26 Questions
When were the first cells kept alive in culture?
1885
Who discovered the Y chromosome in 1921?
Painter
In what year were Barr bodies identified as being X-chromosomes?
1953
Who introduced FISH to cytogenetics in 1982?
Ward & van der Ploeg
What technique developed in 1996 allows all chromosomes to be viewed using different colors?
Spectral karyotyping
In which year was the association of physical distance with genetic distance reported?
1913
Thomas Hunt Morgan was involved in the first report of a spontaneous mutation
True
The first immortalized cell line was developed in 1952 by Gey
True
Chromosomes were first named by Waldeyer in 1888
True
In 1913, Carrel achieved continuous culture of chick embryo cells that lasted until 1946
False
In 1992, FISH was introduced to cytogenetics by Kallionieni, Pinkel & Gray
False
Spectral karyotyping developed in 1996 allows only a few chromosomes to be viewed using different colors
False
Match the following key events in cytogenetics with their respective year:
First immortalised cell line developed by Gey = 1952 Introduction of FISH to cytogenetics by Ward & van der Ploeg = 1982 Spectral karyotyping developed allowing all chromosomes to be viewed using a different colour = 1996 Array-CGH increases sensitivity and throughput = 1998
Match the following discoveries in cytogenetics with the scientist who made them:
Y chromosome discovered = Painter Barr bodies identified as being X-chromosomes = Barr Chromosomes named = Waldeyer Association of physical distance with genetic distance reported = Hsu
Match the following achievements in cell culture with their corresponding year:
First cells kept alive in culture = 1885 Continuous culture of chick embryo cells by Carrel = 1913 In vitro proliferation of cells by Harrison = 1907 Excellent views of human embryonic mitoses by Tjio = 1956
Match the following advancements in cytogenetic techniques with their year of introduction:
CGH introduced by Kallionieni, Pinkel & Gray = 1992 Introduction of spectral karyotyping allowing all chromosomes to be viewed using different colors = 1996 Development of Array-CGH increasing sensitivity and throughput = 1998 Improved views of chromosomes by adding hypotonic solution to cell preps by Hsu = 1952
Match the following key milestones in human cytogenetics history with their respective decade:
Chromosomes named by Waldeyer = 1880s Y chromosome discovered by Painter = 1920s First immortalised cell line developed by Gey = 1950s Introduction of FISH to cytogenetics by Ward & van der Ploeg = 1980s
Match the following significant events in cytogenetics with their impact on research:
Association of physical distance with genetic distance reported by Hsu = Improved views of chromosomes First cells kept alive in culture in 1885 = Beginning of cell culture studies Continuous culture of chick embryo cells achieved by Carrel in 1913 = Advancement in cell culture techniques Introduction of Array-CGH increasing sensitivity and throughput in 1998 = Enhanced cytogenetic analysis capabilities
Match the following significant events in cytogenetics with their impact on research:
Discovery of Barr bodies as X-chromosomes = Identifying sex chromosomes Introduction of FISH in 1982 = Improved visualization of genetic material First immortalized cell line in 1952 = Revolutionized cell culture studies Continuous culture of chick embryo cells by Carrel = Pioneering long-term cell culture techniques
Match the following key milestones in human cytogenetics history with their respective decade:
First immortalized cell line by Gey in 1952 = 1950s Discovery of Y chromosome by Painter in 1921 = 1920s Introduction of FISH by Ward & van der Ploeg in 1982 = 1980s Spectral karyotyping development in 1996 = 1990s
Match the following achievements in cell culture with their corresponding year:
Chromosomes named by Waldeyer = 1888 First cells kept alive in culture = 1885 Continuous culture of chick embryo cells by Carrel = 1913 First immortalized cell line by Gey = 1952
Match the following key events in cytogenetics with their respective year:
Y chromosome discovered by Painter = 1921 Improved views of chromosomes with hypotonic solution by Hsu = 1952 Excellent views of human embryonic mitoses by Tjio = 1956 Introduction of FISH to cytogenetics by Ward & van der Ploeg = 1982
Match the following advancements in cytogenetic techniques with their year of introduction:
CGH introduced by Kallionieni, Pinkel & Gray = 1992 Spectral karyotyping development allowing all chromosomes to be viewed with different colors = 1996 Array-CGH increasing sensitivity and throughput = 1998 Mutagenic activity of ionizing radiation reported = 1909 onwards
Thymidine
To stimulate DNA synthesis.
DCT (diethylaminoethyl-dextran):
To prevent clumping of cells.
PHA (phytohemagglutinin
To activate the immune cells.
Study Notes
Early Developments in Cytogenetics
- 1885: First cells kept alive in culture
- 1888: Chromosomes named by Waldeyer
- 1907: In vitro proliferation of cells achieved by Harrison
- 1909 onwards: Thomas Hunt Morgan and students researched crossing-over and the 1st spontaneous mutation was reported
- 1913: Continuous culture of chick embryo cells was established by Carrel, lasting until 1946
Development of Cytogenetics in the 1950s
- 1950s: The birth decade of human cytogenetics
- 1952: First immortalised cell line was developed by Gey
- 1952: Improved views of chromosomes were achieved by adding hypotonic solution to cell preps by Hsu
- 1953: Barr bodies were identified as being X-chromosomes by Barr
- 1956: Excellent views of human embryonic mitoses were obtained by Tjio, confirming that humans have 46 chromosomes
- 1956: 46 chromosomes in human somatic cells were confirmed by Ford and Hamerton
Advances in Cytogenetic Techniques
- 1982: Introduction of FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) to cytogenetics by Ward and van der Ploeg
- 1985: FISH was first used in humans to locate a gene
- 1992: CGH (comparative genomic hybridization) was introduced by Kallioniemi, Pinkel, and Gray
- 1996: Spectral karyotyping was developed, allowing all chromosomes to be viewed using a different color
- 1998: Array-CGH increased sensitivity and throughput
Explore the key milestones in the history of human cytogenetics from the 1900s to the 1950s, including notable events such as the discovery of the first immortalized cell line and the association of physical distance with genetic distance. Test your knowledge on the significant advancements in this field.
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