History and Religion Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following accurately describes teleology in the context of history?

  • History viewed as unpredictable and contingent.
  • An approach that disregards religious influences.
  • History focusing solely on economic factors.
  • History with a predetermined background. (correct)

    • Contingency in history emphasizes that there are multiple possibilities for future events.

    True

    What impact did Constantine have on Christianity?

    He adapted Christianity and made it popular by moving its center to Constantinople.

    The two holy cities in Islam are ______ and ______.

    <p>Medina, Mecca</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the religious figure with their associated religion:

    <p>Jesus = Christianity Mohammed = Islam Pope = Roman Catholicism Patriarch = Eastern Orthodox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the unexpected results of the Crusades?

    <p>Increased trade and interaction with new cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Great Schism in 1054 resulted in the division of Christianity into the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one reason why people participated in the Crusades.

    <p>To liberate the Holy Land or for adventure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which argument did Sepulveda support in the debate about slavery?

    <p>Slaves should stay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Las Casas believed that converting the natives should involve the use of slavery.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of government is characterized by absolute power?

    <p>Autocracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ is a system where the government owns production.

    <p>Socialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Oligarchy = Governed by a small group of people Theocracy = Governed by religious leaders Monarchy = Family-based rule Plutocracy = Governed by wealth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with laying the groundwork for democracy in Ancient Greece?

    <p>Solon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Ancient Rome, the Senate was primarily made up of the plebeians.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important document limited the powers of King John in England?

    <p>Magna Carta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major role of the Middle East in trade routes?

    <p>It was considered the best place for trading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Scientific Revolution had little impact on the questioning of traditional beliefs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What product was primarily associated with trade from Africa?

    <p>Gold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a significant trade route connecting Asia and Europe, mainly known for its silk.

    <p>Silk Road</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the explorers with their accomplishments:

    <p>Prince Henry Navigator = Established a school for navigation Dias = Rounded the tip of Africa DaGamma = First to reach India by sea Columbus = Explored the Indies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which family significantly impacted the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts?

    <p>The Medici family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Black Death led to an increase in the population of Europe.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'heliocentric' refer to?

    <p>The sun is at the center of the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was an important invention during the Scientific Revolution that helped spread knowledge.

    <p>printing press</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main reasons for Western Europe's eagerness to explore?

    <p>Exclusion from most trade.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population represented the landed gentry in the colonial society?

    <p>6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacon's Rebellion was primarily a conflict between the colonial gentry and wealthy landowners.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following resources was NOT returned to Spain by Columbus?

    <p>Silk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the governor of Virginia for 35 years during this period?

    <p>Lord Berkeley</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 created an even division of land between Spain and Portugal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacon's Rebellion included the _______ of Virginia, which represented the grievances of the lower class.

    <p>Declaration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the exchange of goods and diseases between the Old World and the New World?

    <p>Columbian Exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Columbus referred to the indigenous people he encountered as ____________.

    <p>Arawak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy with their names:

    <p>Seneca = First tribe Cayuga = Second tribe Onondaga = Third tribe Mohawk = Fourth tribe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following explorers or figures with their contributions:

    <p>Columbus = Earned title 'Admiral of the Seas' Amerigo Vespucci = Identified the Americas as 'New World' Pope Alexander VI = Established a line for Spanish and Portuguese territories Waldesmueller = Created the first map showing the New World</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one effect of Bacon's Rebellion on the gentry's approach to governance?

    <p>They decided to include some of the 94% in positions of authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason Spanish conquistadors targeted the Aztec and Incan empires?

    <p>To find gold and riches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle behind Bacon's Rebellion was that the government has an obligation to protect its citizens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to Lord Berkeley's return to England and subsequent punishment?

    <p>Bacon's Rebellion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process known as 'Requerimento' involved providing natives the choice to convert or die.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one significant impact of the Columbian Exchange on indigenous populations?

    <p>High mortality due to disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Spanish began to implement the ____________ system that forced natives to work under harsh conditions.

    <p>encomienda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What title did Columbus earn because of his voyages and the resources he brought back?

    <p>Admiral of the Seas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two colonies did Carolina split into in 1712?

    <p>North Carolina and South Carolina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    John Locke authored the Fundamental Constitutions of the Carolinas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for developing the Georgia colony?

