Hormone Classification and Signaling
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Questions and Answers

Under which chemical class would a hormone containing four amino acids linked together be classified?

  • Steroid hormone
  • Lipid-derived hormone
  • Peptide hormone (correct)
  • Amino acid-derived hormone

    • Which class of hormones can diffuse through plasma membranes?

  • Amino acid-derived hormones
  • Insulin
  • Peptide hormones
  • Lipid-derived hormones (correct)

    • What is an amino acid-derived hormone?

    A hormone derived from amino acids

    What is a lipid-derived hormone?

    <p>Hormone derived mostly from cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a peptide hormone?

    <p>Hormone composed of a polypeptide chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect will a cAMP inhibitor have on a peptide hormone-mediated signaling pathway?

    <p>It will prevent activation of protein kinases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adenylate cyclase?

    <p>An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does down-regulation refer to?

    <p>A decrease in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a first messenger?

    <p>The hormone that binds to a plasma membrane hormone receptor to trigger a signal transduction pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a G-protein?

    <p>A membrane protein activated by the hormone first messenger to activate the formation of cyclic AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hormone receptor?

    <p>The cellular protein that binds to a hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an intracellular hormone receptor?

    <p>A hormone receptor in the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is phosphodiesterase (PDE)?

    <p>An enzyme that deactivates cAMP, stopping hormone activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a plasma membrane hormone receptor?

    <p>A hormone receptor on the surface of the plasma membrane of a cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does up-regulation refer to?

    <p>An increase in the number of hormone receptors in response to increased hormone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone does drinking alcoholic beverages inhibit?

    <p>ADH release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by ________.

    <p>GnRH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by beta cells of the pancreas?

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates?

    <p>Osteoclasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acromegaly?

    <p>Condition caused by overproduction of GH in adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Addison's disease?

    <p>Disorder caused by the hyposecretion of corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

    <p>Hormone released by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids during the long-term stress response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ACTH stand for?

    <p>Adrenocorticotropic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is aldosterone?

    <p>Steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex that stimulates reabsorption of Na+ from extracellular fluids and secretion of K+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an androgen?

    <p>Male sex hormone such as testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

    <p>Hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary that increases water reabsorption by the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ADH stand for?

    <p>Antidiuretic hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is calcitonin?

    <p>Hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland that functions to lower blood Ca2+ levels and promote bone growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a corticosteroid?

    <p>Hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to long-term stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cortisol?

    <p>Glucocorticoid produced in response to stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Cushing's disease?

    <p>Disorder caused by the hypersecretion of glucocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diabetes insipidus?

    <p>Disorder caused by underproduction of ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diabetes mellitus?

    <p>Disorder caused by low levels of insulin activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as the diabetogenic effect?

    <p>Effect of GH that causes blood glucose levels to rise similar to diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is epinephrine?

    <p>Hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are estrogens?

    <p>A group of steroid hormones produced by the ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?

    <p>Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates gamete production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does FSH stand for?

    <p>Follicle-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gigantism?

    <p>Condition caused by overproduction of GH in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glucagon?

    <p>Hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas in response to low blood sugar; functions to raise blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a glucocorticoid?

    <p>Corticosteroid that affects glucose metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Synthesis of glucose from amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the glucose-sparing effect?

    <p>Effect of GH that causes tissues to use fatty acids instead of glucose as an energy source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glycogenolysis?

    <p>Breakdown of glycogen into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is goiter?

    <p>Enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by insufficient dietary iodine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gonadotropin?

    <p>Hormone that regulates the gonads, including FSH and LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is growth hormone (GH)?

    <p>Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that promotes protein synthesis and body growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does GH stand for?

    <p>Growth hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)?

    <p>Hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits growth hormone production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does GHIH stand for?

    <p>Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)?

    <p>Hormone released by the hypothalamus that triggers the release of GH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does GHRH stand for?

    <p>Growth hormone-releasing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperglycemia?

    <p>High blood sugar level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperthyroidism?

    <p>Overactivity of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypoglycemia?

    <p>Low blood sugar level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypothyroidism?

    <p>Underactivity of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is insulin?

    <p>Hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels; functions to lower blood glucose levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is insulin-like growth factor (IGF)?

    <p>Growth-promoting protein produced by the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does IGF stand for?

    <p>Insulin-like growth factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mineralocorticoid?

    <p>Corticosteroid that affects ion and water balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is norepinephrine?

    <p>Hormone released by the adrenal medulla in response to short-term stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an osmoreceptor?

    <p>Receptor in the hypothalamus that monitors the concentration of electrolytes in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is oxytocin?

    <p>Hormone released by the posterior pituitary to stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

    <p>Hormone produced by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood Ca2+ levels; functions to raise blood Ca2+ levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PTH stand for?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pituitary dwarfism?

    <p>Condition caused by underproduction of GH in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prolactin (PRL)?

    <p>Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PRL stand for?

    <p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prolactin-inhibiting hormone?

    <p>Hormone produced by the hypothalamus that inhibits the release of prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prolactin-releasing hormone?

    <p>Hormone produced by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is renin?

    <p>Enzyme produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys that reacts with angiotensinogen to cause the release of aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thyroglobulin?

