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History of Qatar and Al-Ahsa Region
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History of Qatar and Al-Ahsa Region

Created by
@NoiselessGladiolus

Questions and Answers

What was the historical name of the region during the early Islamic conquests?

  • Al-Ahsa
  • The Gulf Region
  • Al-Bahrain countries (correct)
  • The Arab Peninsula

    • Which tribe resisted Ottoman control for nearly 80 years?

  • Al-Moghamis
  • Al-Zamel Al-Jabry
  • Hamid tribe of Bani Khalid (correct)
  • Al-Ayoniyon

    • What was the reason behind the Ottomans' inability to control the Gulf region?

  • Alliance with the Safavid in Iran
  • Lack of resources and funding
  • Problems with the Bedouin tribes and the Safavid in Iran (correct)
  • Strong naval base in Basra

    • What happened to Hajr, the historical capital of Al-Ahsa?

    <p>It was destroyed by the Qarmatians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the Ottomans finally establish effective control over Al-Ahsa?

    <p>In the last third of the 19th century</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which island was separated from Al-Ahsa and became independent?

    <p>Awal Island</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who expelled the Portuguese from Al-Ahsa?

    <p>The Ottoman Turks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the geographical extent of the Al-Ahsa region?

    <p>From Basra to Oman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who ruled Qatar indirectly through their in-laws, the Al-Mosalam family?

    <p>Bani Khalid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Al-Atube migrate from central Arabia to the west coast of the Gulf?

    <p>Due to severe drought and tribal disputes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Al-Atube settle for 20 years under the care of Al-Mosalam?

    <p>Qatar's coast Al-Zubara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the Al-Sabah branch of Al-Atube?

    <p>Sheikh Sulaiman bin Ahmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Al Khalifa want to expand their power over Bahrain?

    <p>Because of their ambitions being more significant than Zubarah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who formed a danger for the Persian rulers of Bahrain?

    <p>Al Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who conquered Bahrain island in 1783 and established rule ever since?

    <p>Al Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who established the first Saudi state and annexed Al Ahsa, defeating Bani Khalid in 1793?

    <p>Mohammed bin Saud and Mohammad bin Abd Al-Wahab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Bani Khalid's rule weaken in the mid-18th century?

    <p>Because they couldn't face the military-sweeping Saudi force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa after he died in 1794?

    <p>His family moved to Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did the Saudis control Ahsa after violent fighting?

    <p>1793</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led a campaign to spread Saudi authority over Qatar in 1793-1794?

    <p>Ibrahim bin Ofeisan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the downfall of the first Saudi state in 1818?

    <p>The Saudi country formed a danger over the Ottoman sovereignty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the marine campaign over Qatar during the time the Saudi state was collapsing?

    <p>Sultan of Muscat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Saudi influence receding from the Gulf and Al Ahsa after 1818?

    <p>The Al Buainain tribe became prominent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Britain's justification for their conquest of the Gulf?

    <p>To abolish piracy, weapons and slave trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Ibrahim bin Ofeisan?

    <p>A Saudi leader who controlled Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the clashes between Bahraini and Qatari tribes?

    <p>The clashes led to the destruction of Al Zubara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who destroyed Al Buainain fort in Doha?

    <p>The Sheikh of Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the province established by the Saudis using Bahrain as its headquarters?

    <p>The province of Bahrain, Al Qatif, and Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason behind the British actions against Qatar in 1835?

    <p>Qatar was sympathizing with Omani immigrants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the internal conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 on Qatar?

    <p>The conflict spilled into Qatar, leading to the emergence of local Qatari tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the attacks on ships in the Gulf in 1835-1836?

    <p>The British sent a marine force to Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who refused to assist Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa in his attempt to invade Bahrain?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main characteristic of the second phase of the conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843?

    <p>The transition of the conflict to Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the British shell Doha with artillery fire in 1841?

    <p>Continued attacks on ships in the Gulf led the British to hold the Sheikh of Doha responsible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who eventually took over rule in 1842?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa's coalition with Qatari tribes?

    <p>They succeeded in entering Bahrain and taking over power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who moved to stay in Khor Hassan in Qatar to monitor the situation?

    <p>Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was NOT a reason for Britain's concern about Rahma bin Jabir's actions?

    <p>His involvement in the slave trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the British destroyer 'Vestal' bombarding Al Bida (Doha) in 1821?

    <p>Many inhabitants fled to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who visited Doha in 1823 and assumed it was under the peace treaty like Bahrain?

    <p>Mr Macleod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad and his sons move to Qatar's coast?

    <p>To monitor Saudi movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the conflicts between Sheikh of Bahrain and Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe?

    <p>The Al bin Ali tribe withdrew to Abu Dhabi to create a base to launch strikes against the Sheikh of Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of Faisal bin Turki's reign on Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain?

    <p>Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa was affected, leading to conflicts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the British pay attention to Qatar's development after 1823?

    <p>Due to the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Rahma bin Jabir's base of operations?

    <p>Khor Hassan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of 1820 in Qatar's history?

    <p>The year Britain approved of peace general treaties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Emirate did Britain not sign a treaty with in the early 19th century?

    <p>Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the dispute between Issa bin Turayf and Mohammad bin Khalifa?

    <p>Issa bin Turayf's alliance with Al Manaseer and Al Hawajir tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Battle of Umm Suwaya?

    <p>Issa bin Turayf was killed and Al bin Ali tribe left Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa besiege Doha?

    <p>To discipline Qatari tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the provisions of the conciliation agreement between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari tribes?

    <p>Qatar would fall under Al Khalifa's power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the British intervene in 1861?

    <p>To prevent further escalation between Saudi Arabia and Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the British report on Qatar in 1866 reveal?

    <p>Sheikh of Bahrain had declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of internal conflict in Bahrain on the political situation in Qatar?

    <p>Qatari tribes felt powerful and united</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a feature of Qatar during the internal conflict in Bahrain in the 19th century?

    <p>Qatari tribes refused to submit to Bahrain's authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Al Khalifa assign Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative?

    <p>To extend Al Khalifa's power over Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa's attack?

    <p>Escalation of hostility between Al Khalifa and Qatari tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary reason for the Ottomans' failure to establish a strong naval base in Basra?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tribe maintained loyalty to the Ottoman state until the late 18th century?

    <p>Bani Khalid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason for Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's attack on the headquarters of Al Khalifa's representative in Al Wakra?

    <p>To free Ali bin Thamer from imprisonment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani's response to Al Khalifa's misconduct?

    <p>He wrote to the ruler of Bahrain explaining the misconduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Bani Khalid rule Qatar during their reign?

    <p>Indirectly through their in-laws, the Al-Mosalam family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Al-Atube and Al-Maaded tribes migrate from central Arabia to the west coast of the Gulf?

    <p>Due to severe drought and tribal disputes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani's imprisonment?

    <p>Qatari tribes attacked Bahrain and freed Jassim</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the 1868 agreement between Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Britain?

    <p>Qatar gained independence from Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the battle at Ras Al-Tanora between Al-Atube and Al-Mosalam?

    <p>Al-Atube emerged victorious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Al Khalifa want to expand their power over Bahrain?

    <p>Because they had ambitions to expand their territorial control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the original home of the Al Thani family?

    <p>Ushaiger in central Arabia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the 1868 agreement?

    <p>It marked the beginning of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who did Al Khalifa marry into to strengthen ties with the people around them?

    <p>Al bin Ali</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to Al Zubarah between 1777-1781?

    <p>It was occupied by the Persian ruler Nasser Al Mathkor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the British intervene in the conflict between Qatar and Bahrain?

    <p>To punish Al Khalifa for violating the 1861 agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Al Khalifa's expansion into Bahrain?

    <p>They formed a danger for the Persian rulers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Qatari tribes' attack on Bahrain in 1868?

    <p>Qatari tribes captured and exchanged Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of Mohammad bin Khalifa's defeat?

    <p>He was deposed and his brother Ali was appointed as the new ruler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Al Khalifa not expand their power into inland Qatar?

    <p>Because they wanted to focus on expanding into Bahrain instead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the conflict between Al Khalifa and Al Thani?

    <p>Al Thani emerged victorious and gained independence from Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the two main reasons for migration to Doha?

    <p>Tribal conflicts and severe drought in the Arabian Peninsula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani known for?

    <p>His generosity, intelligence, vigilance, acumen, and religiosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the Al Thani family able to lead the Qatari tribes?

    <p>Due to their financial status, urbanization, and influential leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the 1868 treaty with the British resident?

    <p>It recognized Qatar as an independent emirate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani in creating a political entity in Qatar?

    <p>He united the Qatari tribes under his leadership and established a political entity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the historical extent of the Al-Ahsa region?

    <p>From Basra to Oman, including Kuwait, Al-Ahsa, Awal Island, Al-Qatif, Qatar, and the Omani coasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the ruler of al-Bidaa and a figure of authority recognized by everyone as the head?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's leadership in Qatari tribes?

    <p>The Qatari tribes were able to support Mohammad bin Khalifa in taking over power in Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's prestige increase?

    <p>After the killing of Sheikh Isa bin Turayf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani entrust to his son Sheikh Jassim in 1876?

    <p>Administrative responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who assisted Al Khalifa in mobilizing against Qatar tribes?

    <p>Al Sabah and Al Jalahima</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to Bahrain after Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa died in 1794?

    <p>His family finally moved to Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who established the first Saudi state and annexed Al Ahsa, defeating Bani Khalid in 1793?

    <p>Mohammad bin Saud and Mohammad bin Abd Al-Wahab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led a campaign to spread Saudi authority over Qatar in 1793-1794?

    <p>Ibrahim bin Ofeisan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the downfall of the first Saudi state in 1818?

    <p>The Al Khalifa regained control over Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the marine campaign over Qatar during the time the Saudi state was collapsing?

