HIV Treatment Methods Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason why HBV infection is not curable?

  • The virus replicates only in cytoplasm
  • The virus genome is not archived inside hepatocytes
  • The virus genome persists and is archived inside hepatocytes (correct)
  • The virus has too many drug resistance mutations

    • What is the main difference between HCV and HBV?

  • HCV infection is curable, while HBV infection is not curable (correct)
  • HCV genome is archived inside hepatocytes, while HBV genome is not archived inside hepatocytes
  • HCV replication occurs only in cytoplasm, while HBV replication occurs in both cytoplasm and nucleus
  • HCV has more drug resistance mutations than HBV

    • What is the main issue with stop codons and deletions in HBsAg?

  • They can lead to liver cancer even if the patient has undetectable viremia (correct)
  • They make viral particles production difficult
  • They suppress the synthesis of viral genome
  • They cause drug resistance mutations in RT

    • What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin?

    <p>It inhibits the inosine monophosphate deidrogenase enzyme, leading to reduced synthesis of guanine nucleotides and inhibition of viral nucleic acids production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of amantadine and rimantadine against influenza virus?

    <p>They block the M2 viral proton pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus?

    <p>Penciclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of acyclovir against herpes viruses?

    <p>It inhibits viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs has high activity against cytomegalovirus?

    <p>Ganciclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of HIV treatment with ART?

    <p>To suppress the virus to undetectable levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neuraminidase in the influenza virus life cycle?

    <p>To cleave sialic acid residues on glycoprotein during the entry of virus into target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antiviral drugs is administered via inhalation?

    <p>Zanamivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of M2 protein in anti-influenza drugs?

    <p>To determine an acidification of the endocytic vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of neuraminidase inhibitors?

    <p>They block the activity of neuraminidase by mimicking the structure of sialic acid residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key treatment goals for individuals living with HIV?

    <p>Maximally and durably suppress plasma HIV RNA, restore and preserve immunologic function, reduce HIV-associated morbidity and prolong the duration and quality of survival, and prevent HIV transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if HIV therapy is stopped?

    <p>HIV returns rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the difficulty in eradicating retroviruses?

    <p>The presence of proviral DNA and cellular reservoirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two important factors in the achievement of a good virologic response and to contain emergence of resistance?

    <p>Drug potency and genetic barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is genetic barrier in the context of HIV treatment?

    <p>The type and the number of mutations required by HIV to develop a fully resistant virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is interferon and what are its advantages?

    <p>A protein that broadens the action spectrum, has low toxicity and modest antigenic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of combining interferon and ribavirin in treating viral infections?

    <p>It improves the duration of virologic response compared to monotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vaccine and what is its purpose?

    <p>A body inoculum that stimulates an active immune response against a specific factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>Direct protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

    <p>They arrest the synthesis of viral DNA by reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an integrase inhibitor?

    <p>Dolutegravir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gp41 in HIV-1 entry?

    <p>Binds to gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs binds to CCR5 to inhibit HIV-1 entry?

    <p>Maraviroc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of integrase in the HIV life cycle?

    <p>Mediates the transfer of proviral DNA into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between passive and active immunization?

    <p>Passive immunization is a short-term immunization achieved by the transfer of antibodies, while active immunization is relatively permanent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the limitations of passive immunization?

    <p>It can only be administered at the beginning of an acute infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common methods of acquiring passive immunization?

    <p>Human or animal blood plasma or serum, pooled human immunoglobulin, and monoclonal antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of active immunization?

    <p>To develop a relatively permanent immune response against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with passive immunization?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions and serum sickness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors in treating HIV?

    <p>They interfere with the strand transfer process of the viral DNA by binding to integrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do protease inhibitors prevent the maturation of the viral particle?

    <p>By binding to the active site of HIV protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is drug resistance in the context of HIV treatment?

    <p>The ability of the virus to replicate even in the absence of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the new treatment option being offered to people with HIV in England?

    <p>A long-acting injection of cabotegravir and rilpivirine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a drug available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus?

    <p>Interferon α 2B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly used adjuvant in the production of antibodies from immunized animals?

    <p>Both aluminum hydroxide and paraffin oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tetanus?

    <p>A disease caused by a bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated minimum human lethal dose of tetanospasmin?

    <p>2.5 nanograms per kilogram of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can C. tetani spores be found?

    <p>In soil, intestines and feces of animals, and contaminated heroin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tetanolysin?

    <p>It is not known</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination for infants?

    <p>Three doses in the first year of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the hexavalent vaccine?

    <p>To protect against tetanus and other infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are the booster doses for tetanus given?

    <p>At 6 years and 15 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the vaccine against Hepatitis B?

    <p>Purified HBsAg attained from transformed cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the vaccine given?

    <p>Intramuscularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal characteristics of a good vaccine?

    <p>Efficacy, once-a-day administration, no side effects, stability, easy administration, wide availability, low prices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the constituents of a vaccine?