    <p>Glycoprotein found in the thyroid that is converted into thyroid hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?

    <p>Hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that controls the release of T3 and T4 from the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does TSH stand for?

    <p>Thyroid-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is thyroxine (T4)?

    <p>Thyroid hormone containing 4 iodines that controls the basal metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tetraiodothyronine (T4)?

    <p>Thyroxine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is triiodothyronine (T3)?

    <p>Thyroid hormone containing 3 iodines that controls the basal metabolic rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does T3 stand for?

    <p>Triiodothyronine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas?

    <p>A rise in blood glucose levels triggers insulin release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism of hormonal stimulation would be affected if signaling from the hypothalamus was blocked?

    <p>Hormonal and neural stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hormonal stimuli?

    <p>Release of a hormone in response to another hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are humoral stimuli?

    <p>Control of hormone release in response to changes in extracellular fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are neural stimuli?

    <p>Stimulation of endocrine glands by the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which endocrine glands are associated with the kidneys?

    <p>Adrenal glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones is not produced by the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Outer portion of adrenal glands that produces corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adrenal gland?

    <p>Endocrine glands associated with the kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adrenal medulla?

    <p>Inner portion of adrenal glands that produces epinephrine and norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alpha cell?

    <p>Endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anterior pituitary?

    <p>Portion of the pituitary gland that produces six hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

    <p>Hormone produced by the heart to reduce blood volume, pressure, and Na+ concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a beta cell?

    <p>Endocrine cell of the pancreatic islets that produces the hormone insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is colloid?

    <p>Fluid inside the thyroid gland that contains the glycoprotein thyroglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an endocrine gland?

    <p>Gland that secretes hormones into the surrounding interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

    <p>Hormone produced by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hypophyseal portal system?

    <p>System of blood vessels that carries hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the islets of Langerhans?

    <p>Endocrine cells of the pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the isthmus?

    <p>Tissue mass that connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is leptin?

    <p>Hormone produced by adipose tissue that promotes feelings of satiety and reduces hunger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormone Classification and Types

    • Peptide hormones consist of chains of amino acids and are characterized by <4 amino acids.
    • Lipid-derived hormones can diffuse through plasma membranes due to their hydrophobic nature, primarily derived from cholesterol.
    • Amino acid-derived hormones originate from individual amino acids, playing essential roles in signaling.
    • Hormones that primarily act as peptide hormones are composed of polypeptide chains.

    Signaling Mechanisms

    • First messengers are hormones that bind to plasma membrane receptors, initiating signal transduction pathways.
    • Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP, a crucial step in many hormone signaling pathways.
    • G-proteins are activated by first messengers and facilitate the production of cyclic AMP.
    • cAMP inhibitors block the activation of protein kinases, halting the signaling pathway initiated by peptide hormones.

    Hormone Receptors and Regulation

    • Hormone receptors can be classified as plasma membrane receptors (on the cell surface) or intracellular receptors (in the cytoplasm or nucleus).
    • Down-regulation occurs when increased hormone levels lead to a decrease in receptor numbers, while up-regulation is the opposite, increasing receptor numbers in response to elevated hormone levels.

    Specific Hormones and Their Functions

    • Alcohol consumption inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), increasing urine output.
    • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
    • Insulin, produced by beta cells in the pancreas, lowers blood glucose levels, while glucagon, from alpha cells, raises it.

    Calcium and Bone Metabolism

    • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted when blood calcium levels are low and stimulates osteoclast activity to increase blood calcium.
    • Calcitonin reduces blood calcium levels and promotes bone growth, secreted by parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland.
    • Acromegaly results from GH overproduction in adults, while gigantism occurs in children due to excessive GH.
    • Addison's disease is caused by hyposecretion of corticosteroids, while Cushing's disease results from excessive glucocorticoids.
    • Diabetes insipidus occurs because of underproduction of ADH, and diabetes mellitus arises from low insulin activity.

    Hormone Response and Production Mechanisms

    • Control of hormone release can occur through:
      • Humoral stimuli: changes in blood composition (e.g., glucose levels).
      • Hormonal stimuli: release triggered by other hormones.
      • Neural stimuli: direct nervous system stimulation of endocrine glands.

    Endocrine Glands Overview

    • The adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids; the adrenal medulla produces epinephrine and norepinephrine.
    • The anterior pituitary secretes six hormones, including FSH, LH, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates corticosteroid release during stress.
    • The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which control metabolic rates.

    Additional Hormonal Actions and Functions

    • Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.
    • Leptin, produced by adipose tissue, helps regulate appetite by promoting satiety.
    • Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels, produced by the kidneys.

    Important Concepts in Endocrinology

    • Hormones are signaling molecules released into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes.
    • Understanding hormone pathways and their effects is crucial for diagnosing and treating endocrine disorders.
    • Hormonal interactions can involve complex feedback loops, illustrating the intricacies of the endocrine system.

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    Description

    Explore the various types of hormones and their classification, including peptide, lipid-derived, and amino acid-derived hormones. Understand the signaling mechanisms involved, such as the role of first messengers, cyclic AMP, and G-proteins. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how hormones function and interact with their receptors.

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