    <p>Sultan of Muscat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Saudi influence receding from the Gulf and Al Ahsa after 1818?

    <p>The Al Khalifa continued to collect tax for themselves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind the Ottomans' action against the first Saudi state?

    <p>The Saudis formed a danger to the Ottoman sovereignty in the Arab peninsula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind the strained relationship between Bahrain and the Qatari tribes?

    <p>The Al Buainain tribe refused to hand over its sheikh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the relationship between Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa and his 2 sons?

    <p>He handed over the ruling to them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Britain's justification for their conquest of the Gulf?

    <p>To abolish piracy, weapons, and slave trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Suliman bin Ofeisan's campaign against Al Bormeih tribe?

    <p>He defeated them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Rahma bin Jabir's actions against Al Khalifa ships?

    <p>Britain concerned about Rahma bin Jabir's actions and sent the destroyer 'Vestal'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the bombardment of Al Bida (Doha) by the British destroyer 'Vestal' in 1821?

    <p>Many inhabitants fled to islands between Qatar and Omani coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who visited Doha in 1823 and assumed it was under the peace treaty like Bahrain?

    <p>Mr Macleod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of Faisal bin Turki's reign on Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain?

    <p>It weakened their relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Britain not sign a treaty with Qatar in the early 19th century?

    <p>Because Qatar was a self-governing Emirate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of 1820 in Qatar's history?

    <p>The peace treaties were approved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the conflicts between Sheikh of Bahrain and Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe?

    <p>The conflicts did not have a significant outcome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the British pay attention to Qatar's development after 1823?

    <p>Because of the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad and his sons moving to Qatar's coast?

    <p>To monitor Saudi movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the conflicts between Sheikh of Bahrain and Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe?

    <p>The Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe withdrew his tribe to Abu Dhabi to create a base to launch strikes against the Sheikh of Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who extended his role over the Saudi state on the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf following the withdrawal of Mohammad Ali Pasha's forces?

    <p>Faisal bin Turki</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind the British actions against Qatar in 1835?

    <p>Qatar's sympathizing with Omani immigrants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of Faisal bin Turki's reign on Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain?

    <p>Al Khalifa were busy defending against the Saudi state's threats to re-impose control over Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the downfall of the first Saudi state in 1818?

    <p>The Saudi influence receded from the Gulf and Al Ahsa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the British shell Doha with artillery fire in 1841?

    <p>Due to continued Omani attacks on ships in the Gulf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of 1820 in Qatar's history?

    <p>The start of the internal conflict in Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the extent of the Al-Ahsa region?

    <p>From Basra to Oman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who occupied Al-Ahsa in 1517?

    <p>Portuguese</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Ottomans have difficulty controlling the Gulf region?

    <p>Due to the Bedouin tribes' resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the capital of Al-Ahsa before it was destroyed?

    <p>Hajr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who subjugated the tribe of Ajwad bin Zamel Al-Jabri to their authority?

    <p>Ottoman Turks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the name of the region during the early Islamic conquests?

    <p>Al-Bahrain countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who resisted Ottoman control for nearly 80 years?

    <p>The Hamid tribe of Bani Khalid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the authority of Ajwad tribe?

    <p>It was brought down by the Hamid tribe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the system of rule employed by Bani Khalid in Qatar?

    <p>Indirect Rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Al-Atube migrate from central Arabia to the west coast of the Gulf?

    <p>Due to tribal disputes and severe drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of Al-Atube established the rule of Al Sabah in Kuwait?

    <p>Al-Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Suliman bin Ofeisan's campaign to Qatar in 1788?

    <p>Suliman was defeated and withdrew to Naged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who did Al-Khalifa form an alliance with to conquer Bahrain?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who helped the Saudi forces spread control over the Qatari peninsula?

    <p>Al Jalahima tribe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who established the first Saudi state and defeated Bani Khalid in 1793?

    <p>Both Mohammed bin Saud and Mohammad bin Abd Al-Wahab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind the downfall of the first Saudi state in 1818?

    <p>Ottoman government's fear of Saudi dominance over the Arab peninsula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind Bani Khalid's rule weakening in the mid-18th century?

    <p>Due to the rise of the Saudi state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Al-Khalifa's main ambition?

    <p>To expand their power over Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind Britain's concern about Rahma bin Jabir's actions?

    <p>His alliance with the ruler of Persia to invade Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the marine campaign over Qatar during the time the Saudi state was collapsing?

    <p>Sultan of Muscat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Saudi influence receding from the Gulf and Al Ahsa after 1818?

    <p>The power of the local Qatari tribes became clear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the bombardment of Al Bida (Doha) by the British East India Company in 1821?

    <p>It forced many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and Omani coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who ruled Bahrain island after its conquest in 1783?

    <p>Al-Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Rahma bin Jabir relocate to after his castle was destroyed in Al Dammam in 1816?

    <p>Boshahr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Al-Khalifa's conflict with Al-Mosalam and Qatari tribes?

    <p>Al-Khalifa was defeated and forced to leave Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Britain's justification for their conquest of the Gulf?

    <p>To abolish piracy, weapons, and slave trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the second Saudi state's influence on Al Khalifa and Qatari tribes' relationship?

    <p>It caused conflicts between Al Khalifa and Qatari tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa's death in 1794?

    <p>His family finally moved to Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who destroyed Al Buainain fort in Doha?

    <p>Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the province established by the Saudis using Bahrain as its headquarters?

    <p>Al Ahsa province</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who visited Doha in 1823 and assumed it was under the peace treaty like Bahrain?

    <p>Mr Macleod</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Saudi dominance over the province not last long?

    <p>Because the Saudi country formed a danger over the Ottoman sovereignty in the Arab peninsula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of 1820 in Qatar's history?

    <p>It was the year Britain approved of peace general treaties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who shared governance with the Saudi envoy in Al Zubara?

    <p>Rahma bin Jabir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who took control of other cities of Qatar, including Huwala, Al Yosfia, and Al Roeda?

    <p>Ibrahim bin Ofeisan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad and his sons move to Qatar's coast?

    <p>To monitor Saudi movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Emirate did Britain not sign a treaty with in the early 19th century?

    <p>Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Rahma bin Jabir's base of operations?

    <p>Khor Hassan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason behind Bahrain's Utub's attempt to fill the power vacuum after the fall of the first Saudi state?

    <p>To extend power over the region, especially Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who used Qatar as a base against Bahrain's sheikhs?

    <p>Rahma bin Jabir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the British shellings of Doha with artillery fire in 1841?

    <p>The Sheikh of Doha was held responsible for the attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who emerged as key leaders in Qatar during the 1840s and 1850s?

    <p>The Al Thani family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the internal conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 on Qatar?

    <p>Qatar became a site of conflict among the Al Khalifa family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main characteristic of the second phase of the conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843?

    <p>Transition of the conflict to Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who eventually took over rule in 1842?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa's coalition with Qatari tribes?

    <p>They successfully overthrew Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the British intervene to maintain maritime peace in the region?

    <p>To protect British trade interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the dispute between Issa bin Turayf and Mohammad bin Khalifa?

    <p>Issa bin Turayf allied with Mohammad bin Khalifa's adversaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Battle of Umm Suwaya?

    <p>Issa bin Turayf was killed and Al bin Ali tribe left Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa besiege Doha?

    <p>To discipline Qatari tribes for collaborating with Prince Faisal bin Turki</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the conciliation agreement between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari tribes?

    <p>The ruler of Bahrain shall pay an annual tax of 4000 riyals and Qatar shall fall under Al Khalifa's power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the British intervene in 1861?

    <p>To prevent further escalation in the conflict between Bahrain and Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of internal conflict in Bahrain on the political situation in Qatar?

    <p>Qatari tribes felt powerful and realized the possibility of establishing an independent entity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Al Thani family emerge as leaders in Qatar?

    <p>Because they encouraged the tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa's actions escalate hostility between Al Khalifa and Qatari tribes?

    <p>Because he was a harsh ruler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the British agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa in May 1861?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa recognized and upheld previous treaties with the British and refrained from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the British reports on Qatar in 1866?

    <p>They provided insight into the complex relationships between Bahrain, Qatar, and the Saudis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's attack on the headquarters of Al Khalifa representative in the Castel of Al Wakra?

    <p>Ali bin Thamer was freed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani's response to Al Khalifa's misconduct?

    <p>He wrote to the ruler of Bahrain explaining the misconduct and demanded independence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the British response to the 1867 attack on Al Wakra and Doha?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the 1868 Agreement between Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Britain?

    <p>It marked the beginning of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the origin of the Al Thani family?

    <p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Qatari tribes' attack on Bahrain in 1868?

    <p>They defeated and captured Al Khalifa forces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the consequence of Britain's involvement in the conflict between Qatar and Al Khalifa?

    <p>Britain recognized Al Thani as the ruler of Qatar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind Al Khalifa's attempt to expand their power over Bahrain?

    <p>To spread their influence over the entire Gulf region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa's betrayal of Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani?

    <p>Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani was imprisoned for 1.5 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the migration of the Al Thani family from Ushaiger to Qatar?

    <p>It resulted in the Al Thani family's rise to power in Qatar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the migration of tribes to Doha?

    <p>Severe drought in the Arabian Peninsula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani known for?

    <p>His generosity, intelligence, and religious nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the Al Thani family able to lead the Qatari tribes?

    <p>Because of their social and economic status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's leadership of the Qatari tribes?

    <p>The Qatari tribes were united under the Al Thani family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the 1868 treaty with the British resident?

    <p>It recognized Qatar as an independent emirate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the geographical extent of the Al-Ahsa region?

    <p>It extended from Basra to Oman, including Kuwait, Al-Ahsa, Awal Island, Al-Qatif, Qatar, and the Omani coasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the capital of Al-Ahsa before it was destroyed by the Qarmatians?