    <p>Active ingredient, preserving liquid, stabilizers, adjuvants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different routes of administration for vaccines?

    <p>Oral, parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous, intramuscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms?

    <p>They elicit little or completely absent cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are vaccines based on attenuated living organisms produced?

    <p>By isolating a microorganism of high virulence from a case of severe disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of antiviral drugs during a pandemic?

    <p>To decrease the number of deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an ideal characteristic for an antiviral drug?

    <p>Carcinogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infectious diseases does NOT have a drug for treatment?

    <p>Zika virus infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important characteristic of an antiviral drug during a pandemic alert period?

    <p>It should prevent the spread of new virus subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal antiviral drug?

    <p>Toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adjuvant in the context of vaccines?

    <p>An agent that modifies the effect of other agents in the vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the disadvantages of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They can cause a reactivation of the virulent microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a toxoid in the context of vaccines?

    <p>A chemical treatment used to suppress the toxicity of a toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of viral vaccines produced using attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They are difficult to store at room temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of response is induced by vaccines based on attenuated living organisms for intracellular microorganisms?

    <p>A strong cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the tetravalent and nonavalent vaccines?

    <p>The tetravalent vaccine protects against 4 genotypes, while the nonavalent vaccine protects against 9 genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using vectored vaccines?

    <p>They are easy and relatively cheap to make</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bivalent vaccine?

    <p>It protects against genotypes 16 and 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vectored vaccine?

    <p>A vaccine based on genome modification of an innocuous and weakened microorganism introducing the genic sequence of selected antigen in order to make it express</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using interferon in treating viral infections?

    <p>It has a low toxicity and broad action spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of vaccination?

    <p>To reduce the circulation of a pathogen in unvaccinated individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>A form of indirect protection from infectious disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the inactivated and weakened live polio vaccines?

    <p>The weakened live vaccine is orally givable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sustained virological response rate of interferon and ribavirin therapy?

    <p>More than 50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal characteristics of a good vaccine?

    <p>No side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the constituents of a vaccine?

    <p>Preservatives, stabilizers, and antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a route of administration for vaccines?

    <p>Topical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms?

    <p>They need booster doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are vaccines based on attenuated living organisms produced?

    <p>By using chemical mutagenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is passive immunization?

    <p>A short-term immunization achieved by transfer of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the methods of acquisition for passive immunization?

    <p>Human or animal blood plasma or serum, pooled human immunoglobulin, and monoclonal antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of immunity derived from passive immunization?

    <p>A few weeks or months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is passive immunization used?

    <p>To provide immediate protection without developing memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential risks associated with passive immunization?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions and serum sickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of neuraminidase inhibitors in treating influenza infections?

    <p>They interfere with a specific function essential for virus replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is an inhibitor of neuraminidase?

    <p>Zanamivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of M2 protein in the influenza virus life cycle?

    <p>To act as protonic pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many drugs have been approved to treat influenza infections?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it more complex to employ drugs against viruses than bacteria?

    <p>Viruses replicate exclusively in host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of rimantadine against influenza virus?

    <p>It targets the M2 viral proton pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of anti-herpes virus drugs?

    <p>Viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between acyclovir and guanosine?

    <p>Acyclovir lacks a 3' hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ganciclovir against cytomegalovirus?

    <p>It inhibits viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of HIV treatment with ART?

    <p>To control the symptoms of HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why HBV infection is not curable?

    <p>The virus genome persists and is archived inside hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the issue with stop codons and deletions in the HBsAg gene?

    <p>They lead to the production of truncated HBsAg even with suppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes HCV curable?

    <p>The viral genome is not archived into the genome of infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin?

    <p>It inhibits the production of viral nucleic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of interferon against HCV?

    <p>It activates the immune system to fight the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the Bivalent and Nonavalent vaccines?

    <p>The Nonavalent vaccine covers more genotypes than the Bivalent vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using vectored vaccines?

    <p>They are easy and relatively cheap to make</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine covers the most genotypes?

    <p>Nonavalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vectored vaccine?

    <p>A vaccine based on genome modification of an innocuous and weakened microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vector is commonly used for various vaccines?

    <p>Adenovirus vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>They interfere with the strand transfer process of the viral DNA by binding to the active site of integrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of amino acid substitutions in the HIV protease enzyme?

    <p>They reduce the affinity of protease inhibitors for the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of the long-acting injection for HIV treatment?

    <p>It is easier to administer than daily pills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus?

    <p>Lamivudine and Entecavir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of immune-modulant drugs in hepatitis B treatment?

    <p>They modify the host immune response to the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of therapy and prophylaxis with antiviral drugs during a pandemic?

    <p>To decrease the number of deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal antiviral drug?

    <p>Toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following human infectious diseases does NOT have drugs for treatment?

    <p>Hepatitis A infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main goals of therapy and prophylaxis with antiviral drugs during a pandemic?

    <p>To decrease morbidity, decrease mortality, and prevent the spread of new virus subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal antiviral drug?