    <p>To block the Spanish from conquering other colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pequot were a powerful tribe located in the __________ River Valley.

    <p>Thames/Mystic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the colony with its economic feature:

    <p>South Carolina = Farming rice and indigo North Carolina = Pirate settlement Georgia = Refuge for the poor Virginia = Tobacco production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Mystic Massacre result in for the Pequot tribe?

    <p>A significant decrease in their population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pirates played a crucial role in the economy of North Carolina.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the general selected to develop Georgia as a social experiment?

    <p>James Oglethorpe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pequot tribe faced retaliation when John Oldham was __________ in their territory.

    <p>killed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a result of King Philip's War?

    <p>Increased dependence of Natives on English resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Great Awakening?

    <p>To bring people back to God</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Slander refers to written statements that falsely harm someone's reputation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"?

    <p>Jonathan Edwards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________________ is a term describing the idea that power rests in the people and advocates for citizens' rights against absolutism.

    <p>Enlightenment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the philosophers with their key ideas:

    <p>Hobbes = Social contract Locke = Natural rights Montesquieu = Separation of powers Rousseau = Majority rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of press is used to attack government officials with false information?

    <p>Seditious libel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Age of Reason encouraged individuals to rely solely on tradition for understanding the world.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does "Sapere Aude" mean?

    <p>Dare to know</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main economic activity of French colonists in North America was dependent on _____________ trading.

    <p>fur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which religious group emerged from the splintering of churches during the Great Awakening?

    <p>Baptists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary motivation for people to establish southern colonies?

    <p>Creating plantations for profit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Southern colonies used primarily subsistence farming rather than cash crops.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was considered the mythical prophet of wisdom for the Oneida nation?

    <p>Hiawatha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What system was established to encourage the settlement of land in the colonies by offering land to newcomers?

    <p>Headright System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women in the Oneida nation had the ability to veto treaties and declare war.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first colonial settlement established in 1607 was ______.

    <p>Jamestown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Great Law of Peace?

    <p>To establish peace, equality, and order among the people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following historical figures or events with their significance:

    <p>John Rolfe = Saved Jamestown by introducing tobacco King James I = Took control of Virginia and made it a royal colony Pocahontas = Created a peaceful relationship with Jamestown The Powhatans = Were involved in conflict over land with the English</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ was a supercolony created by James II in an effort to consolidate power in the colonies.

    <p>Dominion of New England</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following events with their descriptions:

    <p>Leisler Rebellion = Establishment of a representative government in New York Glorious Revolution = Nonviolent overthrow of James II Mercantilism = Trade system benefiting the mother country Salutary Neglect = Ignoring minor violations of colonial laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geographical feature characterized the negative aspects of living in DelMarva?

    <p>Brackish water and mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about James II is true?

    <p>He believed in divine right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Atlantic Slave Trade began as a response to the need for more labor on plantations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Virginia House of Burgesses?

    <p>To establish a representative government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The English Bill of Rights offered constitutional rights to the people after the Glorious Revolution.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ was the journey that enslaved Africans endured across the Atlantic Ocean.

    <p>Middle Passage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the phrase 'Seventh Generation' in Oneida culture?

    <p>It means considering the impact of a decision on the seventh generation to come.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following regions of Virginia with their characteristics:

    <p>Tidewater = Low-lying coastal area Piedmont = Higher elevation area above Tidewater Fall line = Separation between Tidewater and Piedmont DelMarva = Fertile but disease-prone due to mosquitoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ Act aimed to control trade and required that goods be transported on British ships.

    <p>Navigation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice was instituted to ensure that only the oldest sons inherited land in England?

    <p>Primogeniture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one consequence of the Molasses Act?

    <p>Encouraged widespread smuggling in the colonies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a cash crop to Virginia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major conflict arose between the English and the Powhatans?

    <p>Land disputes and resource competition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The English established _______ to regulate the institution of slavery in the colonies.

    <p>laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common reason for the accusations during the Salem Witch Trials?

    <p>Power struggles and religious fanaticism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Roger Williams was exiled for his belief that everyone should practice their own religion.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What colony did Roger Williams establish?

    <p>Rhode Island</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anne Hutchinson was charged with ______ and banished from Massachusetts Bay.

