Therapy

    • Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in peripheral organs
    • Finasteride is used to reduce benign prostate hyperplasia
    • Enzalutamide is used in prostate cancer therapy
    • Androgen Receptor activation drives proliferation through gene expression

    Female Contraceptives

    • Combined pill: oestrogen combined with progestogen, e.g. ethinylestradiol & levonorgestrel
    • Oral administration for 21 days, 7 days pill-free
    • Ovarian and breast cancer risk is reduced
    • Side effects: weight gain, nausea, flushing, dizziness, depression, and increased blood pressure
    • Progesterone only (mini pill): single progestogen, e.g. testosterone derivatives (norgestrel and ethynodiol) or progesterone derivatives (hydroxyprogesterone, medroxyprogesterone)
    • Oral administration for 28 days
    • Newer progestogens, e.g. (TSH signalling)

    Male Contraceptives

    • New drug being tested: dimethandrolone undecanoate (DMAU)
    • Combination of hormones: androgen and a progestin, e.g. testosterone & a progestin
    • Side effects: weight gain, decreased HDL, abdominal or pelvic pain, tenderness, pressure, or swelling; flushing, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea, blurred vision, headache; abnormal uterine bleeding

    Drugs used in Infertility

    • Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone: Agonists (Females)
    • E.g. Clomiphene, oestrogen antagonist, stimulates release of GnRH by inhibiting negative feedback of endogenous oestrogen
    • Stimulates and enlarges the ovaries, increases oestrogen secretion, and induces ovulation
    • Used in treatment of infertility when there is a lack of ovulation
    • Twins are common, but multiple pregnancy is unusual
    • Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (Male)
    • Used in treatment of erectile dysfunction to enhance the erectile response to sexual stimulation
    • E.g. Sildenafil (Viagra)
    • NO induced vasodilation in penis → increased blood flow
    • Oral administration causes effects after ~30-120 minutes
    • Metabolized by CYP3A4, which is induced by some other drugs and inhibited by some antibiotics, antifungals, and antiviral drugs

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    Related Documents

    BMS2047 Hormone Modulators Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the mechanisms of action of contraceptive drugs, their side effects, and how hormones relate to cancer therapy, hormone replacement, and infertility. Learn about the importance of manipulating reproductive hormones in females.

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