    <p>Water-soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of ART (antiretroviral therapy) in individuals living with HIV?

    <p>Reduce HIV-associated morbidity and prolong the duration and quality of survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes retroviruses so difficult to eradicate?

    <p>They integrate their DNA into the host cell's genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is genetic barrier in the context of HIV treatment?

    <p>The type and the number of mutations required by HIV to develop a fully resistant virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>They prevent the integration of viral DNA into the host cell genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two important factors in achieving a good virologic response and containing emergence of resistance in HIV treatment?

    <p>The patient's adherence to the treatment regimen and the potency and genetic barrier of the drugs used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination for infants?

    <p>Three doses of vaccine within the first year of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the hexavalent vaccine?

    <p>To prevent tetanus and several other infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are the booster doses for tetanus given?

    <p>At 6 and 15 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are subunit vaccines?

    <p>Vaccines that consist of purified bacterial or viral components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV)?

    <p>Virus-like particles without pathogen properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

    <p>They arrest the synthesis of viral DNA by reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

    <p>They affect the flexibility of reverse transcriptase, blocking its ability to synthesize DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of integrase in the HIV life cycle?

    <p>To transfer the proviral DNA into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of enfuvirtide?

    <p>It binds to gp41 to inhibit HIV-1 entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors?

    <p>They block the ability of integrase to transfer proviral DNA into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly used adjuvant in the production of antibodies from immunized animals?

    <p>Aluminum hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is tetanus?

    <p>A bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated minimum human lethal dose of tetanospasmin?

    <p>2.5 nanograms per kilogram of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical manifestations of tetanus?

    <p>Generalized rigidity and convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tetanolysin?

    <p>It is not known with certainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neuraminidase in the influenza virus life cycle?

    <p>It releases viral particles from infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is administered via inhalation for the treatment of influenza infections?

    <p>Zanamivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of neuraminidase inhibitors in anti-influenza drugs?

    <p>The activity of neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the M2 protein in the influenza virus life cycle?

    <p>It acts as a protonic pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neuraminidase inhibitors act as competitive inhibitors?

    <p>They mimic the structure of sialic acid residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

    <p>They arrest the synthesis of viral DNA by reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of integrase in the HIV life cycle?

    <p>It mediates the transfer of proviral DNA into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

    <p>They affect the flexibility of the reverse transcriptase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug binds to CCR5 to inhibit HIV entry?

    <p>Maraviroc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug binds to gp41 to inhibit HIV entry?

    <p>Enfuvirtide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of amantadine and rimantadine in inhibiting influenza virus penetration?

    <p>Blocking the M2 viral proton pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of anti-herpes virus drugs?

    <p>Viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the specific use of acyclovir in the treatment of viral infections?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus, chickenpox virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and herpes encephalitis in immuno-compromised patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ganciclovir in inhibiting viral replication?

    <p>Inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of HIV treatment with antiretroviral therapy (ART)?

    <p>To reduce the viral load to undetectable levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors in treating HIV?

    <p>They interfere with the strand transfer process of the viral DNA by binding to the active site of integrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of amino acid substitutions that emerge in the substrate-binding domain of the HIV protease enzyme?

    <p>They reduce the affinity of the protease inhibitors for the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the new long-acting injection that is being offered to people with HIV in England?

    <p>Cabotegravir and rilpivirine injections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nucleoside RT inhibitor for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus?

    <p>Adefovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of drug resistance in HIV treatment?

    <p>The virus continues to replicate despite the presence of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of antiviral therapy and prophylaxis during a pandemic?

    <p>To reduce morbidity and mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an infectious disease for which there are drugs available for treatment?

    <p>Ebola virus infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal characteristics of an antiviral drug?

    <p>Water-soluble, chemically and metabolically stable, and easily absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infectious diseases has a drug available for treatment?

    <p>Varicella-zoster virus infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of an ideal antiviral drug?

    <p>Water-soluble, chemically and metabolically stable, and easily absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adjuvant in the context of vaccines?

    <p>A pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the immune response to a vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They can cause a reactivation of the virulent microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a vaccine based on inactivated microorganisms and a vaccine based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>Vaccines based on attenuated living organisms can cause a reactivation of the virulent microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a toxoid in the context of vaccines?

    <p>A chemical treatment used to suppress toxicity in toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They can cause a reactivation of the virulent microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms?

    <p>They elicit little to no cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a constituent of a vaccine?

    <p>Enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They elicit a strong cell-mediated immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a route of administration for vaccines?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of adjuvants in vaccines?

    <p>To stimulate the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using a combination of interferon and ribavirin for HCV treatment?

    <p>It increases the duration of virologic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diseases have the potential to be eradicated by a vaccine?

    <p>Measles, rubella, and smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>A measure of protection for individuals who are immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vaccine?

    <p>A body inoculum that stimulates an active immune response against a specific factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the vaccines developed by Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin for poliomyelitis?