    <p>heresy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following individuals with their contributions:

    <p>Roger Williams = Established Rhode Island Anne Hutchinson = Charged with heresy Thomas Hooker = Founded Connecticut William Penn = Founded Pennsylvania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic system did the Dutch use to develop their colonies?

    <p>Patroon system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The English takeover of New Netherlands was a peaceful negotiation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main belief of the Quakers?

    <p>Equality and simplicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Philadelphia is known as the city of ______.

    <p>Brotherly love</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the colony to its primary purpose:

    <p>New Hampshire = Fishing colony Connecticut = Established by Thomas Hooker Pennsylvania = Home for Quakers New Jersey = Gift colony from English crown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which colony was different because it was not founded by outcasts?

    <p>New Hampshire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Middle Colonies were considered Restoration Colonies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the New Netherlands colony?

    <p>To establish a profitable trade system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first written constitution in the world was created by ______.

    <p>Thomas Hooker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main goal of the French during the early conflicts in the Ohio River Valley?

    <p>To expand their territory along the Mississippi River</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Model Parliament?

    <p>Limit monarch's power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Indulgences were sold to ensure that people would have a shorter time in purgatory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    George Washington successfully led the British to victory at Fort Necessity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who created the Albany Plan of Union?

    <p>Ben Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who started the Protestant Reformation?

    <p>Martin Luther</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Henry VIII created the Church of __________ to have his own rules regarding marriage.

    <p>England</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The famous slogan 'Join or die' was associated with _______.

    <p>Ben Franklin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the individuals with their significance:

    <p>Martin Luther = Initiator of the Protestant Reformation Henry VIII = Founder of the Church of England John Calvin = Promoter of predestination Elizabeth I = Defender of Protestant faith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following leaders with their roles:

    <p>George Washington = Leader of the first attack on Fort Duquesne General Braddock = Leader of the second attack on Fort Duquesne General Wolfe = Killed during the battle of Quebec General Montcalm = Killed during the battle of Quebec</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary cause of the rise of Protestantism?

    <p>Desire for religious freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Pontiac's Rebellion in 1763?

    <p>Native tribes captured British forts and engaged in violence against settlers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Treaty of Paris in 1763 resulted in the French losing all land in North America.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Spanish Armada was a successful military campaign for Spain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Paxton Boys attack in response to local rumors?

    <p>Native villages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of the 'Power of the Purse' in limiting monarch power?

    <p>Controlling taxes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Catherine of Aragon was married to __________ before Henry VIII.

    <p>Arthur Tudor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principal city of the French in North America was _______.

    <p>Quebec</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the British response to the violence of Pontiac's Rebellion?

    <p>They distributed smallpox-infected blankets to the native tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Edward VI was the son of Anne Boleyn.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the goals of English colonization?

    <p>To expand trade and resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the 'Middle Way' established by Elizabeth I?

    <p>A balance between Protestantism and Catholicism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary motivation for settling in the New England Colonies?

    <p>Religious freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Act of Toleration granted only Catholics the right to practice their faith in Maryland.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The belief that God predestines who will go to heaven is known as __________.

    <p>predestination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the colony types with their descriptions:

    <p>Proprietary Colony = No requirement to follow English law Charter Colony = Joint stock company colonies adhering to English laws Royal Colony = Fully controlled by the King Joint Stock Company = Investors share in profits and losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?

    <p>It established a self-governing colony and outlined the rules for the Pilgrims' settlement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ were a group of people who sought to purify the Church of England.

    <p>Puritans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group primarily influenced the establishment of the Colony of Maryland?

    <p>Calverts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pilgrims had a positive relationship with the Wampanoags, primarily due to Squanto.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and what was his view towards the colony?

    <p>John Winthrop; he viewed it as the 'city on a hill' and focused on religion over money.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Calverts named their colony ________ after Charles I's wife.

    <p>Maryland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a component of the Massachusetts government as it evolved over time?

    <p>Only land-owning church members could vote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Great Migration resulted in an equal distribution of Puritan settlers across all colonies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of laws were the Blue Laws, and what did they aim to enforce?

    <p>Blue Laws were laws with religious elements aimed at enforcing moral behavior in society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Pilgrims called themselves ________ because they separated from the Church of England.