    <p>Hajr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the Qatari tribes to help Mohammad bin Khalifa take over Bahrain in 1842?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's leadership and unity of the Qatari tribes?

    <p>The Qatari tribes were united under the Al Thani family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's role in creating a political entity in Qatar?

    <p>He was the first ruler from the Al Thani family to base the family in Doha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason behind Britain's conquest of the Gulf?

    <p>To abolish piracy, weapons, and slave trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the bombardment of Al Bida (Doha) by the British destroyer 'Vestal' in 1821?

    <p>Many inhabitants fled to islands between Qatar and Omani coast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who killed a man from Bahrain in Doha in 1828?

    <p>Sheikh of Al Buainain tribe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the British pay attention to Qatar's development after 1823?

    <p>Because of the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the ruler who destroyed Al Buainain fort in Doha?

    <p>Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad of Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Rahma bin Jabir Al Jalahma's base of operations?

    <p>Khor Hassan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of 1820 in Qatar's history?

    <p>Britain approved of peace general treaties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Emirate did Britain not sign a treaty with in the early 19th century?

    <p>Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the conflict between the sheikh of Bahrain and Al Buainain tribe?

    <p>Al Buainain tribe was forced to move to Al Ruwais and Al Fuwairit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was forced to flee to islands between Qatar and Omani coast after the bombardment of Al Bida (Doha) in 1821?

    <p>Many inhabitants of Doha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Ottomans face problems in building a strong naval base in Basra?

    <p>Because of the Safavid in Iran who had their ambitions in the region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who ruled Al-Ahsa from the 16th century?

    <p>The Ottomans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who resisted Ottoman control for nearly 80 years?

    <p>The Hamid tribe of Bani Khalid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the system of rule in Qatar during Bani Khalid's reign?

    <p>Indirect Rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the reason behind Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad and his sons moving to Qatar's coast?

    <p>To monitor Saudi movements due to their bad relationship</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Al-Atube migrate from central Arabia to the west coast of the Gulf?

    <p>Due to severe drought and tribal disputes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the conflicts between Sheikh of Bahrain and Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe?

    <p>Issa bin Turayf withdrew his tribe to Abu Dhabi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did Al-Atube settle for 20 years under the care of Al-Mosalam?

    <p>Al-Zubara</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the impact of Faisal bin Turki's reign on Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain?

    <p>Al Khalifa were busy defending against Saudi threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main problem that Qatar faced in the 1820s-30s?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who led the Al-Khalifa branch of Al-Atube?

    <p>Sheikh Khalifa bin Mohammad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Al Khalifa want to expand their power over Bahrain?

    <p>Because of their ambitions were more significant than Zubarah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What led to British actions against Qatar in 1835?

    <p>Qatar's sympathy with Omani immigrants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Al-Khalifa's attempt to enter Bahrain?

    <p>They failed to enter Bahrain and returned to Zubarah</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the British shelling of Doha in 1841?

    <p>The Sheikh of Doha was held responsible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of Al Khalifa's strengthening ties with the people around them?

    <p>They became more powerful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Rahma bin Jabir use Qatar as a base?

    <p>To launch strikes against Bahrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the internal conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 on Qatar?

    <p>Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa deteriorated further</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to Al Zubarah after the Sultan of Muscat led a marine campaign over Qatar?

    <p>It was utterly destroyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who helped the Saudi forces to spread control over the Qatari peninsula?

    <p>Al Jalahima</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the first Saudi state in 1818?

    <p>It was destroyed by the Ottoman government in Egypt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the clashes between Bahraini and Qatari tribes?

    <p>Many clashes between the tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who ruled the province established by the Saudis using Bahrain as its headquarters?

    <p>Abdulla bin Ofeisan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Ottoman government in Egypt target the first Saudi state?

    <p>Because of its expansion into Ottoman territories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the Saudi garrisons in Qatar after the Sultan of Muscat's marine campaign?

    <p>They were expelled by the Sultan of Muscat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who succeeded Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa after his death in 1794?

    <p>His two sons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Saudi forces' campaign to spread their authority over Qatar?

    <p>Ibrahim bin Ofeisan succeeded in controlling Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the Saudis' control over Ahsa in 1793?

    <p>The Bani Khalid tribe was defeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad moved to Bahrain’s coast to monitor Saudi movements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Britain permitted the Al Buainain tribe to launch strikes against the sheikh of Bahrain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Faisal bin Turki extended his role over the Saudi state on the Arabian Peninsula and the Gulf following the withdrawal of Ottoman Pasha’s forces.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qatar faced problems of Omani land attacks during the first half of the 19th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Britain forced Doha, Al Wakra, and Khor Al Udaid Sheikhs to make pledges in 1836.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rahma bin Jabir used Bahrain as a base against Qatar’s sheikhs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Al Khalifa tried to extend power over Al Huwaila in 1835, facing support.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Large numbers of the Al Buainain tribe withdrew to Qatar and submitted to the authority of Al Khalifa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The British did not hold the Sheikh of Doha responsible for the continued attacks in 1841.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The conflicts between Sheikh of Bahrain and Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe led to a peaceful resolution.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main impact of the internal conflict in Bahrain on Qatar during 1840-1843?

    <p>It led to the emergence of the Al Thani family as key leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who challenged Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed's rule in Bahrain and attempted to seize power during 1840-1843?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Sheikh Abdullah's sons' rebellion against him?

    <p>They based themselves in Huwayla, northern Qatar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the transition of the conflict to Qatar during the second phase?

    <p>It led to the growth of local Qatari tribes' influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who took over rule in 1842?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason for the internal conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843?

    <p>The conflict over Al Khalifa rule and the right to succeed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the withdrawal of Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces from Al Ahsa?

    <p>It created a political vacuum in the region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the internal conflict in Bahrain on regional powers such as Qatar?

    <p>Qatar became a site of conflict among the Al Khalifa family.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Sheikh Abdullah move to Khor Hassan in Qatar?

    <p>To monitor the situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Battle of Umm Suwaya?

    <p>Issa bin Turayf was killed and Al bin Ali tribe left Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the annual tax paid by the ruler of Bahrain to Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa?

    <p>4000 riyals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the British intervene in 1861?

    <p>To prevent further escalation between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the siege of Doha?

    <p>The siege ended with a conciliation agreement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa ask the ruler of Abu Dhabi for support?

    <p>To discipline Qatari tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the result of the internal conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 on Qatar?

    <p>Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the British agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa in May 1861?

    <p>It recognized and upheld previous treaties with the British</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa's request for help from Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani refused to assist Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason behind the hostility between Al Khalifa and Qatari tribes?

    <p>Al Khalifa's extension of power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was attacked and imprisoned by Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa's men in 1866?

    <p>Sheikh of Al Naeem tribe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the feature of Qatar during the internal conflict in Bahrain in the first half of the 19th century?

    <p>Qatari tribes refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the 1868 Agreement?

    <p>It marked the beginning of Qatar's accession to treaties with external parties, i.e Britain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the response of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani to the imprisonment of Ali bin Thamer?

    <p>He attacked the headquarters of Al Khalifa representative in the Castel of Al Wakra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the attack on Al Wakra and Doha by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler in 1867?

    <p>Destruction of Al Wakra and Doha</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where did the Al Thani family migrate from in the late 17th century?

    <p>Ushaiger in Washm, a part of central Arabia (Najd)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was the Al Thani family able to lead the Qatari tribes?

    <p>Because of their social and economic status, and their urbanized background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the British response to the attack on Al Wakra and Doha?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the role of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani in creating a political entity in Qatar?

    <p>He avoided confrontation with the Saudis and allied with Faisal bin Turki</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the 1868 agreement between Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and the British?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was recognized as the ruler of Qatar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main reason behind Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani's imprisonment by Al Khalifa?

    <p>He wrote to the ruler of Bahrain explaining his representative's misconduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani entrust his son Sheikh Jassim with administrative responsibility?

    <p>1876</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the conflict between Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Mohammad bin Khalifa?

    <p>The 1868 treaty with the British recognized Qatar as an independent emirate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the Qatari tribes' attack on Bahrain in 1868?

    <p>Al Khalifa's forces were defeated and their leaders were captured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the Al Thani family migrate to Qatar?

    <p>Due to tribal conflicts in Arabian Peninsula and severe drought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the provision of the 1868 agreement that required Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani to extradite?

    <p>Mohammad bin Khalifa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the British Political Resident in the Gulf during the 1860s?

    <p>Lewis Pelly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's leadership?

    <p>He was a prominent pearl merchant and leader who united the Qatari tribes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of the British actions against Qatar in 1868?

    <p>The British recognized Qatar as an independent emirate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was the founder of the Al Thani family?

    <p>Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 did not affect Qatar.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled over Bahrain from 1840-1849.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The British did not intervene in the conflict to maintain maritime peace in the region.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa did not take over rule in 1842.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Al Thani family did not emerge as key leaders in Qatar during the 1840s and 1850s.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The force of local Qatari tribes did not grow during the 1840s and 1850s.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following an agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa was loved by the Qatari tribes due to his kind nature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani was imprisoned by the British for his actions against Al Khalifa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The British supported Al Khalifa's authority over Qatar.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 1868 agreement between Britain and Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was a declaration of war against Al Khalifa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Abdullah moved to stay in Khor Hassan in Qatar to overthrow Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Qatari tribes surrendered to Al Khalifa's forces after Jassim Al Thani's imprisonment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani agreed to assist Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa in invading Bahrain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coalition used Al Fuwairit as their base and failed to enter Bahrain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Issa bin Turayf was killed in the Battle of Al-Fuwairit.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa besieged Doha to support Prince Faisal bin Turki.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The British intervened in 1861 to support Sheikh Mohammad bin Abdullah Al Khalifa in invading Bahrain.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Al Thani family originated from the Bani Tamim tribe.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was a prominent pearl merchant and generous leader.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 1868 agreement recognized the Al Khalifa family as the rulers of Qatar.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani led Qatari tribes against the Saudis in the battle of Mesaimeer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Al Thani family migrated to Qatar in the early 18th century.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani collected taxes for the British government from Qatari tribes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sheikh Jassim succeeded Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani as the ruler of Qatar in 1865.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Historical Context of Qatar

    • Qatar's history from the modern era until the mid-19th century was intertwined with Al-Ahsa province's history.
    • Al-Ahsa region extended from Basra to Oman, including Kuwait, Al-Ahsa, Awal Island, Al-Qatif, Qatar, and the Omani coasts.