    <p>Sabin's vaccine was orally givable, while Salk's was inactivated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They induce a strong cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of vaccines based on toxoids?

    <p>The detoxification process is reversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an adjuvant in a vaccine?

    <p>To modify the effect of other agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They may cause the reactivation of the virulent microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature range required for storing vaccines based on toxoids?

    <p>Preferably 4°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes HBV infection not curable?

    <p>The persistence of HBV genome (cccDNA) inside the hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between HCV and HBV in terms of viral genome replication?

    <p>HCV replication occurs only in cytoplasm, while HBV replication occurs in both cytoplasm and nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin?

    <p>It inhibits the replication of several RNA and DNA viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical relevance of stop codons and deletions in HBsAg?

    <p>They increase the risk of liver cancer even with fully suppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between HIV and HBV in terms of curability?

    <p>HBV infection is curable, while HIV infection is not curable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of tetanus?

    <p>Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated minimum lethal dose of tetanospasmin for a 70-kg human?

    <p>2.5 nanograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly used adjuvant in the production of antibodies from immunized animals?

    <p>Aluminum hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tetanolysin produced by Clostridium tetani?

    <p>It is not known with certainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the spores of Clostridium tetani commonly found?

    <p>In soil and in the intestines and feces of various animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination for infants?

    <p>Three doses of vaccine in the first year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the hexavalent vaccine?

    <p>Protects against tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type infections B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are the booster doses for tetanus given?

    <p>At 6 years and 15 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended interval for further boosters of the tetanus vaccine for adults?

    <p>Every 10 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of delivery for the tetanus vaccine?

    <p>Intramuscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for individuals living with HIV?

    <p>Reduce HIV-associated morbidity and prolong survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason why HIV-1 cannot be eliminated from infected patients even with effective HAART?

    <p>HIV-1 quickly returns when therapy is stopped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of genetic barrier in achieving a good virologic response and preventing emergence of resistance?

    <p>It determines the likelihood of clinically meaningful resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which retroviruses replicate in host cells?

    <p>Retroviruses synthesize a DNA copy of their genome after entry into the host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of immunization are mentioned in the text?

    <p>Active and passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between passive and active immunization?

    <p>Passive immunization provides short-term protection and does not develop memory, while active immunization is relatively permanent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the methods of acquisition for passive immunization?

    <p>Natural maternal antibodies, antitoxins, and immune globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of immunity derived from passive immunization?

    <p>A few weeks or months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is passive immunization used?

    <p>When there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the Bivalent and Nonavalent HPV vaccines?

    <p>Bivalent includes genotypes 16 and 18, while Nonavalent includes genotypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using vectored vaccines?

    <p>Vectored vaccines can be easily and relatively cheaply produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotypes are included in the Tetravalent HPV vaccine?

    <p>6, 11, 16, and 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vectored vaccine?

    <p>A vaccine that uses a genetically modified virus to introduce genetic material from the pathogen being targeted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HPV vaccine includes the most genotypes?

    <p>Nonavalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between passive and active immunization?

    <p>Passive immunization involves the transfer of antibodies while active immunization involves natural maternal antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of passive immunization?

    <p>To reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of immunity derived from passive immunization?

    <p>A few weeks or months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential risks associated with passive immunization?

    <p>Hypersensitivity reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of acquisition for passive immunization?

    <p>Transfer of antibodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)?

    <p>They arrest the synthesis of viral DNA by reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor?

    <p>Raltegravir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of integrase in the HIV life cycle?

    <p>It mediates the transfer of the proviral DNA into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug binds to CCR5 to inhibit HIV entry?

    <p>Maraviroc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)?

    <p>They affect the flexibility of reverse transcriptase, blocking its ability to synthesize DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of amantadine and rimantadine in inhibiting influenza virus penetration?

    <p>Blocking the M2 viral proton pump</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the anti-herpes virus drugs mentioned in the text?

    <p>Zidovudine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of anti-herpes virus drugs like acyclovir?

    <p>Viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structural similarity between acyclovir and guanosine?

    <p>Acyclovir is an analogue of guanosine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ganciclovir against cytomegalovirus?

    <p>Inhibiting viral DNA polymerase through a viral kinase encoded by gene UL97</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of interferon as a treatment for viral infections?

    <p>Low toxicity and modest antigenic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of combining interferon and ribavirin in the treatment of HCV?

    <p>It improves sustained virological response compared to monotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diseases have the potential to be eradicated by a vaccine?

    <p>Measles, rubella, HBV, smallpox, polio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of vaccination?

    <p>To reduce disease in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>The immunity of a population to a pathogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of antiviral drugs during a pandemic alert period?

    <p>To reduce the number of individuals at risk of getting a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases does NOT have drugs for treatment according to the text?

    <p>Zika virus infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of an ideal antiviral drug according to the text?

    <p>Water-soluble, chemically and metabolically stable, easily absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of neuraminidase inhibitors in anti-influenza drugs?