    <p>separatists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts to their definitions:

    <p>Covenant Faith = Trust with God and each other Theocratic Government = Religion and government are intertwined Patriarchal Society = Men have authority over women and children Headright System = Land grants to promote settlement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?

    <p>To separate Native Americans and colonists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Stamp Act required colonists to pay taxes on printed items.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What slogan did James Otis use to express colonial opposition to taxation without representation?

    <p>Taxation without representation is tyranny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The event known as the _____ resulted in the deaths of five colonists during a confrontation with British soldiers.

    <p>Boston Massacre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act was repealed in 1766 after colonial boycotts?

    <p>Stamp Act</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Virtual representation was the British response to colonial complaints about taxation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the Sons of Liberty protests against the Stamp Act?

    <p>Samuel Adams</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ Act of 1774 closed Boston Harbor until damages from the Boston Tea Party were paid.

    <p>Boston Port</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant consequence of the Boston Tea Party?

    <p>The Intolerable Acts were enacted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The First Continental Congress included representatives from every colony.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Boston Massacre trial?

    <p>Most soldiers were acquitted, and only 2 were found guilty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colonial militias were known as _____ due to their ability to be ready at a moment's notice.

    <p>minutemen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which act established blank search warrants for customs officers?

    <p>Writs of Assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Teleological and Contingency in History

    • Teleology: History viewed as having a predetermined course.
    • Contingency: History with multiple potential futures.
    • Allen's perspective: Both teleology and contingency are valuable; basic historical context is important, but contingency's focus on diverse perspectives and minority voices is more critical.

    Religious Themes

    • Christianity:

      • BCE/CE replaced BC/AD for dating.
      • Jesus: Seen as divine, the messiah.
      • Constantine's impact: Became a key figure in Christianity's spread, moving its center to Constantinople. Geographical factors fueled conversion rates.
      • Spread of Christianity: Constantine's influence and location facilitated its popularity.

    • Islam:

      • Muhammad: Prophet.
      • Medina/Mecca: Important cities in Islam.
      • Spread of Islam: Islam spread extensively through the Middle East. A major center for religious influence.

    • Great Schism (1054):

      • Split between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
      • Pope/Patriarch: Heads of the Catholic and Orthodox churches, respectively.
      • Rome/Constantinople: Centers of the Catholic and Orthodox churches.

    Trade and Markets

    • Trade Routes:

      • Evolution: Driven by geographical factors, political/religious motivations, and the need for resources. Improvements in agriculture and population growth led to increased demand.
      • Impact: Trade routes connected Asia, Europe and Africa, facilitating the exchange of goods and ideas. This increased wealth and cultural exchange.

    • Key Trade Zones:

      • Middle East: Crucial location for trade.
      • Indian Ocean: Rich resource area connecting Asia and Africa.
      • Asia (Silk Road): Extensive network of trade.
      • Africa: Source of spices, gold, slaves, etc..

    • Products:

      • Africa: Coffee, salt, gold, slaves.
      • Asia: Silk, spices, rugs, sugar.

    • Commercial Revolution: Period of significant trade growth. The Mediterranean was a critical trade hub.

    Black Death

    • Death toll: 30-60% of Europe's population died.
    • Societal change: Economic disruption; spurred changes in agriculture, specialization, and opportunity.
    • Long-term impact: Questioning of the status quo; fostered renewed interest in individual action and artistic development; leading to the Renaissance.

    Renaissance

    • Causes: The devastation of the Black Death, Italy's port cities, and the drive for wealth and self-expression.
    • Role of Events: The Crusades (increased trade and exposure to new ideas) and The Black Death (awareness of mortality) were critical factors.
    • Medici Family: Wealthy patrons of art and culture in Florence.
    • Themes: Individualism, Humanism, Secularism, Creativity, Questioning, Classicism and Trade.
    • Bridging the gap: Transition between medieval and modern eras.

    Scientific Revolution

    • Geocentric/Heliocentric: Different models of the universe.
    • Galileo: Challenged religious doctrine with scientific observations, leading to persecution.
    • Scientific Method: A framework for inquiry.
    • Significance: Shift towards reason and observation as means of understanding the world, leading to scientific progress and the development of the modern world.