    Political Situation in Al-Ahsa before Qatar's Emergence

    • Al-Ahsa was known as "Al-Bahrain countries" (countries of two seas) during the early Islamic conquests.
    • Hajr was the capital until it was destroyed by the Qarmatians, who then established Al-Ahsa as the new capital.
    • Rulers included tribes such as Al-Ayoniyon, Al-Zamel Al-Jabry, and Al-Moghamis.

    Foreign Occupations

    • The Portuguese occupied Al-Ahsa in 1517 until the Ottoman Turks expelled them in the mid-16th century.
    • The Ottomans controlled Al-Ahsa from the 16th century, subjugating the tribe of Ajwad bin Zamel Al-Jabri to their authority.

    Tribal Resistance and the End of Ottoman Rule

    • The Hamid tribe of Bani Khalid resisted Ottoman control for nearly 80 years, bringing down the authority of Ajwad tribe.
    • By 1670, the Ottomans lost control, and Bani Khalid established strong authority, maintaining loyalty to the Ottoman state until the late 18th century.

    Political System in Qatar during Bani Khalid's Reign

    • Bani Khalid ruled indirectly through their in-laws, the Al-Mosalam family, who collected yearly taxes from Qatar's tribes.
    • Local sheikhs had some degree of self-independence under Bani Khalid's partial authority.

    Tribal Migrations

    • Severe drought and tribal disputes in central Arabia and Naged led tribes like Al-Atube and Al-Maaded to immigrate from Naged to the west coast of the Gulf between the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
    • Al-Atube settled with their three branches in Qatar's coast Al-Zubara for 20 years under the care of Al-Mosalam.

    Conflict and Relocation

    • Al-Atube conflicted with Al-Mosalam and Qatari tribes, and eventually moved to Kuwait coast for 50 years.
    • Al-Khalifa returned to Zubarah in 1766 and established rule in Kuwait, later failing to enter Bahrain and returning to Zubarah.

    Ambitions in Bahrain

    • Al Khalifa strengthened ties with the people around him by lending them money, buying their pearl harvests, and marrying into Al bin Ali.
    • Al Khalifa wanted to expand their power over Bahrain, but was resisted by Al Mathkour and the Persian garrison.

    Conquering Bahrain

    • Al-Khalifa mobilized their assistants Al Sabah and Al Jalahima, with assistance from Qatar tribes, to conquer Bahrain island in 1783.
    • Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa spent his years in Al Zubara looking after his business, leaving his ruling to his two sons.

    Downfall of Bani Khalid and the Establishment of the First Saudi State

    • Bani Khalid's rule weakened in the mid-18th century, allowing Mohammed bin Saud and Mohammad bin Abd Al-Wahab to establish the first Saudi state, which annexed Al Ahsa and defeated Bani Khalid in 1793.
    • The Saudis controlled Ahsa in 1793 after violent fighting and launched assaults toward Oman, Al Breme, Qatar, and Bahrain.

    Qatar's Relationship with Saudi's

    • Suliman bin Ofeisan (emir of Al Kharj) prepared a campaign to invade Qatar in 1788, marking the start of Qatar's relationship with the Saudis.
    • Ibrahim bin Ofeisan succeeded in controlling Qatar, and Al Jalahima helped the Saudi forces to spread control over the Qatari peninsula for 8 years (1808-1816).

    Britain's Presence in the Gulf and its Relation with Qatar

    • Britain's relations in the Gulf began with the establishment of the Eastern Indian-British Company.
    • Britain used different methods to perform its policies, including threats of force, and succeeded in making itself a ruler and hangman in local regional disputes.
    • Relations between Britain and Qatar were established in the early 20s of the 19th century, with no information available about relations before 1821.

    Rahma Bin Jabir Al Jalahma

    • Rahma bin Jabir Al Jalahima was under Saudi protection before the end of Saudi authority.
    • Rahma launched attacks on Gulf ships, especially targeting Al Khalifa, and relocated his family back to Khor Hassan.

    British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

    • Rahma's death in 1828 in a marine battle marked the end of his conflicts with Al Khalifa.
    • The British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha) in 1821, forcing many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast.

    Continued British Relations with Qatar

    • In 1823, Mr. Macleod visited Doha and noticed Al Buainain's authority, assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain.
    • British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823.

    Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa & Qatari Tribes Relationship

    • The Saudi state's influence affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891).
    • Significant features of the relationship between Qatar and Al Khalifa include Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad's attempts to extend power over Al Huwaila and conflicts with the Al bin Ali tribe.

    Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

    • Qatar faced problems such as Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflicts, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks.
    • Britain's measures for maritime peace included increased attacks on ships in the Gulf and the inclusion of Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835.

    The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain (1840-1843) Effects in Qatar

    • The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) affected regional powers such as Qatar, the Saudi state, and the British.
    • The most significant developments in Qatar during the 1840s and 1850s include the emergence of the Al Thani family as key leaders and the British intervention to maintain maritime peace.

    Phases of the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843

    • The conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 had two phases: the withdrawal of Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces from Al Ahsa in 1840 and the conflict spilling into Qatar in 1842.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad began the conflict, leading to a split into Al Abdullah and Al Salman factions.

    Parties to the Internal Conflict in Bahrain & Relationship with Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled over Bahrain from 1821-1849 and faced challenges from his sons and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and the Al Maadheed.

    Battle of Umm Suwaya (1847)

    • The battle took place near Al-Fuwairit and resulted in Issa bin Turayf's death and the defeat of tribes allied with him.
    • The outcome led to Sheikh Abdullah's hopes to return to rule Bahrain being dashed.

    Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Sheikh Jassim collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against Bahrain.
    • The siege of Doha ended with a conciliation agreement that included provisions for the ruler of Bahrain to pay an annual tax and Qatar to fall under Al Khalifa's power.### British Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa (1861)
    • Recognize and uphold previous treaties with the British
    • Refrain from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection of Bahrain

    British Reports on Qatar (1866)

    • Prepared by the British Political Resident
    • Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar
    • Tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from tribal attacks
    • A Saudi government agent resided in Doha from 1852 to 1866

    Impact of internal conflict in Bahrain on the political situation in Qatar

    • Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other
    • They realized the possibility of establishing an independent entity capable of combating outside influence

    Features of Qatar during the internal conflict in Bahrain (first half of the 19th century)

    • Qatari tribes refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers
    • Al Khalifa could extend power over Qatari tribes in 1840s due to their discord and disintegration
    • After 1840s, Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and his son Sheikh Jassim began to emerge as leaders to encourage tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula

    Al Thani family emerged—> hostility between Al Khalifa & Qatari tribes because

    • Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa
    • Qatar and Saudi relationship became stronger under Al Thani leadership
    • Al Khalifa assigned Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative
    • Ahmad Al Khalilfa intermarried with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's family, leading to a closer relationship between Ahmad and Qataris
    • Qataris hated Qatar-based representative of Al Khalifa (Ahmad)- because he was harsh, escalating hostility between both sides
    • Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa's attack:
      • Attacked a caravan of the Al Naeem tribe in Al Wakra market in 1866
      • Seized the caravan and imprisoned the Sheikh of Al Naeem tribe (Ali bin Thamer)
      • Al Naeem tribe sought the help of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani
      • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani attacked the headquarters of Al Khalifa representative in the Castle of Al Wakra
      • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's attack succeeded in freeing Ali bin Thamer
      • Forced the Al Khalifa representative to flee Bahrain
    • Qatari tribes began to work on freeing Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

    Actions Qataris took to rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

    • Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani wrote to the ruler of Bahrain explaining his representative's misconduct (after attacking the Al Naeem caravan)
    • Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani demanded independence from Bahrain
    • Threatened to seek regional help if Bahrain's authority continued

    Al Khalifa's Response to Al Thani's growing strength

    • Appeased Al Naeem tribes, invited leaders to Bahrain, honored them (to improve their image)
    • Betrayed and imprisoned Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani (by inviting him to Bahrain)
    • Imprisonment increased tensions and led to new battles

    Relationship between Qatari tribes & Al Khalifa after Jassim Al Thani's imprisonment

    • 1867: Attack on Al Wakra and Doha by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler = SECOND DESTRUCTION OF DOHA
    • 1868: Qatar had two choices: either go pearling or free Jassim, they chose to go pearling (Jassim was imprisoned for 1.5 years). When diving season ended, Qatari tribes attacked Bahrain, lured and defeated Al Khalifa forces
      • Captured leaders: Sheikh Ibrahim bin Issa Al Khalifa and Sheikh Hamoud bin Salman Al Khalifa
    • Qatari tribes exchanged the Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani
    • Britain held Mohammad bin Khalifa responsible, imposed penalties and fines (as well as on the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi)

    Britain's Position on Tribal conflicts

    • 1867: Attack on Al Wakra & Doha violated agreements with Britain (1861 agreement)
    • British response:
      • Obligated Sheikh of Abu Dhabi to pay compensation to Qatar as an apology
      • Bombed and destroyed Abu Maher Castle (in Muharraq)
      • Deposed Mohammad bin Khalifa, appointed his brother Ali who vowed to arrest his brother and hand over to the Political Resident
      • Imposed hefty fines, hand over Al Khalifa's warships to Britain
    • Britain (Lewis Pelly- British Political Resident in the Gulf) understanding of Qatari tribes' launch against Bahrain
    • 1868: Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (sep 12)- extension of Maritime Peace Treaty