    <p>Release of new virus particles from infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of prophylaxis with antiviral drugs during a pandemic alert period?

    <p>To increase the number of individuals at risk of getting a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of tetanus?

    <p>A bacterium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tetanolysin, one of the exotoxins produced by Clostridium tetani?

    <p>It is not known with certainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated minimum human lethal dose of tetanospasmin, the neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani?

    <p>2.5 nanograms per kilogram of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following animals may harbor Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two most commonly used adjuvants in the production of antibodies from immunized animals?

    <p>Aluminum hydroxide and paraffin oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>They interfere with the strand transfer process of viral DNA by binding to integrase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of amino acid substitutions that emerge in the substrate-binding domain of HIV protease?

    <p>They reduce the affinity of protease inhibitors for the enzyme.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of long-acting injection treatment for HIV?

    <p>To replace daily pills with a more convenient treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between nucleoside RT inhibitors and acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues RT inhibitors?

    <p>Nucleoside RT inhibitors act as chain terminators, while acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues RT inhibitors inhibit viral DNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of immune-modulant drugs in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus?

    <p>To stimulate the immune system to fight the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infection?

    <p>Reduce HIV-associated morbidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to eradicate retroviruses like HIV?

    <p>Proviral DNA and cellular reservoirs prevent eradication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of drug potency and genetic barrier in HIV treatment?

    <p>Both drug potency and genetic barrier are important</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should antiretroviral therapy (ART) be initiated for individuals living with HIV?

    <p>Regardless of WHO clinical stage and CD4 cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of clinically meaningful resistance if a drug has a low genetic barrier?

    <p>High likelihood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the Bivalent and Nonavalent vaccines for HPV?

    <p>Nonavalent covers more genotypes than Bivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of using vectored vaccines?

    <p>They are relatively easy and cheap to make</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Tetravalent vaccine for HPV?

    <p>Covers genotypes 6, 11, 16, and 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vectored vaccine?

    <p>A vaccine based on genome modification of a microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus vector is commonly used for various vaccines?

    <p>Adenovirus vector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>There is a possibility of reactivation of the virulent microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adjuvant in a vaccine?

    <p>A pharmacological or immunological agent that modifies the immune response to the vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a toxoid vaccine?

    <p>A vaccine based on a toxin whose toxicity has been suppressed by chemical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of vaccines based on inactivated microorganisms?

    <p>Their effectiveness is generally lower than that of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of vaccines based on living organisms?

    <p>There is a possibility of reactivation of the virulent microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the constituents of a vaccine?

    <p>Active ingredient, preserving liquid, stabilizers, antibiotics, adjuvants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration is NOT used for vaccines?

    <p>Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination for infants?

    <p>Three doses administered in the first year of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine elicits little or completely absent cell-mediated immunity?

    <p>Vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are vaccines based on attenuated living organisms produced?

    <p>By isolating a microorganism of low virulence from a case of mild disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infections are prevented by the hexavalent vaccine?

    <p>Tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type infections B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can be prevented by a vaccine based on whole inactivated organisms?

    <p>Whooping cough (pertussis)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many booster doses are given for the tetanus vaccination?

    <p>Two booster doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine is associated with a lower risk of adverse reactions?

    <p>Subunit vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the vaccine against Hepatitis B?

    <p>Purified HBsAg attained from transformed cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neuraminidase in the influenza virus life cycle?

    <p>It cleaves sialic acid residues on glycoproteins, allowing the entry of the virus into target cells and the release of viral particles from infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of neuraminidase inhibitors?

    <p>They mimic the structure of sialic acid residues and act as competitive inhibitors of the neuraminidase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of M2 protein inhibitors?

    <p>The M2 protein itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Zanamivir and Oseltamivir?

    <p>Zanamivir is administered via inhalation, while Oseltamivir is administered per oral suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it more complex to develop drugs against viruses compared to bacteria?

    <p>Viruses can replicate exclusively in host cells of the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Ribavirin against viral replication?

    <p>It inhibits the inosine monophosphate deidrogenase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is HBV infection not curable?

    <p>HBV genome persists and is archived inside the hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of stop codons and deletions in S antigen in HBV infection?

    <p>The production of truncated HBsAg can still go on even if the patient receives a fully suppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between HCV and HBV in terms of curability?

    <p>HCV is curable, while HBV infection is not curable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Interferon against HCV infection?

    <p>It stimulates the immune system to attack the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of integrase inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>They interfere with the strand transfer process of the viral DNA by binding to integrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of amino acid substitutions that emerge in the substrate-binding domain of the HIV protease?

    <p>They reduce the affinity of integrase inhibitors for the enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is drug resistance in the context of HIV treatment?

    <p>The ability of the virus to replicate despite the presence of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the new long-acting injection being offered to people with HIV in England?

    <p>Two separate injections of cabotegravir and rilpivirine every two months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>They impede the maturation of the viral particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of amantadine and rimantadine in inhibiting influenza virus penetration?

