Historical Events in Qatar and Bahrain (1716-1847)
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Questions and Answers

What prompted the Al Utub to move from Zubarah to Kuwait in 1766?

  • Internal disputes within the Utub branches (correct)
  • Economic opportunities in Basra
  • A desire for better agricultural lands
  • Historical conflicts with local tribes

    • Which family traces its origins back to the Wahbah tribe of Banu Tamim?

  • Al Thani (correct)
  • Al Jalahma
  • Al Khalifa
  • Al Ma’adhid

    • Who succeeded in taking over Bahrain with the help of Qatari tribes in 1783?

  • Faisal bin Turki
  • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa
  • Sheikh Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa (correct)
  • Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed

    • Which event marked the beginning of the Bahraini Civil War?

    <p>The internal conflict between Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the battle of Umm Suwwaya in 1847?

    <p>The Qataris opposed the return of Abdullah's sons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Muhammad Ali Pasha play in the events involving Qatar and Bahrain?

    <p>He sent a military campaign to counter the first Saudi state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Whom did Abdullah bin Ahmed seek assistance from to confront Mohammad bin Khalifa?

    <p>Faisal bin Turki</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ultimately happened to the first Saudi state under Muhammad bin Saud and Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab's alliance?

    <p>It faced a military defeat and loss of control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary objective of the Ottomans in sending Hafiz Pasha to Qatar?

    <p>To gain more political influence over Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategic location did Sheikh Jassim move to in response to Ottoman demands?

    <p>Wajbah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant action did Sheikh Jassim take concerning his position as the Ottoman appointed governor?

    <p>He announced his resignation in favor of Sheikh Ahmed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the crucial demands made by Hafiz Pasha during negotiations with Sheikh Ahmed?

    <p>Payment of taxes for the past 15 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a direct consequence of Sheikh Jassim's victory at the Battle of Wajbah?

    <p>The Ottoman influence in the Gulf Emirates collapsed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action was taken against Hafiz Pasha following the defeat at the Battle of Wajbah?

    <p>He was removed from his governor post.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the outcomes of the negotiations between Naqib Al Ashraf and Sheikh Jassim?

    <p>The Ottomans reinstated Sheikh Jassim's governorship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the decline of the Ottoman influence by the early 20th century?

    <p>Negotiations between the Ottomans and the British</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key provision of the 1935 renewed treaty regarding the British royal air force?

    <p>Qatar would provide protection for British royal air force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event in 1939 significantly changed the oil exploration landscape in Qatar?

    <p>Discovery of oil in Dukhan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following caused a decline in the pearl industry during World War II?

    <p>Germany took over the leading pearl importer, France.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which development occurred under Sheikh Ali bin Abdullah's reign?

    <p>Significant economic growth from oil revenues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary reason for Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa's decision to attack Doha from the sea rather than from land?

    <p>The readiness of the Qatari people to defend Doha.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a notable change during Sheikh Ahmed bin Ali’s rule starting in 1960?

    <p>Removal of the British political resident.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event led to the successful attack on Doha by the Al Khalifa and Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa in 1867?

    <p>The absence of Qatari men due to pearl diving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What negative impact did the closure of the Anglo-Persian oil company have on Qatar during World War II?

    <p>Unemployment among Qataris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence faced by Mohammad Bin Khalifa after the British authorities intervened?

    <p>He fled Bahrain and was banned from ruling there.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which figure played a crucial role in forming an alliance with Sheikh Jassim to oppose the Al Khalifa in 1866?

    <p>Faisal bin Turki.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which year was oil struck at well no.1 in Dukhan?

    <p>1940</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the key issues that emerged due to the economic situation in Qatar during World War II?

    <p>Emergence of families facing healthcare issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prompted the British authorities to act against Bahrain and Abu Dhabi in relation to the attacks on Doha?

    <p>The threat perceived by British interests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did British resident Lewis Pelly take after the attacks on Doha?

    <p>He imposed fines and demanded a formal apology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event directly led to the capture of Bahraini leaders by the Qataris in 1868?