    Provisions of the 1868 Agreement

    Mohammad Al Thani pledged:

    • Reside in Doha in peace
    • Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea
    • Seek British adjudication during any disputes with neighbors
    • Extradition to British of former Bahrain ruler (Mohammad bin Khalifa) if captured
    • Maintain good relationship with Bahrain's new Sheikh- Ali bin Khalifa
    • The agreement fell under the Maritime Peace Treaties signed between the Sheikhs of the Gulf emirates and Britain

    Significance of the 1868 Agreement

    • Recognized Al Thani family as Qatar's formal rulers
    • Start of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate
      • Now ruled by Sheikh of its own, instead of being periodically subject to power of other forces
    • Beginning of Qatar's accession to treaties with external parties, i.e Britain

    Emergence of the Al Thani Family

    • Resulted from the conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain
    • Origin:
      • Al Maadheed, Bani Tamim roots
    • Migration:
      • Late 17th century from the town of Ushaiger in Washm, a part of central Arabia (Najd), to Qatar (reached in early 18th century- 1848):
        • Ushaiger
        • Jidreen
        • Alskak
        • Ruwais
        • Zubara
        • Fuwairit
        • Doha (final destination)
    • Reasons for migration:
      • Tribal conflicts in Arabian Peninsula
      • Severe drought in Arabian Peninsula

    Founder

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (settled in Doha, 1848)
    • Born in Al Fuwairit
    • Prominent pearl merchant
    • Generous, Intelligent, Vigilant, Acumen (can make good quick decisions), Religious
    • Leadership and unification of Qatari tribes
      • United Qatari tribes against their opponents: Al Khalifa of Bahrain
    • Prestigious status because:
      • Financial status
      • Power and status of Al Maadheed tribe
    • Known as "Sheikh of Doha"
    • Belgrave visited Qatar (1863) and said:
      • Sheikh was the ruler of al-Bidaa and a figure of authority recognized by everyone as the head
      • Sheikh did not have significant power over the other villages (they were managed by their local leaders)

    Why was the Al Thani family able to lead the Qatari tribes?

    1. Social and economic status: they accumulated a fortune from pearl
    2. Al Maadheed, to whom Al Thani belongs, were urbanized
    3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was influential in the vicinity of Al Bidaa- making him the leader of the Al Thani family and Al Maadheed
      • He led Qatari tribes to help Mohammad bin Khalifa take over Bahrain in 1842 from Sheikh Abdullah Al Khalifa
    4. Sheikh Mohammad's prestige increased after the killing of Sheikh Isa bin Turayf (Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe)
    5. Sheikh Mohammad's wisdom and political talent
    6. Sheikh Mohammad led Qatari tribes against Mohammad Al Khalifa's revenge attempts### Relocation and Conflict
    • Rahma bin Jabir moved from Qatar to Al Dammam on the Al Ahsa coast, but a conflict with the Saudis led to the destruction of his castle in Al Dammam in 1816
    • He relocated his family back to Khor Hassan, then moved to Boshahr, and returned to Al Dammam in 1819

    British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

    • Rahma bin Jabir's actions, including his alliance with the ruler of Persia to invade Bahrain, refusal to join British peace treaties, and piracy, concerned the British
    • In 1821, the British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha), marking the first contact between Britain and Qatar
    • The bombardment, known as "the first destruction of Doha", forced many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast

    Continued British Relations with Qatar

    • In 1823, British Resident Mr Macleod visited Doha, noticing Al Buainin's authority and assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain
    • Macleod ordered ships and raised the treaty's flag, realizing Qatar was not under Al Khalifa's authority
    • British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823

    Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes' Relationship

    • Faisal bin Turki's reign and the creation of the second Saudi state affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891)
    • Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad and his sons moved to Qatar's coast to monitor Saudi movements due to their bad relationship with the Saudis
    • Conflicts arose between the Sheikh of Bahrain and the Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe, who withdrew his tribe to Abu Dhabi to create a base to launch strikes against the Sheikh of Bahrain
    • Large numbers of the Al Buainain tribe withdrew to Abu Dhabi, confirming that Qatari tribes refused to submit to Al Khalifa's authority

    Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

    • Qatar faced problems including Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflict, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks
    • The British took measures for maritime peace, including sending a marine force to Qatar, including Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835, and forcing Doha, Al Wakra, and Khor Al Udaid Sheikhs to make pledges
    • Continued attacks led the British to hold the Sheikh of Doha responsible, and they shelled Doha with artillery fire in 1841

    Historical Context of Qatar

    • Qatar's history from the modern era until the mid-19th century was intertwined with Al-Ahsa province's history.
    • Al-Ahsa region extended from Basra to Oman, including Kuwait, Al-Ahsa, Awal Island, Al-Qatif, Qatar, and the Omani coasts.

    Political Situation in Al-Ahsa before Qatar's Emergence

    • Al-Ahsa was known as "Al-Bahrain countries" (countries of two seas) during the early Islamic conquests.
    • Hajr was the capital until it was destroyed by the Qarmatians, who then established Al-Ahsa as the new capital.
    • Rulers included tribes such as Al-Ayoniyon, Al-Zamel Al-Jabry, and Al-Moghamis.

    Foreign Occupations

    • The Portuguese occupied Al-Ahsa in 1517 until the Ottoman Turks expelled them in the mid-16th century.
    • The Ottomans controlled Al-Ahsa from the 16th century, subjugating the tribe of Ajwad bin Zamel Al-Jabri to their authority.

    Tribal Resistance and the End of Ottoman Rule

    • The Hamid tribe of Bani Khalid resisted Ottoman control for nearly 80 years, bringing down the authority of Ajwad tribe.
    • By 1670, the Ottomans lost control, and Bani Khalid established strong authority, maintaining loyalty to the Ottoman state until the late 18th century.

    Political System in Qatar during Bani Khalid's Reign

    • Bani Khalid ruled indirectly through their in-laws, the Al-Mosalam family, who collected yearly taxes from Qatar's tribes.
    • Local sheikhs had some degree of self-independence under Bani Khalid's partial authority.

    Tribal Migrations

    • Severe drought and tribal disputes in central Arabia and Naged led tribes like Al-Atube and Al-Maaded to immigrate from Naged to the west coast of the Gulf between the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
    • Al-Atube settled with their three branches in Qatar's coast Al-Zubara for 20 years under the care of Al-Mosalam.

    Conflict and Relocation

    • Al-Atube conflicted with Al-Mosalam and Qatari tribes, and eventually moved to Kuwait coast for 50 years.
    • Al-Khalifa returned to Zubarah in 1766 and established rule in Kuwait, later failing to enter Bahrain and returning to Zubarah.

    Ambitions in Bahrain

    • Al Khalifa strengthened ties with the people around him by lending them money, buying their pearl harvests, and marrying into Al bin Ali.
    • Al Khalifa wanted to expand their power over Bahrain, but was resisted by Al Mathkour and the Persian garrison.

    Conquering Bahrain

    • Al-Khalifa mobilized their assistants Al Sabah and Al Jalahima, with assistance from Qatar tribes, to conquer Bahrain island in 1783.
    • Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa spent his years in Al Zubara looking after his business, leaving his ruling to his two sons.

    Downfall of Bani Khalid and the Establishment of the First Saudi State

    • Bani Khalid's rule weakened in the mid-18th century, allowing Mohammed bin Saud and Mohammad bin Abd Al-Wahab to establish the first Saudi state, which annexed Al Ahsa and defeated Bani Khalid in 1793.
    • The Saudis controlled Ahsa in 1793 after violent fighting and launched assaults toward Oman, Al Breme, Qatar, and Bahrain.

    Qatar's Relationship with Saudi's

    • Suliman bin Ofeisan (emir of Al Kharj) prepared a campaign to invade Qatar in 1788, marking the start of Qatar's relationship with the Saudis.
    • Ibrahim bin Ofeisan succeeded in controlling Qatar, and Al Jalahima helped the Saudi forces to spread control over the Qatari peninsula for 8 years (1808-1816).

    Britain's Presence in the Gulf and its Relation with Qatar

    • Britain's relations in the Gulf began with the establishment of the Eastern Indian-British Company.
    • Britain used different methods to perform its policies, including threats of force, and succeeded in making itself a ruler and hangman in local regional disputes.
    • Relations between Britain and Qatar were established in the early 20s of the 19th century, with no information available about relations before 1821.

    Rahma Bin Jabir Al Jalahma

    • Rahma bin Jabir Al Jalahima was under Saudi protection before the end of Saudi authority.
    • Rahma launched attacks on Gulf ships, especially targeting Al Khalifa, and relocated his family back to Khor Hassan.

    British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

    • Rahma's death in 1828 in a marine battle marked the end of his conflicts with Al Khalifa.
    • The British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha) in 1821, forcing many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast.

    Continued British Relations with Qatar

    • In 1823, Mr. Macleod visited Doha and noticed Al Buainain's authority, assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain.
    • British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823.

    Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa & Qatari Tribes Relationship

    • The Saudi state's influence affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891).
    • Significant features of the relationship between Qatar and Al Khalifa include Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad's attempts to extend power over Al Huwaila and conflicts with the Al bin Ali tribe.

    Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

    • Qatar faced problems such as Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflicts, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks.
    • Britain's measures for maritime peace included increased attacks on ships in the Gulf and the inclusion of Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835.

    The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain (1840-1843) Effects in Qatar

    • The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) affected regional powers such as Qatar, the Saudi state, and the British.
    • The most significant developments in Qatar during the 1840s and 1850s include the emergence of the Al Thani family as key leaders and the British intervention to maintain maritime peace.