    Technological Advances

    • Printing press/movable type: Increased literacy and knowledge dissemination.
    • Gutenberg Bible: Early example of printed literature.
    • Caravel/lateen sails: Improved navigation in the Age of Exploration, particularly in the Atlantic.
    • Astrolabe/compass: Aids in navigation and determining latitude. Improved exploration.

    Expanding Ottoman Empire

    • Significance of Constantinople/Istanbul: The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans reduced some European access to trade routes, creating tension and prompting European exploration. It altered the course of trade and power dynamics.

    Iberian Peninsula and Exploration

    • Prince Henry the Navigator: Promoted Portuguese exploration.
    • Dias/Da Gama: Key figures in Portuguese exploration leading the way to reaching India through Africa
    • Columbus: Searched for a westward route to Asia, leading to the encounter with the Americas and the Columbian Exchange.

    Voyages of Columbus and the “New World”

    • Enterprise of the Indies: Columbus's plan to reach Asia by sailing west.

    • Challenges: Longer than expected travel to China, ship problems, malnutrition and disease.

    • San Salvador/Arawaks: Columbus's encounter with the Taino people, whom he misinterpreted as being in China.

    • Leadership Style: Columbus's leadership was problematic in dealing with natives to get the gold and resources that he was given orders to acquire.

    • Criticism and Legacy Columbus faced ethical issues and controversies for the displacement/mistreatment of natives and exploitation. The "discovery of America" was contentious, implying a sense of ownership despite natives already inhabiting the continent.

    Cycle of Conquest

    • Explorers, Conquistadors, Missionaries, Settlers: Phases of European interaction with the Americas.
    • Aztec/Incan Empires: Major empires in the Americas impacted by Spanish conquest.

    Contest for Empire

    • Papal Bulls: Documents issued by the Pope assigning lands for colonization.
    • Treaty of Tordesillas: Divided newly discovered lands between Portugal and Spain.

    European Interaction Impacts

    • Impacts on Indigenous Populations: Disease, violence and exploitation led to population decline.
    • The Columbian Exchange: The exchange of agricultural crops, plants animals, and diseases between the Old World and New World changed both regions.

    Spanish Imperialism

    • Administration of the Spanish Empire: Colonies, Council of West Indies, Viceroys.
    • Encomienda System: Labor system used to provide labor for encomiendera, a Spanish noble. This system frequently involved mistreatment and exploitation of natives.

    Debate Between Sepulveda and Las Casas

    • Arguments: Sepúlveda argued for the subjugation of native peoples, while Las Casas advocated for their fair treatment.
    • Rationales: Sepúlveda believed natives were not capable of governing themselves and Las Casas argued for humane treatment and conversion.

    Types of Government

    Summary of various forms of government.

    Ancient Greece/Rome

    • Polis, Archons: Key elements of Greek political systems.
    • Solon: Greek leader who reformed the Greek social system.
    • Cleisthenes: Early democratic reforms in Athens.
    • Direct Democracy: Athenian democracy.
    • Republican Government/Representative Democracy: Features of Roman political structures.
    • Patricians/Plebeians: Social classes in Rome.
    • Checks and Balances: Roman governance structure for controlling power.
    • Feudal System: Hierarchical social system that created an obligation system for service.

    Medieval England

    • Magna Carta: Limited the power of the English King.
    • King John: Historical significance related to the Magna Carta.
    • Model Parliament: An early English representative assembly.
    • Power of Purse: The ability of parliament to control taxation.

    Reformation

    • Martin Luther: Leader of the Protestant Reformation.
    • Excommunication: Punishment for challenging the Catholic Church.
    • Protestantism: Branch of Christianity opposing certain aspects of the Catholic Church.
    • Protestant Reformation Impact: Split from the Catholic Church, religious crisis, wars, and a greater emphasis on individual faith.
    • Lutherans/Calvinists: Major Protestant denominations.
      • Sacraments differences: Catholicism has seven sacraments; Lutheranism has two.
    • Henry VIII: English King who initiated the English Reformation.
    • Catherine of Aragon/Anne Boleyn: Wives of Henry VIII involved in religious and political issues.
    • Church of England: The new Church established under Henry VIII.
    • Mary Tudor/Elizabeth I: Important female figures in English history during the Reformation.
    • Issues with heirs: Henry VIII's desire for a male heir led to political upheaval.