    <p>They inhibit the viral proton pump M2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of anti-herpes virus drugs like acyclovir?

    <p>Viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between acyclovir and guanosine?

    <p>Acyclovir lacks a 3' hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the affinity of acyclovir for viral thymidine kinase and cellular kinases?

    <p>Acyclovir has 200 times higher affinity for viral thymidine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the activation of acyclovir and gancyclovir?

    <p>Acyclovir is activated by a viral kinase encoded by the gene UL97</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of interferon?

    <p>It promotes virus resistance by induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using a vaccine?

    <p>Reduction / absence of disease in individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the vaccines developed by Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin against poliomyelitis?

    <p>Salk's vaccine was inactivated, while Sabin's was weakened live</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>Indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the combination of interferon and ribavirin on HCV treatment?

    <p>Improves the duration of virologic response and allows to achieve a sustained virological response in 50% of the cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of therapy and prophylaxis with antiviral drugs during pandemics?

    <p>Reduce morbidity and mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal antiviral drug?

    <p>Toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following human infectious diseases currently has drugs for treatment?

    <p>Influenza virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desirable characteristic of an antiviral drug?

    <p>Metabolically stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of prophylaxis with antiviral drugs during pandemics?

    <p>Protect people who play key roles in managing the response to pandemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between HBV and HCV replication?

    <p>HBV genome is archived inside the hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of stop codons and deletions in HBsAg in HBV infection?

    <p>They can lead to the production of truncated HBsAg even with suppressive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of ribavirin in inhibiting viral replication?

    <p>Non-competitive inhibition of RNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of drug resistance mutations in the RT in HBV infection?

    <p>They correspond to stop codons in the HBsAg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of interferon in HCV infections?

    <p>Activates the immune system of the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the types of immunization mentioned in the text?

    <p>Passive and active immunization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is passive immunization?

    <p>A short-term immunization achieved by the transfer of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the methods of acquisition for passive immunization?

    <p>Natural maternal antibodies, antitoxins, and immune globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of immunity derived from passive immunization?

    <p>A few weeks or months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is passive immunization used?

    <p>When there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NTRIs)?

    <p>They arrest the synthesis of viral DNA by reverse transcriptase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of integrase in the HIV life cycle?

    <p>It mediates the transfer of proviral DNA into the host genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug binds to CCR5 to inhibit HIV-1 entry?

    <p>Maraviroc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)?

    <p>They affect the flexibility of reverse transcriptase, blocking its ability to synthesize DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of gp120 in the HIV-1 entry process?

    <p>It binds to CD4 to facilitate HIV-1 entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key treatment goals for individuals living with HIV?

    <p>Suppress plasma HIV RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of retroviruses that makes them difficult to eradicate?

    <p>Integration of the viral DNA into the host cell's genome is an essential step in the viral replication cycle, making eradication difficult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of genetic barrier in achieving a good virologic response and preventing emergence of resistance?

    <p>It determines the number of mutations required by HIV to develop a fully resistant virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of drug potency in the treatment of HIV infection?

    <p>It determines the potency of the drug against HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is it necessary to initiate ART in all individuals living with HIV?

    <p>Yes, regardless of WHO clinical stage and at any CD4 cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal characteristics of a good vaccine?

    <p>Stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the constituents of a vaccine?

    <p>Active ingredient, preserving liquid, and stabilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of administration for a vaccine?

    <p>Intramuscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms?

    <p>Completely absent cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are vaccines based on attenuated living organisms produced?

    <p>By performing multiple cultures to decrease virulence but not antigenicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of tetanus?

    <p>Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly used adjuvant in the production of antibodies from immunized animals?

    <p>Aluminum hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the clinical manifestations of tetanus?

    <p>Muscle stiffness and convulsive spasms of skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated minimum human lethal dose of tetanospasmin?

    <p>175 nanograms per kilogram of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tetanolysin?

    <p>It is not known with certainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary disadvantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They have the possibility of reactivating the virulent microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an adjuvant in vaccines?

    <p>To modify the effect of other agents and boost the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can be prevented by a vaccine based on a toxoid?

    <p>Tetanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of vaccines based on inactivated microorganisms?

    <p>They induce a weaker cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the storage requirement for vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>At least -4°C, preferably -80°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antiviral drugs?

    <p>To interfere with a specific function essential for virus replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What makes it difficult to employ drugs against viruses compared to bacteria?

    <p>Viral ability to replicate exclusively in host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a target of anti-influenza drugs?

    <p>Neuraminidase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neuraminidase in the influenza virus life cycle?

    <p>Cleaves sialic acid residues on glycoprotein to allow entry and release of virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neuraminidase inhibitors work?

    <p>They block the activity of neuraminidase by mimicking the structure of sialic acid residues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Zanamivir and Oseltamivir?

    <p>Zanamivir is administered via inhalation, Oseltamivir is administered per oral suspension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of M2 protein in the influenza virus life cycle?