    Phases of the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843

    • The conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 had two phases: the withdrawal of Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces from Al Ahsa in 1840 and the conflict spilling into Qatar in 1842.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad began the conflict, leading to a split into Al Abdullah and Al Salman factions.

    Parties to the Internal Conflict in Bahrain & Relationship with Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled over Bahrain from 1821-1849 and faced challenges from his sons and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and the Al Maadheed.

    Battle of Umm Suwaya (1847)

    • The battle took place near Al-Fuwairit and resulted in Issa bin Turayf's death and the defeat of tribes allied with him.
    • The outcome led to Sheikh Abdullah's hopes to return to rule Bahrain being dashed.

    Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Sheikh Jassim collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against Bahrain.
    • The siege of Doha ended with a conciliation agreement that included provisions for the ruler of Bahrain to pay an annual tax and Qatar to fall under Al Khalifa's power.### British Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa (1861)
    • Recognize and uphold previous treaties with the British
    • Refrain from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection of Bahrain

    British Reports on Qatar (1866)

    • Prepared by the British Political Resident
    • Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar
    • Tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from tribal attacks
    • A Saudi government agent resided in Doha from 1852 to 1866

    Impact of internal conflict in Bahrain on the political situation in Qatar

    • Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other
    • They realized the possibility of establishing an independent entity capable of combating outside influence

    Features of Qatar during the internal conflict in Bahrain (first half of the 19th century)

    • Qatari tribes refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers
    • Al Khalifa could extend power over Qatari tribes in 1840s due to their discord and disintegration
    • After 1840s, Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and his son Sheikh Jassim began to emerge as leaders to encourage tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula

    Al Thani family emerged—> hostility between Al Khalifa & Qatari tribes because

    • Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa
    • Qatar and Saudi relationship became stronger under Al Thani leadership
    • Al Khalifa assigned Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative
    • Ahmad Al Khalilfa intermarried with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's family, leading to a closer relationship between Ahmad and Qataris
    • Qataris hated Qatar-based representative of Al Khalifa (Ahmad)- because he was harsh, escalating hostility between both sides
    • Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa's attack:
      • Attacked a caravan of the Al Naeem tribe in Al Wakra market in 1866
      • Seized the caravan and imprisoned the Sheikh of Al Naeem tribe (Ali bin Thamer)
      • Al Naeem tribe sought the help of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani
      • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani attacked the headquarters of Al Khalifa representative in the Castle of Al Wakra
      • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's attack succeeded in freeing Ali bin Thamer
      • Forced the Al Khalifa representative to flee Bahrain
    • Qatari tribes began to work on freeing Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

    Actions Qataris took to rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

    • Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani wrote to the ruler of Bahrain explaining his representative's misconduct (after attacking the Al Naeem caravan)
    • Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani demanded independence from Bahrain
    • Threatened to seek regional help if Bahrain's authority continued

    Al Khalifa's Response to Al Thani's growing strength

    • Appeased Al Naeem tribes, invited leaders to Bahrain, honored them (to improve their image)
    • Betrayed and imprisoned Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani (by inviting him to Bahrain)
    • Imprisonment increased tensions and led to new battles

    Relationship between Qatari tribes & Al Khalifa after Jassim Al Thani's imprisonment

    • 1867: Attack on Al Wakra and Doha by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler = SECOND DESTRUCTION OF DOHA
    • 1868: Qatar had two choices: either go pearling or free Jassim, they chose to go pearling (Jassim was imprisoned for 1.5 years). When diving season ended, Qatari tribes attacked Bahrain, lured and defeated Al Khalifa forces
      • Captured leaders: Sheikh Ibrahim bin Issa Al Khalifa and Sheikh Hamoud bin Salman Al Khalifa
    • Qatari tribes exchanged the Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani
    • Britain held Mohammad bin Khalifa responsible, imposed penalties and fines (as well as on the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi)

    Britain's Position on Tribal conflicts

    • 1867: Attack on Al Wakra & Doha violated agreements with Britain (1861 agreement)
    • British response:
      • Obligated Sheikh of Abu Dhabi to pay compensation to Qatar as an apology
      • Bombed and destroyed Abu Maher Castle (in Muharraq)
      • Deposed Mohammad bin Khalifa, appointed his brother Ali who vowed to arrest his brother and hand over to the Political Resident
      • Imposed hefty fines, hand over Al Khalifa's warships to Britain
    • Britain (Lewis Pelly- British Political Resident in the Gulf) understanding of Qatari tribes' launch against Bahrain
    • 1868: Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (sep 12)- extension of Maritime Peace Treaty

    Provisions of the 1868 Agreement

    Mohammad Al Thani pledged:

    • Reside in Doha in peace
    • Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea
    • Seek British adjudication during any disputes with neighbors
    • Extradition to British of former Bahrain ruler (Mohammad bin Khalifa) if captured
    • Maintain good relationship with Bahrain's new Sheikh- Ali bin Khalifa
    • The agreement fell under the Maritime Peace Treaties signed between the Sheikhs of the Gulf emirates and Britain

    Significance of the 1868 Agreement

    • Recognized Al Thani family as Qatar's formal rulers
    • Start of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate
      • Now ruled by Sheikh of its own, instead of being periodically subject to power of other forces
    • Beginning of Qatar's accession to treaties with external parties, i.e Britain

    Emergence of the Al Thani Family

    • Resulted from the conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain
    • Origin:
      • Al Maadheed, Bani Tamim roots
    • Migration:
      • Late 17th century from the town of Ushaiger in Washm, a part of central Arabia (Najd), to Qatar (reached in early 18th century- 1848):
        • Ushaiger
        • Jidreen
        • Alskak
        • Ruwais
        • Zubara
        • Fuwairit
        • Doha (final destination)
    • Reasons for migration:
      • Tribal conflicts in Arabian Peninsula
      • Severe drought in Arabian Peninsula

    Founder

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (settled in Doha, 1848)
    • Born in Al Fuwairit
    • Prominent pearl merchant
    • Generous, Intelligent, Vigilant, Acumen (can make good quick decisions), Religious
    • Leadership and unification of Qatari tribes
      • United Qatari tribes against their opponents: Al Khalifa of Bahrain
    • Prestigious status because:
      • Financial status
      • Power and status of Al Maadheed tribe
    • Known as "Sheikh of Doha"
    • Belgrave visited Qatar (1863) and said:
      • Sheikh was the ruler of al-Bidaa and a figure of authority recognized by everyone as the head
      • Sheikh did not have significant power over the other villages (they were managed by their local leaders)

    Why was the Al Thani family able to lead the Qatari tribes?

    1. Social and economic status: they accumulated a fortune from pearl
    2. Al Maadheed, to whom Al Thani belongs, were urbanized
    3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was influential in the vicinity of Al Bidaa- making him the leader of the Al Thani family and Al Maadheed
      • He led Qatari tribes to help Mohammad bin Khalifa take over Bahrain in 1842 from Sheikh Abdullah Al Khalifa
    4. Sheikh Mohammad's prestige increased after the killing of Sheikh Isa bin Turayf (Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe)
    5. Sheikh Mohammad's wisdom and political talent
    6. Sheikh Mohammad led Qatari tribes against Mohammad Al Khalifa's revenge attempts### Relocation and Conflict
    • Rahma bin Jabir moved from Qatar to Al Dammam on the Al Ahsa coast, but a conflict with the Saudis led to the destruction of his castle in Al Dammam in 1816
    • He relocated his family back to Khor Hassan, then moved to Boshahr, and returned to Al Dammam in 1819

    British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

    • Rahma bin Jabir's actions, including his alliance with the ruler of Persia to invade Bahrain, refusal to join British peace treaties, and piracy, concerned the British
    • In 1821, the British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha), marking the first contact between Britain and Qatar
    • The bombardment, known as "the first destruction of Doha", forced many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast

    Continued British Relations with Qatar

    • In 1823, British Resident Mr Macleod visited Doha, noticing Al Buainin's authority and assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain
    • Macleod ordered ships and raised the treaty's flag, realizing Qatar was not under Al Khalifa's authority
    • British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823

    Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes' Relationship

    • Faisal bin Turki's reign and the creation of the second Saudi state affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891)
    • Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad and his sons moved to Qatar's coast to monitor Saudi movements due to their bad relationship with the Saudis
    • Conflicts arose between the Sheikh of Bahrain and the Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe, who withdrew his tribe to Abu Dhabi to create a base to launch strikes against the Sheikh of Bahrain
    • Large numbers of the Al Buainain tribe withdrew to Abu Dhabi, confirming that Qatari tribes refused to submit to Al Khalifa's authority

    Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

    • Qatar faced problems including Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflict, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks
    • The British took measures for maritime peace, including sending a marine force to Qatar, including Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835, and forcing Doha, Al Wakra, and Khor Al Udaid Sheikhs to make pledges
    • Continued attacks led the British to hold the Sheikh of Doha responsible, and they shelled Doha with artillery fire in 1841

    Historical Context of Qatar

    • Qatar's history from the modern era until the mid-19th century was intertwined with Al-Ahsa province's history.
    • Al-Ahsa region extended from Basra to Oman, including Kuwait, Al-Ahsa, Awal Island, Al-Qatif, Qatar, and the Omani coasts.

    Political Situation in Al-Ahsa before Qatar's Emergence

    • Al-Ahsa was known as "Al-Bahrain countries" (countries of two seas) during the early Islamic conquests.
    • Hajr was the capital until it was destroyed by the Qarmatians, who then established Al-Ahsa as the new capital.
    • Rulers included tribes such as Al-Ayoniyon, Al-Zamel Al-Jabry, and Al-Moghamis.

