Questions and Answers
Under which chemical class would a hormone containing four amino acids linked together be classified?
Which class of hormones can diffuse through plasma membranes?
What is an amino acid-derived hormone?
A hormone derived from amino acids
What is a lipid-derived hormone?
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What is a peptide hormone?
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What effect will a cAMP inhibitor have on a peptide hormone-mediated signaling pathway?
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What is adenylate cyclase?
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What does down-regulation refer to?
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What is a first messenger?
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What is a G-protein?
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What is a hormone receptor?
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What is an intracellular hormone receptor?
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What is phosphodiesterase (PDE)?
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What is a plasma membrane hormone receptor?
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What does up-regulation refer to?
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What hormone does drinking alcoholic beverages inhibit?
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FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________.
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What hormone is produced by beta cells of the pancreas?
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When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates?
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What is acromegaly?
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What is Addison's disease?
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What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
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What does ACTH stand for?
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What is aldosterone?
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What is an androgen?
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What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
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What does ADH stand for?
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What is calcitonin?
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What is a corticosteroid?
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What is cortisol?
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What is Cushing's disease?
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What is diabetes insipidus?
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What is diabetes mellitus?
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What is referred to as the diabetogenic effect?
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What is epinephrine?
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What are estrogens?
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What is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
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What does FSH stand for?
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What is gigantism?
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What is glucagon?
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What is a glucocorticoid?
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What is gluconeogenesis?
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What is the glucose-sparing effect?
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What is glycogenolysis?
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What is goiter?
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What is a gonadotropin?
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What is growth hormone (GH)?
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What does GH stand for?
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What is growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)?
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What does GHIH stand for?
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What is growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)?
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What does GHRH stand for?
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What is hyperglycemia?
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What is hyperthyroidism?
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What is hypoglycemia?
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What is hypothyroidism?
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What is insulin?
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What is insulin-like growth factor (IGF)?
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What does IGF stand for?
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What is a mineralocorticoid?
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What is norepinephrine?
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What is an osmoreceptor?
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What is oxytocin?
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What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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What does PTH stand for?
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What is pituitary dwarfism?
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What is prolactin (PRL)?
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What does PRL stand for?
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What is prolactin-inhibiting hormone?
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What is prolactin-releasing hormone?
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What is renin?
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What is thyroglobulin?
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What is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
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What does TSH stand for?
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What is thyroxine (T4)?
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What is tetraiodothyronine (T4)?
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What is triiodothyronine (T3)?
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What does T3 stand for?
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What stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas?
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What mechanism of hormonal stimulation would be affected if signaling from the hypothalamus was blocked?
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What are hormonal stimuli?
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What are humoral stimuli?
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What are neural stimuli?
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Which endocrine glands are associated with the kidneys?
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Which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary?
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What is the adrenal cortex?
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What is the adrenal gland?
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What is the adrenal medulla?
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What is an alpha cell?
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What is the anterior pituitary?
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What is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
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What is a beta cell?
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What is colloid?
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What is an endocrine gland?
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What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
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What is the hypophyseal portal system?
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What are the islets of Langerhans?
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What is the isthmus?
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What is leptin?
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Study Notes
Hormone Classification and Types
- Peptide hormones consist of chains of amino acids and are characterized by <4 amino acids.
- Lipid-derived hormones can diffuse through plasma membranes due to their hydrophobic nature, primarily derived from cholesterol.
- Amino acid-derived hormones originate from individual amino acids, playing essential roles in signaling.
- Hormones that primarily act as peptide hormones are composed of polypeptide chains.
Signaling Mechanisms
- First messengers are hormones that bind to plasma membrane receptors, initiating signal transduction pathways.
- Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP, a crucial step in many hormone signaling pathways.
- G-proteins are activated by first messengers and facilitate the production of cyclic AMP.
- cAMP inhibitors block the activation of protein kinases, halting the signaling pathway initiated by peptide hormones.
Hormone Receptors and Regulation
- Hormone receptors can be classified as plasma membrane receptors (on the cell surface) or intracellular receptors (in the cytoplasm or nucleus).
- Down-regulation occurs when increased hormone levels lead to a decrease in receptor numbers, while up-regulation is the opposite, increasing receptor numbers in response to elevated hormone levels.
Specific Hormones and Their Functions
- Alcohol consumption inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), increasing urine output.
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
- Insulin, produced by beta cells in the pancreas, lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon, from alpha cells, raises it.
Calcium and Bone Metabolism
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted when blood calcium levels are low and stimulates osteoclast activity to increase blood calcium.
- Calcitonin reduces blood calcium levels and promotes bone growth, secreted by parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland.
Disorders Related to Hormones
- Acromegaly results from GH overproduction in adults, while gigantism occurs in children due to excessive GH.
- Addison's disease is caused by hyposecretion of corticosteroids, while Cushing's disease results from excessive glucocorticoids.
- Diabetes insipidus occurs because of underproduction of ADH, and diabetes mellitus arises from low insulin activity.
Hormone Response and Production Mechanisms
- Control of hormone release can occur through:
- Humoral stimuli: changes in blood composition (e.g., glucose levels).
- Hormonal stimuli: release triggered by other hormones.
- Neural stimuli: direct nervous system stimulation of endocrine glands.
Endocrine Glands Overview
- The adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids; the adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- The anterior pituitary secretes six hormones, including FSH, LH, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates corticosteroid release during stress.
- The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control metabolic rates.
Additional Hormonal Actions and Functions
- Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
- Leptin, produced by adipose tissue, helps regulate appetite by promoting satiety.
- Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels, produced by the kidneys.
Important Concepts in Endocrinology
- Hormones are signaling molecules released into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes.
- Understanding hormone pathways and their effects is crucial for diagnosing and treating endocrine disorders.
- Hormonal interactions can involve complex feedback loops, illustrating the intricacies of the endocrine system.
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Description
Explore the various types of hormones and their classification, including peptide, lipid-derived, and amino acid-derived hormones. Understand the signaling mechanisms involved, such as the role of first messengers, cyclic AMP, and G-proteins. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how hormones function and interact with their receptors.