    <p>Acts as a protonic pump to determine acidification of the endocytic vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended cycle for tetanus vaccination in infants?

    <p>Three doses of vaccine in the first year of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the booster doses for tetanus vaccination?

    <p>To maintain an adequate level of immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What other infections can the hexavalent vaccine protect against, in addition to tetanus?

    <p>Diphtheria and poliomyelitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the vaccine against Hepatitis B?

    <p>Purified viral components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of protection of the vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV)?

    <p>It provides type-specific protection against relevant HPV genotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of protease inhibitors in treating HIV?

    <p>They inhibit the catalytic activity of the HIV protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is drug resistance in the context of HIV treatment?

    <p>The ability of the virus to replicate despite the presence of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of reverse transcriptase inhibitors in treating chronic hepatitis B virus?

    <p>The viral DNA polymerase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of delivery for the new long-acting injection for HIV treatment?

    <p>Subcutaneous injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the Nonavalent and Tetravalent vaccines?

    <p>The Nonavalent vaccine targets more genotypes of HPV than the Tetravalent vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a vectored vaccine?

    <p>A vaccine made by modifying an innocuous microorganism to express a selected antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using vectored vaccines?

    <p>They are relatively easy and cheap to make</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genotypes of HPV are targeted by the Bivalent vaccine?

    <p>Genotypes 16 and 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adenovirus vector used for in vaccines?

    <p>It can be used for various vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the ideal characteristics of a good vaccine?

    <p>Stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a constituent of a vaccine?

    <p>Antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of administration for a vaccine?

    <p>Oral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of vaccines based on whole inactivated organisms?

    <p>Elicits strong cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are vaccines based on attenuated living organisms produced?

    <p>By chemical mutagenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of immunization are mentioned in the text?

    <p>Active and passive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between active and passive immunization?

    <p>Active immunization provides immediate protection and passive immunization develops memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a method of acquisition for passive immunization?

    <p>Immune globulins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of immunity derived from passive immunization?

    <p>It lasts for a few weeks or months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is passive immunization used?

    <p>When there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of interferon in treating viral infections?

    <p>It has a low toxicity and broad action spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin's polio vaccines?

    <p>Salk's vaccine was inactivated while Sabin's was orally givable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity?

    <p>Indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune to an infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of vaccines?

    <p>They reduce or eliminate disease in individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the combination of interferon and ribavirin on HCV treatment?

    <p>It improves the duration of virologic response compared to interferon alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of therapy and prophylaxis with antiviral drugs during a pandemic?

    <p>To decrease the number of deaths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can be treated with drugs according to the text?

    <p>Hepatitis C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some characteristics of an ideal antiviral drug according to the text?

    <p>Water-soluble, chemically and metabolically stable, easily absorbed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of prophylaxis with antiviral drugs during a pandemic?

    <p>To cause mutations in the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses does NOT have drugs available for treatment according to the text?

    <p>Ebola virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They induce a strong cell-mediated response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of vaccines based on attenuated living organisms?

    <p>They pose a risk of reactivating the virulent microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of an adjuvant in a vaccine?

    <p>To modify the effect of other agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of vaccines based on toxoids?

    <p>The detoxification process is reversible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of vaccines based on inactivated microorganisms?

    <p>They are generally more effective than attenuated living organism vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neuraminidase in the influenza virus life cycle?

    <p>It cleaves sialic acid residues on glycoprotein, allowing entry of virus into target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a target of anti-influenza drugs?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do neuraminidase inhibitors work?

    <p>They block the activity of neuraminidase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is administered via inhalation for the treatment of influenza?

    <p>Zanamivir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the M2 protein in the influenza virus life cycle?

    <p>It determines an acidification of the endocytic vesicle, allowing release of viral genome into the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in individuals living with HIV?

    <p>To restore and preserve immunologic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of integrase inhibitors in HIV treatment?

    <p>To prevent emergence of resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genetic barrier of a drug in HIV treatment?

    <p>The type and number of mutations required by HIV to develop a fully resistant virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of stopping highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)?

    <p>HIV-1 returns rapidly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to eradicate retroviruses like HIV?

    <p>They form viral reservoirs in the host cell's genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic cycle of the tetanus vaccination for infants?

    <p>Three doses to be administered in the third, fifth and twelfth months of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the hexavalent vaccine?

    <p>Tetanus, diphtheria, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type infections B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are booster doses for tetanus vaccination given?

    <p>At 6 years of age and around 15 years of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccines have better safety profiles than others?

    <p>Subunit vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV)?

    <p>Human papillomavirus L1 capsid protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between HBV and HCV replication?

    <p>HBV genome is archived inside the hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Ribavirin in inhibiting viral replication?

    <p>Inhibition of inosine monophosphate deidrogenase enzyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical relevance of stop codons and deletions in HBsAg?

    <p>They increase the risk of liver cancer even if viremia is undetectable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Interferon in inhibiting HCV replication?

    <p>Activation of host defense mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is HBV infection not curable?