    <p>A ruse that lured Bahraini ships into a trap.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the British respond to the actions taken by Bahrain and Abu Dhabi against Doha?

    <p>They destroyed all military vessels used in the attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary reason for the Ottoman policy shift in Qatar during Midhat Pasha's rule?

    <p>To assert military and political control over British influence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event marked the beginning of the decline of Qawasim power in the Arabian Gulf?

    <p>The military campaign against Ras Al Khaimah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Sheikh Jassim's motivation for welcoming Ottoman sovereignty over Qatar?

    <p>To relieve himself of previous treaty obligations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did relations between the Ottomans and Qatar begin to deteriorate in 1888?

    <p>The proposal for a customs house in Doha was rejected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Al Ahsa Campaign led by Nafidh Pasha?

    <p>Acceptance of Ottoman sovereignty by local leaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to the armed conflict in Qatar in 1893?

    <p>Increased tension over the proposed customs house</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the British view the Qawasim's opposition during the 19th century?

    <p>As a significant threat to their authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did Midhat Pasha start ruling in Iraq, influencing Ottoman policy in the Arabian Gulf?

    <p>1869</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to Britain's decision to withdraw from the Arabian Gulf, including Qatar?

    <p>Growth of Arab nationalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main proposals Qatar submitted during the Nine Emirate Union talks?

    <p>Unified foreign policy and defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor did NOT contribute to the failure of the Nine Emirate Union?

    <p>Capacity to combine military forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant change occurred in Qatar's governance after its independence in 1971?

    <p>Termination of the protection treaty with Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event was a significant achievement during Sheikh Khalifa's era of leadership?

    <p>Establishment of the Qatar LNG company</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the title change for the head of state in Qatar following its independence?

    <p>From 'ruler' to 'emir'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT established during Sheikh Khalifa's era?

    <p>Qatar Chamber of Commerce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the year of the signing of Qatar's independence form?

    <p>1971</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    HIST 121 Post Midterm Notes

    • Arab tribal migration from Najd to Eastern Arabia occurred in the early 18th century
    • The Utub tribe, with its three branches (Al Sabah, Al Khalifa, and Al Jalahma), settled in Zubarah
    • The Utub tribe later moved to Kuwait (Basra) in 1716
    • Conflict arose between Utub branches, leading to the Al Khalifa and Al Jalahma returning to Zubarah in 1766, and remaining until 1783
    • Sheikh Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa took control of Bahrain with the help of Qatari tribes, defeating the Al Madhkur in 1783
    • The Al Thani family, tracing back to Banu Tamim, migrated from Central Arabia (Najd) due to drought, settling in various locations, eventually reaching Doha in 1848
    • The First Saudi state, formed in 1745, controlled parts of the Arabian Gulf coast in 1788, leading to Ottoman intervention
    • The Ottomans sought help from Muhammad Ali Pasha and his son Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, resulting in a military campaign that ousted the Al Saud from Qatar, Al-Ahsa, and Gulf Emirates
    • A conflict between Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa in Bahrain occurred from 1840-1843. Qatar tribes supported Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa
    • Mohammad bin Thani and Qatari tribes attacked Bahrain, leading to Sheikh Abdullah moving to Dammam
    • The sons of Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed sought to return to Bahrain but were denied.

    The Bahraini Civil War (1840-1843) and its Impact on Qatar

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa, having been asked for support, rallied Qatari tribes in support
    • The Qatari tribes used Fuwairat as a base to attack Bahrain, successfully taking control
    • Sheikh Abdullah then moved to Dammam
    • Qatari sheiks tried to convince Qataris to allow Sheikh Abdullah to return to Bahrain, but that was unsuccessful

    Qatar and Second Saudi State (1843-1891):

    • Abdullah bin Ahmed sought help from Faisal bin Turki for war against Mohammad bin Khalifa
    • Mohammad bin Khalifa gathered an army to attack Doha, but the Qatari tribes, and Sheikh Saeed bin Tahnoun of Abu Dhabi, defended Doha.
    • The Qataris saw independence as a goal and had a pious and brave leader
    • Faisal bin Turki and the Qatari ruler formed an alliance in 1852.

