HIV Awareness and Treatment Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does a viral load test measure in a blood sample?

The overall health of the patient

The number of white blood cells

The amount of HIV particles (correct)

The presence of other infections

What is the maximum viral load threshold indicated in the content for considering someone as virally suppressed?

100,000 copies/ml

200 copies/ml

20 copies/ml (correct)

100 copies/ml

Which statement correctly describes PrEP?

Must be taken after potential HIV exposure

Is effective only when taken on an empty stomach

Is solely for individuals already infected with HIV

Helps block the acquisition of HIV (correct)

PEP must be initiated within what time frame following potential exposure to HIV?

72 hours Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people diagnosed with HIV in the UK are on treatment?

98% Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of being virally suppressed for people living with HIV?

They cannot transmit the virus to others Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many people living with HIV in the UK are unaware of their condition?

1 in 16 Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the asymptomatic stage of HIV?

Active viral replication and immune system damage Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of HIV is known for the emergence of significant symptoms?

Symptomatic HIV (Stage 3) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common risk for individuals living with untreated HIV over time?

Increased chances of opportunistic infections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an AIDS-defining illness?

Seasonal flu Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated when an individual has symptomatic HIV?

They are experiencing the initial symptoms of AIDS Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is categorized as opportunistic due to HIV?

Histoplasmosis, disseminated or extrapulmonary Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is commonly associated with the onset of symptomatic HIV?

Swollen lymph nodes Signup and view all the answers

What stage of HIV may lead to severe conditions if untreated, also known as AIDS-defining illnesses?

Late-stage HIV (Stage 4) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma?

Painless swelling in a lymph node Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the lymphatic system?

Platelets Signup and view all the answers

What bacterium causes Tuberculosis (TB)?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is known to occur in people with both HIV and TB infections?

HIV/TB coinfection Signup and view all the answers

Cryptococcal meningitis is caused by which type of organism?

Fungus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes cachexia?

Sudden loss of weight Signup and view all the answers

Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with which virus?

Herpes virus type 8 Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lymphatic system?

Protecting against infection and disease Signup and view all the answers

How does a weakened immune system affect HHV-8 virus?

Allows the virus to multiply uncontrollably Signup and view all the answers

Most people are likely to breathe in Cryptococcus at some point in their lives but do not get sick due to what factor?

Strong immune responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common way of contracting HIV in the UK?

Anal or vaginal sex without a condom Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of men who have sex with men had anal HPV infection, potentially leading to cancer?

68% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fluids does NOT carry HIV?

Sweat Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a patient's viral load in HIV treatment?

It reflects the amount of HIV in the blood Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of antiretroviral therapy for HIV?

To achieve an undetectable viral load Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for contracting HIV?

Having another STI Signup and view all the answers

How long do you have to access emergency HIV medicine after potential exposure?

72 hours Signup and view all the answers

If an HIV test result is negative, when might it need to be repeated?

6, 12, and 24 weeks after the incident Signup and view all the answers

What type of medical intervention can help prevent HIV after possible exposure?

Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of sharing needles in relation to HIV?

It increases the risk of contracting HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common opportunistic infection to affect individuals with HIV?

Oropharyngeal candidiasis Signup and view all the answers

Which modifiable cancer risk factor is associated with the highest prevalence among HIV positive individuals?

Smoking Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is most commonly associated with oesophageal candidiasis?

Odynophagia Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the oral condition known as hairy leukoplakia?

White patches on the tongue Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying cause of candidiasis in HIV positive individuals?

Fungal infection Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer risk can be altered through lifestyle choices?

Modifiable risk factors Signup and view all the answers

What type of lesions are characteristic of candidiasis?

Curd-like white plaques Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Kaposi’s sarcoma is true?

It can be an indicator of HIV progression Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the co-infection rates of hepatitis B among HIV positive individuals is correct?

Higher than general population Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of hairy leukoplakia in individuals with weakened immune systems?

Epstein-Barr virus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

HIV, AIDS, and Immunodeficiency

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is a set of illnesses that occur when the immune system is severely damaged by HIV.
Immunodeficiency is a condition where the body's immune system is weakened, leading to increased susceptibility to infections, cancers, and other diseases.

GDC Learning Outcomes

1.1.2, 1.1.3, 1.1.4, 1.2.1, 1.2.4, 1.7.1, 1.7.7, 7.3 (Learning outcomes for dental professionals are listed, but specifics are not detailed.)

Intended Learning Outcomes

Develop a broad knowledge base related to HIV.
Describe the terms HIV, AIDS and immunodeficiency.
Identify the stages of HIV.
Recognize the signs and symptoms of HIV and how they manifest.

What is Immunodeficiency?

Immunodeficiency causes an increased susceptibility to various infections, cancers, and other diseases that healthy immune systems can fight easily.
Primary immunodeficiency is a genetic defect .
Secondary immunodeficiency is related to environmental factors such as HIV, AIDS, malnutrition.