    <p>HBV genome is archived inside the hepatocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of amantadine and rimantadine in inhibiting influenza virus penetration?

    <p>They prevent the virus from entering the host cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary target of anti-herpes virus drugs?

    <p>Viral thymidine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT used for the treatment of herpes simplex virus?

    <p>Ganciclovir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of HIV treatment with ART?

    <p>To suppress viral replication to undetectable levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between the mechanism of action of acyclovir and ganciclovir?

    <p>Acyclovir is activated by a viral kinase, while ganciclovir is activated by a thymidine kinase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Fostemsavir in inhibiting HIV-1 entry?

    <p>Binds to gp120</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor?

    <p>Efavirenz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of integrase in the HIV life cycle?

    <p>Integrates HIV DNA into the host chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs inhibits the synthesis of viral DNA by reverse transcriptase?

    <p>Emtricitabine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

    <p>Binds to a hydrophobic pocket near the catalytic domain of reverse transcriptase to block its ability to synthesize DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most commonly used adjuvant in the production of antibodies from immunized animals?

    <p>Aluminum hydroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the causative agent of tetanus?

    <p>Clostridium tetani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated minimum lethal dose of tetanospasmin for a 70-kg human?

    <p>175 nanograms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of tetanolysin produced by Clostridium tetani?

    <p>Not known with certainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the spores of Clostridium tetani found?

    <p>In soil, intestines and feces of various animals, and on skin surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the genotypes covered by the Nonavalent vaccine?

    <p>Genotypes 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines has the lowest number of covered genotypes?

    <p>Bivalent (Cervarix)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using vectored vaccines?

    <p>They are relatively easy and cheap to make</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adenovirus vector used for?

    <p>To produce all vectored vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of vectored vaccines?

    <p>They are based on genome modification of a pathogenic microorganism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hepatitis B and C

    • HBV infection is not curable primarily due to its integration into the host's genome and the presence of cccDNA in infected cells.
    • HCV is curable using direct-acting antiviral treatments, while HBV persists as a chronic infection.
    • The main issue with stop codons and deletions in HBsAg is that they can lead to immune escape variants, complicating vaccine and treatment efficacy.

    Antiviral Mechanisms

    • Ribavirin works by inhibiting viral RNA synthesis, causing mutagenesis and lowering the viral load in infections like HCV.
    • Amantadine and rimantadine inhibit the M2 protein of the influenza virus, blocking acidification needed for viral uncoating.
    • Acyclovir targets the viral DNA polymerase, preventing viral DNA replication in herpes simplex virus infections.
    • Ganciclovir also inhibits the DNA polymerase, specifically against cytomegalovirus.

    HIV Treatment

    • The goal of HIV treatment with ART (antiretroviral therapy) is to achieve viral suppression, leading to an undetectable viral load.
    • Stopping HIV therapy can lead to viral rebound, increasing the risk of transmission and disease progression.
    • Genetic barrier in HIV treatment refers to the ability of the virus to mutate, leading to resistance against medications.
    • Key factors for good virologic response are adherence to medication and avoiding drug resistance.

    Vaccines and Immunization

    • Vaccines stimulate immune responses to prevent disease; herd immunity protects individuals who cannot be vaccinated.
    • Active immunization generates long-lasting immunity, while passive immunization provides immediate, but temporary, protection.
    • Tetanus toxoid vaccination is essential for preventing tetanus; the basic cycle involves initial doses followed by booster shots.

    Vaccine Characteristics

    • Ideal vaccine characteristics include safety, efficacy, and the ability to induce long-term immunity.
    • Whole inactivated vaccines pose risks of limited immune response, while attenuated live vaccines can induce stronger immunity but at risk of causing disease.
    • Vectored vaccines use a harmless virus to deliver antigens and elicit strong immune responses.

    Antivirals and Drug Resistance

    • Antiviral drugs target specific stages of the viral life cycle but there's a risk of drug resistance due to viral mutations.
    • The sustained virological response rate with interferon and ribavirin therapy is variable and depends on patient factors.
    • During a pandemic, antiviral drugs must be effective against fast-evolving viruses, balancing safety and resistance.

    Influenza Specifics

    • Neuraminidase is crucial for virus release from infected cells, and inhibitors block this action to treat influenza.
    • M2 protein is a target for inhibitors that prevent viral replication; influenza treatments are complicated by the rapid mutation rate of the virus.
    • Currently, limited classes of antiviral drugs exist for influenza, highlighting the need for ongoing research.

    General Vaccine and Immunology Concepts

    • Passive immunization can be acquired through methods such as antibody infusion or maternal transfer but shortens immunity duration.
    • Vaccine routes of administration vary, affecting efficacy; inactivated vaccines can have less robust responses.
    • Herd immunity relies on high vaccination rates, protecting vulnerable populations and diminishing disease spread.

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    Test your knowledge on HIV treatment methods by taking our quiz on Integrase inhibitors and Protease inhibitors. Learn how these drugs work and their importance in managing HIV infections.

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