    Foreign Occupations

    • The Portuguese occupied Al-Ahsa in 1517 until the Ottoman Turks expelled them in the mid-16th century.
    • The Ottomans controlled Al-Ahsa from the 16th century, subjugating the tribe of Ajwad bin Zamel Al-Jabri to their authority.

    Tribal Resistance and the End of Ottoman Rule

    • The Hamid tribe of Bani Khalid resisted Ottoman control for nearly 80 years, bringing down the authority of Ajwad tribe.
    • By 1670, the Ottomans lost control, and Bani Khalid established strong authority, maintaining loyalty to the Ottoman state until the late 18th century.

    Political System in Qatar during Bani Khalid's Reign

    • Bani Khalid ruled indirectly through their in-laws, the Al-Mosalam family, who collected yearly taxes from Qatar's tribes.
    • Local sheikhs had some degree of self-independence under Bani Khalid's partial authority.

    Tribal Migrations

    • Severe drought and tribal disputes in central Arabia and Naged led tribes like Al-Atube and Al-Maaded to immigrate from Naged to the west coast of the Gulf between the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
    • Al-Atube settled with their three branches in Qatar's coast Al-Zubara for 20 years under the care of Al-Mosalam.

    Conflict and Relocation

    • Al-Atube conflicted with Al-Mosalam and Qatari tribes, and eventually moved to Kuwait coast for 50 years.
    • Al-Khalifa returned to Zubarah in 1766 and established rule in Kuwait, later failing to enter Bahrain and returning to Zubarah.

    Ambitions in Bahrain

    • Al Khalifa strengthened ties with the people around him by lending them money, buying their pearl harvests, and marrying into Al bin Ali.
    • Al Khalifa wanted to expand their power over Bahrain, but was resisted by Al Mathkour and the Persian garrison.

    Conquering Bahrain

    • Al-Khalifa mobilized their assistants Al Sabah and Al Jalahima, with assistance from Qatar tribes, to conquer Bahrain island in 1783.
    • Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa spent his years in Al Zubara looking after his business, leaving his ruling to his two sons.

    Downfall of Bani Khalid and the Establishment of the First Saudi State

    • Bani Khalid's rule weakened in the mid-18th century, allowing Mohammed bin Saud and Mohammad bin Abd Al-Wahab to establish the first Saudi state, which annexed Al Ahsa and defeated Bani Khalid in 1793.
    • The Saudis controlled Ahsa in 1793 after violent fighting and launched assaults toward Oman, Al Breme, Qatar, and Bahrain.

    Qatar's Relationship with Saudi's

    • Suliman bin Ofeisan (emir of Al Kharj) prepared a campaign to invade Qatar in 1788, marking the start of Qatar's relationship with the Saudis.
    • Ibrahim bin Ofeisan succeeded in controlling Qatar, and Al Jalahima helped the Saudi forces to spread control over the Qatari peninsula for 8 years (1808-1816).

    Britain's Presence in the Gulf and its Relation with Qatar

    • Britain's relations in the Gulf began with the establishment of the Eastern Indian-British Company.
    • Britain used different methods to perform its policies, including threats of force, and succeeded in making itself a ruler and hangman in local regional disputes.
    • Relations between Britain and Qatar were established in the early 20s of the 19th century, with no information available about relations before 1821.

    Rahma Bin Jabir Al Jalahma

    • Rahma bin Jabir Al Jalahima was under Saudi protection before the end of Saudi authority.
    • Rahma launched attacks on Gulf ships, especially targeting Al Khalifa, and relocated his family back to Khor Hassan.

    British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

    • Rahma's death in 1828 in a marine battle marked the end of his conflicts with Al Khalifa.
    • The British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha) in 1821, forcing many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast.

    Continued British Relations with Qatar

    • In 1823, Mr. Macleod visited Doha and noticed Al Buainain's authority, assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain.
    • British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823.

    Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa & Qatari Tribes Relationship

    • The Saudi state's influence affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891).
    • Significant features of the relationship between Qatar and Al Khalifa include Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad's attempts to extend power over Al Huwaila and conflicts with the Al bin Ali tribe.

    Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

    • Qatar faced problems such as Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflicts, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks.
    • Britain's measures for maritime peace included increased attacks on ships in the Gulf and the inclusion of Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835.

    The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain (1840-1843) Effects in Qatar

    • The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) affected regional powers such as Qatar, the Saudi state, and the British.
    • The most significant developments in Qatar during the 1840s and 1850s include the emergence of the Al Thani family as key leaders and the British intervention to maintain maritime peace.

    Phases of the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843

    • The conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 had two phases: the withdrawal of Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces from Al Ahsa in 1840 and the conflict spilling into Qatar in 1842.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad began the conflict, leading to a split into Al Abdullah and Al Salman factions.

    Parties to the Internal Conflict in Bahrain & Relationship with Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled over Bahrain from 1821-1849 and faced challenges from his sons and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and the Al Maadheed.

    Battle of Umm Suwaya (1847)

    • The battle took place near Al-Fuwairit and resulted in Issa bin Turayf's death and the defeat of tribes allied with him.
    • The outcome led to Sheikh Abdullah's hopes to return to rule Bahrain being dashed.

    Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Sheikh Jassim collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against Bahrain.
    • The siege of Doha ended with a conciliation agreement that included provisions for the ruler of Bahrain to pay an annual tax and Qatar to fall under Al Khalifa's power.### British Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa (1861)
    • Recognize and uphold previous treaties with the British
    • Refrain from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection of Bahrain

    British Reports on Qatar (1866)

    • Prepared by the British Political Resident
    • Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar
    • Tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from tribal attacks
    • A Saudi government agent resided in Doha from 1852 to 1866

    Impact of internal conflict in Bahrain on the political situation in Qatar

    • Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other
    • They realized the possibility of establishing an independent entity capable of combating outside influence

    Features of Qatar during the internal conflict in Bahrain (first half of the 19th century)

    • Qatari tribes refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers
    • Al Khalifa could extend power over Qatari tribes in 1840s due to their discord and disintegration
    • After 1840s, Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and his son Sheikh Jassim began to emerge as leaders to encourage tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula

    Al Thani family emerged—> hostility between Al Khalifa & Qatari tribes because

    • Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa
    • Qatar and Saudi relationship became stronger under Al Thani leadership
    • Al Khalifa assigned Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative
    • Ahmad Al Khalilfa intermarried with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's family, leading to a closer relationship between Ahmad and Qataris
    • Qataris hated Qatar-based representative of Al Khalifa (Ahmad)- because he was harsh, escalating hostility between both sides
    • Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa's attack:
      • Attacked a caravan of the Al Naeem tribe in Al Wakra market in 1866
      • Seized the caravan and imprisoned the Sheikh of Al Naeem tribe (Ali bin Thamer)
      • Al Naeem tribe sought the help of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani
      • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani attacked the headquarters of Al Khalifa representative in the Castle of Al Wakra
      • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's attack succeeded in freeing Ali bin Thamer
      • Forced the Al Khalifa representative to flee Bahrain
    • Qatari tribes began to work on freeing Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

    Actions Qataris took to rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

    • Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani wrote to the ruler of Bahrain explaining his representative's misconduct (after attacking the Al Naeem caravan)
    • Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani demanded independence from Bahrain
    • Threatened to seek regional help if Bahrain's authority continued

    Al Khalifa's Response to Al Thani's growing strength

    • Appeased Al Naeem tribes, invited leaders to Bahrain, honored them (to improve their image)
    • Betrayed and imprisoned Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani (by inviting him to Bahrain)
    • Imprisonment increased tensions and led to new battles

    Relationship between Qatari tribes & Al Khalifa after Jassim Al Thani's imprisonment

    • 1867: Attack on Al Wakra and Doha by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler = SECOND DESTRUCTION OF DOHA
    • 1868: Qatar had two choices: either go pearling or free Jassim, they chose to go pearling (Jassim was imprisoned for 1.5 years). When diving season ended, Qatari tribes attacked Bahrain, lured and defeated Al Khalifa forces
      • Captured leaders: Sheikh Ibrahim bin Issa Al Khalifa and Sheikh Hamoud bin Salman Al Khalifa
    • Qatari tribes exchanged the Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani
    • Britain held Mohammad bin Khalifa responsible, imposed penalties and fines (as well as on the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi)

    Britain's Position on Tribal conflicts

    • 1867: Attack on Al Wakra & Doha violated agreements with Britain (1861 agreement)
    • British response:
      • Obligated Sheikh of Abu Dhabi to pay compensation to Qatar as an apology
      • Bombed and destroyed Abu Maher Castle (in Muharraq)
      • Deposed Mohammad bin Khalifa, appointed his brother Ali who vowed to arrest his brother and hand over to the Political Resident
      • Imposed hefty fines, hand over Al Khalifa's warships to Britain
    • Britain (Lewis Pelly- British Political Resident in the Gulf) understanding of Qatari tribes' launch against Bahrain
    • 1868: Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (sep 12)- extension of Maritime Peace Treaty

    Provisions of the 1868 Agreement

    Mohammad Al Thani pledged:

    • Reside in Doha in peace
    • Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea
    • Seek British adjudication during any disputes with neighbors
    • Extradition to British of former Bahrain ruler (Mohammad bin Khalifa) if captured
    • Maintain good relationship with Bahrain's new Sheikh- Ali bin Khalifa
    • The agreement fell under the Maritime Peace Treaties signed between the Sheikhs of the Gulf emirates and Britain

    Significance of the 1868 Agreement

    • Recognized Al Thani family as Qatar's formal rulers
    • Start of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate
      • Now ruled by Sheikh of its own, instead of being periodically subject to power of other forces
    • Beginning of Qatar's accession to treaties with external parties, i.e Britain

    Emergence of the Al Thani Family

    • Resulted from the conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain
    • Origin:
      • Al Maadheed, Bani Tamim roots
    • Migration:
      • Late 17th century from the town of Ushaiger in Washm, a part of central Arabia (Najd), to Qatar (reached in early 18th century- 1848):
        • Ushaiger
        • Jidreen
        • Alskak
        • Ruwais
        • Zubara
        • Fuwairit
        • Doha (final destination)
    • Reasons for migration:
      • Tribal conflicts in Arabian Peninsula
      • Severe drought in Arabian Peninsula

    Founder

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (settled in Doha, 1848)
    • Born in Al Fuwairit
    • Prominent pearl merchant
    • Generous, Intelligent, Vigilant, Acumen (can make good quick decisions), Religious
    • Leadership and unification of Qatari tribes
      • United Qatari tribes against their opponents: Al Khalifa of Bahrain
    • Prestigious status because:
      • Financial status
      • Power and status of Al Maadheed tribe
    • Known as "Sheikh of Doha"
    • Belgrave visited Qatar (1863) and said:
      • Sheikh was the ruler of al-Bidaa and a figure of authority recognized by everyone as the head
      • Sheikh did not have significant power over the other villages (they were managed by their local leaders)

    Why was the Al Thani family able to lead the Qatari tribes?