    Al Wakrah Incident 1866

    • People of Ahmed bin Khalifa Al Khalifa (representative of Al Khalifa in Qatar) attacked the Nuaimi tribe at Al Wakrah
    • Sheikh Jassim led the counterattack against Ahmed bin Khalifa Al Khalifa resulting in takeover of the fort and subsequent imprisonment
    • Sheikh Jassim invited to Bahrain for consultations in 1867
    • The Al Khalifa tribe allied with the rulers of Abu Dhabi (Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa) and attacked Doha in 1867 due to lack of Qatari men (pearl diving season)

    Ottoman Campaign Against Qatar in 1893

    • Ottoman governor of Basra, Hafiz Pasha, attempted to increase Ottoman influence
    • Sheikh Jassim moved his forces to Wajbah, outside Doha,
    • Qatari forces engaged with Ottomanforces leading to retreat of the Ottomans
    • Sheikh Jassim was successful and led to further weakening influence of Ottoman Empire in the region.

    British Authorities

    • British authorities intervened in Bahrain and Abu Dhabi
    • Lewis Pelly, a British resident, ordered Abu Dhabi to pay a fine and apologize for attacks on Doha
    • British authorities saw actions of Bahrain and Abu Dhabi as a threat.

    1916 British Protection Treaty

    • Britain sought to sign a treaty with Qatar after the Ottomans withdrew
    • Negotiations over the treaty took more than a year
    • The treaty was signed by Sheikh Abdullah.
    • The treaty included provisions about combating arms trafficking, piracy, slave trade, and upholding maritime security.

    Implications of the Treaty, Qatar Armament Crisis, and Renewal of British-Qatari treaty in 1935

    • Britain did not fulfill its promise to supply Qatar with arms during WW1 due to self-interest
    • Rumors of Al-Saud attacking Qatar increased concerns
    • Treaty in 1935 was renewed to assure protection with promises of protection from Britain.
    • Dispute over oil concessions and access caused further tensions

    Economic Conditions in Qatar, World War II

    • Oil explorations stopped in 1942, leading to unemployment
    • Loss of vital state revenue due to closing of Anglo-Persian oil company
    • Weakening pearl industry due to competition
    • Difficult importing goods

    Reign of Sheikh Ali bin Abdullah (1949-1960) and Sheikh Ahmed bin Ali (1960-1972):

    • Sheikh Ali focused on economic growth, education and societal development.
    • Sheikh Ahmed's reign was marked by the removal of a British advisor and political resident, temporary basic law and first cabinet, independence from Bahrain, and increased resources

    British Withdrawal from the Arabian Gulf and Nine-Emirate Union Project

    • Britain announced its intention to withdraw from Qatar in 1968 .
    • The Nine-Emirate Union proposal for a unified entity was eventually abandoned due to disputes and disagreements among the emirates

    Qatar's Independence

    • Qatar's Independence was officially signed in 1971
    • Significant measures included termination of the treaty with Bahrain, recognition as an independent state and membership in international organizations.

    Reign of Sheikh Khalifa and Sheikh Hamad (1972-2013):

    • Nationalization of oil petroleum companies in 1974
    • Development of LNG company and Northfield Project
    • Boost in revenues from oil and gas sector
    • Establishment of educational institutions and manufacturing plants

    Qatar's Social Structure in pre-oil days

    • Nomadic (bedouin) communities were characterized by simplicity, isolation, tribal allegiances
    • Semi-Bedouin communities occupied a blended nomadic and settled lifestyle.
    • Settled coastal communities were permanent along coasts, engaging in crafts and professions.
    • Woman in both Bedouin and settled communities supported their families and engaged in economic activities.
    • Education occurred in Kuttab Schools.
    • Prominent was Pearl Diving which was a major economic driver.

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    HIST 121 Post Midterm Notes PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores significant historical events and figures related to Qatar and Bahrain from 1716 to 1847. Test your knowledge of the Al Utub migration, the Bahraini Civil War, and the interactions with the Ottoman Empire. Dive into the complexities of regional politics and alliances during this tumultuous period.

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