Types of Immunodeficiency

Ataxia-telangiectasia
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Hypogammaglobulinemia
Leukocyte adhesion defects
AIDS
Complement deficiencies
DiGeorge syndrome
HIV
Job syndrome
Combined immunodeficiency disease

The History of HIV/AIDS

In 1983, Luc Montagnier suspected HIV was a virus.
He teamed up with Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and found retroviruses in cells from AIDS patients.
The "cut hunter hypothesis" suggests HIV originated from chimpanzees (SIV) and passed to humans through contact with chimpanzee blood while hunting.
There's another theory suggesting human transmission from monkeys.

What is AIDS?

AIDS is a group of potentially life-threatening infections and illnesses that arise when the immune system is damaged by HIV.

HIV Infection

(Reference to video links is provided.)

HIV Stage 1: Seroconversion Illness

A short illness (up to 6 weeks) after contracting HIV.
Possibly asymptomatic or flu-like.
Seroconversion is the period when someone with HIV is most infectious.

HIV Stage 2: Asymptomatic Stage

After seroconversion, most people feel fine and don't experience any symptoms.
The virus is active, infecting cells, replicating, and damaging the immune system.

HIV Stage 3: Symptomatic HIV

The risk of developing infections that the weakened immune system can't fight increases over time, including certain cancers.
Illnesses in this stage are considered AIDS-defining.

HIV Stage 4: Late-Stage HIV

Severe damage to the immune system can cause serious infections and cancers.
Associated with conditions known as AIDS-defining illnesses.

AIDS-Defining Illnesses

A large list of opportunistic infections and cancers due to immune deficiency, such as:
- Candidiasis of the esophagus, bronchi, trachea, or lungs
- Cervical cancer
- Disseminated/extrapulmonary Coccidioidomycosis, Cryptococcosis, Cryptosporidiosis
- Cytomegalovirus disease (various sites) or CMV retinitis
- Encephalopathy
- Herpes simplex chronic ulcer (more than 1 month) or bronchitis, pneumonitis, or esophagitis, etc.
- Other opportunistic infections/cancers, including: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, tuberculosis, cryptococcal meningitis, cachexia, Kaposi’s sarcoma.

Common AIDS-Defining Illnesses

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system, painless swelling in lymph nodes)
Tuberculosis (caused by a bacterium; HIV increases TB risk)
Cryptococcal meningitis (fungal infection of the brain)
Cachexia/Wasting Syndrome (complex process of weight loss)
Kaposi's sarcoma (cancer caused by a herpes virus, can affect skin or organs.)
Candidiasis (fungal infection, usually of mouth throat, bronchi, trachea, lungs, or esophagus)
Hairy leukoplakia (white patches on the tongue due to the Epstein-Barr virus).

Lymphatic System

Key component of the immune system, protecting from infection and disease.
Includes lymph vessels, nodes, lymphocytes, and lymphatic organs/tissue.

UK Data (Demographics & Distribution)

Gender distribution, ethnicity, age groups, and distribution across the UK are mentioned, presented in pie charts, but no specific numbers are included.
Details of mode of transmission in the UK are presented in a pie chart.

Mode of Transmission

Main HIV transmission in the UK is through anal or vaginal sex without a condom.
Anal sex, especially for receptive partners, poses the highest risk.
Oral sex is considerably less risky.
HIV is not transmitted by sweat, urine, or saliva.

Risk Factors

Having other sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
Sharing contaminated needles/syringes.
Unsafe injections, blood transfusions, or tissue transplants.
Needle stick injuries

Diagnosing HIV

Immediate medical advice if exposure is suspected.
For needle stick injuries, contact occupational health immediately (or A&E out of hours).
HIV tests may need to be repeated (after 6, 12, and 24 weeks).
Positive tests are followed by specialist HIV clinic referrals and treatment plans.

Coming into Contact with HIV

PEP (Post-Exposure Prophylaxis): emergency anti-HIV medicine available for 72 hours after potential exposure.

Self-Testing

High rates of individuals in the UK reporting they've never been tested for HIV are mentioned.

Treatment for HIV

Antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Combination of drugs taken daily.
The treatment goal is an undetectable viral load.

Viral Load

Viral load is the amount of HIV in the blood.
A test measures HIV copies/ml and helps determine the level and activity of HIV in the body to determine appropriate intervention strategies.
Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U)

Unmedicated HIV/AIDS

Lower CD4 count.
Higher viral load (> 1000 copies/ml).

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)

Medication taken daily to prevent HIV infection.
Truvada is commonly used.

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)

Medication taken within 72 hours after a potential exposure to HIV.
ARV drugs (antiretroviral) for a set period (28 days).

End the Stigma

In 2019, there were approximately 105,200 people living with HIV in the UK. 94% were diagnosed.
98% of diagnosed people are on treatment; 97% are virally suppressed.

Lifestyle Recommendations for People Living with HIV

Encourage regular exercise, a balanced healthy diet, stopping smoking, yearly flu-shots, reducing alcohol intake, and optimal oral hygiene.

Specific Data

Details of percentages of HIV-positive patients in the study (smokers, hepatitis B/C, HPV, anal HPV infections), as well as guidelines and risks associated with alcohol consumption have been noted.

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Description

Test your knowledge about HIV, its treatment, and preventive measures. This quiz covers topics such as viral load testing, PrEP, and statistics about HIV in the UK. Understand the significance of being virally suppressed and improve your awareness of HIV care.