    England’s Rise and Colonization

    • Roanoke Island: Failed English colony.
    • Spanish Armada: British defeat that marked the rise of England as a major power.
    • Middle Way (Elizabeth I): Middle ground approach to religion.
    • Motivation for English Colonization: Economic gain, religious freedom, and expansion of power.
    • Enclosures and Primogeniture: Factors pushing English people to the colonies.

    Mercantilism

    • Merchant Capitalism: Economic system.
    • Positive Balance of Trade: The aim to sell more than is brought in. This was an important aspect of mercantilism.
    • Export/Import: Aspects of the balance of trade.
    • Goal/system for financing colonization: Colonies were important sources of raw materials and goods.

    Colonial Expansion and the Colonies

    • Geography's impact on colony development: Subsistence or cash crops impacted settlements and growth.
    • Colonial Regions (New England, Middle, South): Characteristics of each region.
    • European laws and their colonial impact: Enclosure, Primogeniture, and the need for workforce affected migration patterns and work.
    • Colonies and their geographic features: New England (subsistence), Middle (mixed), and Southern (cash crops)

    Jamestown

    • Location choices: Avoiding the estuary for safety.
    • Starving Time/Solution: Early struggles in Jamestown and the role of John Rolfe, new types of tobacco, and the relationship with the Powhattan.
    • Virginia House of Burgesses: Established representative government in Virginia.

    Shifting Labor

    • Indentured Servitude/Slavery: Shift to slavery with the growing need for plantation labor.
    • Atlantic Slave Trade: Overview and the Middle Passage - horrors and brutality of the system.
    • Laws and Advantages of Slavery: The creation of laws to support the institution of slavery in American colonies.

    Maryland, New England, and Colonies (restoration colonies)

    • Colonial Religious & Political motivations, Acts of Toleration.
    • Differences between Virginia and New England colonies, Great Migration, and puritans/Pilgrims/separatists groups' motivations, and unique characteristics.
    • Political and religious characteristics of the different colonies
    • Mayflower Compact, and events/people leading to its creation.

    Colonial Wars and Conflicts

    • Pequot War Pequots and the English; The role and impact of the Mystic Massacre; the Treaty of Hartford
    • King Philip's War Conflict between the Wampanoag and New England colonists, including the role of Massasoit and Metacom, and the legacy of the war.
    • Bacon's Rebellion Bacon's Rebellion (Background, causes, key events, and the legacy and impact).
    • Iroquois Confederacy Background on the Iroquois confederacy, tribal structures, and the impact on colonial relations.
    • Early Colonial Conflicts and Interactions with Natives General conflicts, violent events.

    Increasing Power of Parliament

    • Navigation Acts: British control over colonial trade.
    • Mercantilist System: System where colonies provided raw resources and British manufactured goods, generating profit.
    • Colonial Assemblies: Role of colonial assemblies in relation to Royal Governors.
    • Salutory Neglect: Period of British relaxation of enforcement of Navigation Acts.
    • British policies of control and their impact on colonial systems
    • Molasses Act: British attempt to control trade of molasses.
    • Intolerable Acts: British responses to Colonial resistance.

    Enlightenment Philosophers

    • Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Wollstonecraft: Main ideas and significance.

    Seven Years' War/French and Indian War

    • Ohio River Valley: Strategic importance.
    • Early conflicts, key battles, and the Albany Plan of Union(failure to unite colonies).
    • Impact of the war: French expulsion from North America, Britain's debt, and colonial identity.

    Great Awakening

    • Revival of religious fervor, key figures such as George Whitefield.
    • Religious differences, splits in churches between New Lights and Old Lights, and the impact on colonial society.

    Colonial Interactions and the Enlightenment

    • Enlightenment ideas and their influence (political).
    • Colonial response to these and their impact on the growth of colonial identity.
    • Evolution of the press: Zenger trial and its significance.

    Summary Chart of Regions

    • A summary chart comparing different regions and their characteristics.

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    Test your knowledge on key historical events and figures, including the impact of Constantine on Christianity and the significance of the Crusades. This quiz also covers important concepts such as teleology, government structures, and the Great Schism that divided Christianity. Challenge yourself to match religious figures with their respective religions and understand the nuances of historical debates.

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