    1. Social and economic status: they accumulated a fortune from pearl
    2. Al Maadheed, to whom Al Thani belongs, were urbanized
    3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was influential in the vicinity of Al Bidaa- making him the leader of the Al Thani family and Al Maadheed
      • He led Qatari tribes to help Mohammad bin Khalifa take over Bahrain in 1842 from Sheikh Abdullah Al Khalifa
    4. Sheikh Mohammad's prestige increased after the killing of Sheikh Isa bin Turayf (Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe)
    5. Sheikh Mohammad's wisdom and political talent
    6. Sheikh Mohammad led Qatari tribes against Mohammad Al Khalifa's revenge attempts### Relocation and Conflict
    • Rahma bin Jabir moved from Qatar to Al Dammam on the Al Ahsa coast, but a conflict with the Saudis led to the destruction of his castle in Al Dammam in 1816
    • He relocated his family back to Khor Hassan, then moved to Boshahr, and returned to Al Dammam in 1819

    British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

    • Rahma bin Jabir's actions, including his alliance with the ruler of Persia to invade Bahrain, refusal to join British peace treaties, and piracy, concerned the British
    • In 1821, the British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha), marking the first contact between Britain and Qatar
    • The bombardment, known as "the first destruction of Doha", forced many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast

    Continued British Relations with Qatar

    • In 1823, British Resident Mr Macleod visited Doha, noticing Al Buainin's authority and assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain
    • Macleod ordered ships and raised the treaty's flag, realizing Qatar was not under Al Khalifa's authority
    • British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823

    Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes' Relationship

    • Faisal bin Turki's reign and the creation of the second Saudi state affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891)
    • Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad and his sons moved to Qatar's coast to monitor Saudi movements due to their bad relationship with the Saudis
    • Conflicts arose between the Sheikh of Bahrain and the Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe, who withdrew his tribe to Abu Dhabi to create a base to launch strikes against the Sheikh of Bahrain
    • Large numbers of the Al Buainain tribe withdrew to Abu Dhabi, confirming that Qatari tribes refused to submit to Al Khalifa's authority

    Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

    • Qatar faced problems including Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflict, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks
    • The British took measures for maritime peace, including sending a marine force to Qatar, including Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835, and forcing Doha, Al Wakra, and Khor Al Udaid Sheikhs to make pledges
    • Continued attacks led the British to hold the Sheikh of Doha responsible, and they shelled Doha with artillery fire in 1841

    The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain (1840-1843) and Its Effects on Regional Powers

    • The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) involved the Al Khalifa family, the Saudi state, and the British.
    • Qatar was affected by the conflict, leading to significant developments in the 1840s and 1850s.

    Phases of the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843

    • First Phase (1840): Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces withdrew from Al Ahsa, creating a political vacuum in the region.
    • Second Phase (1842): Conflict over Al Khalifa rule spilled into Qatar, with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad leading the conflict.
    • Key Characteristic of this Phase: Transition of the conflict to Qatar, leading to the emergence of local forces, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani.

    Parties to the Internal Conflict in Bahrain and Their Relationship with Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled Bahrain from 1821-1849.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa challenged his rule and attempted to seize power (1840-1843).
    • Sheikh Abdullah's three sons rebelled against him, causing political turmoil in Bahrain.
    • Sheikh Abdullah moved to Khor Hassan in Qatar to monitor the situation.

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa's Coalition with Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani initially refused to assist but later agreed, along with the Al Maadheed tribe.
    • The coalition used Al Fuwairit as their base and succeeded in entering Bahrain, taking over power as Sheikh Abdullah left for Dammam.

    Battle of Umm Suwaya (1847)

    • The battle took place between Issa bin Turayf (Sheikh of Al bin Ali) and Mohammad bin Khalifa near Al-Fuwairit.
    • Reasons for the Dispute: Issa bin Turayf accepted a negotiation request from Sheikh Abdullah's sons, angering Mohammad bin Khalifa, and allied with Mohammad bin Khalifa's adversaries.
    • Outcomes:
      • Issa bin Turayf was killed.
      • The Al bin Ali tribe left Qatar.
      • Tribes allied with Issa bin Turayf were defeated.
      • Sheikh Abdullah's hopes to return to rule Bahrain were dashed.

    Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes (after the Battle of Mesaimeer)

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Sheikh Jassim collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against Bahrain.
    • Sequences of Events:
      1. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa besieged Doha, preventing supplies.
      2. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa asked the ruler of Abu Dhabi for support against Qatari tribes.
      3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a force to discipline Qatari tribes.
    • Conciliation Agreement:
      1. The ruler of Bahrain shall pay an annual tax of 4000 riyals.
      2. Qatar shall fall under Al Khalifa's power.

    The British and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa

    • Accusations: Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa instigated Qatari tribes to attack Saudi nationals.
    • Saudi Involvement: The Saudi governor of Al Ahsa helped Sheikh Mohammad bin Abdullah Al Khalifa (son of the former ruler of Bahrain) in invading Bahrain to restore his rule over Bahrain (1859).
    • British Intervention (1861): The British intervened to prevent further escalation, recognizing and upholding previous treaties with the British.
    • British Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa (May 1861):
      1. Refrain from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection of Bahrain.

    British Reports on Qatar (1866)

    • Reports by the British Political Resident: Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar, considering himself independent in Bahrain islands.
    • Tax and Protection: Tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from any tribal attack.
    • Saudi Government Agent: A Saudi government agent resided in Doha from 1852 to 1866.

    Impact of Internal Conflict in Bahrain on the Political Situation in Qatar

    • Qatari Tribes: Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other, realizing the possibility of establishing an independent entity capable of combatting outside influence.

    Features of Qatar during the Internal Conflict in Bahrain in the 19th Century

    • Qatari Tribes: Refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers.
    • Al Khalifa's Power: Al Khalifa could extend power over Qatari tribes in the 1840s due to their discord and disintegration.
    • Al Thani Family: Emerged as leaders, encouraging tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula.

    Al Thani Family Emergence and Hostility between Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

    • Al Khalifa's Power Extension: Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa.
    • Qatari-Saudi Relationship: Qatar and Saudi relationship became stronger under Al Thani leadership.
    • Al Khalifa Representative: Al Khalifa assigned Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative, leading to closer relationship between Ahmad and Qataris.
    • Hostility: Qatari tribes hated Qatar-based representative of Al Khalifa (Ahmad) due to his harshness, escalating hostility between both sides.

    Actions Qataris Took to Rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's Authority

    • Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani's Letter: Jassim wrote to the ruler of Bahrain, explaining his representative's misconduct and demanding independence from Bahrain.
    • Threats: Threatened to seek regional help if Bahrain's authority continued.

    Al Khalifa's Response to Al Thani's Growing Strength

    • Appeasement: Appeased Al Naeem tribes, inviting leaders to Bahrain and honoring them to improve their image.
    • Betrayal and Imprisonment: Betrayed and imprisoned Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani, leading to increased tensions and new battles.

    Relationship between Qatari Tribes and Al Khalifa after Jassim Al Thani's Imprisonment

    • Attack on Al Wakra and Doha: Attack by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler (1867) led to the second destruction of Doha.
    • Imprisonment and Exchange: Jassim Al Thani was imprisoned for 1.5 years, leading to an exchange of Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani.
    • British Response: Britain held Mohammad bin Khalifa responsible, imposing penalties and fines on both Mohammad bin Khalifa and the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi.

    Britain's Position on Tribal Conflicts

    • 1867: Attack on Al Wakra and Doha violated agreements with Britain (1861 agreement).
    • British Response:
      1. Obligated Sheikh of Abu Dhabi to pay compensation to Qatar as an apology.
      2. Bombed and destroyed Abu Maher Castle (in Muharraq).
      3. Deposed Mohammad bin Khalifa, appointing his brother Ali who vowed to arrest his brother and hand him over to the Political Resident.
      4. Imposed hefty fines and handed over Al Khalifa's warships to Britain.
    • Britain's Understanding: Britain understood Qatari tribes' launch against Bahrain.

    1868 Agreement

    • Provisions:
      1. Reside in Doha in peace.
      2. Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea.
      3. Seek British adjudication during any disputes with neighbors.
      4. Extradition to Britain of former Bahrain ruler (Mohammad bin Khalifa) if captured.
      5. Maintain good relationships with Bahrain's new Sheikh, Ali bin Khalifa.
    • Significance:
      1. Recognized Al Thani family as Qatar's formal rulers.
      2. Marked the start of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate.

    Emergence of the Al Thani Family

    • Result: Emerged from the conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain.

    Origin and Migration

    • Al Maadheed, Bani Tamim Roots: Originated from the Al Maadheed tribe, a branch of the Bani Tamim tribe.
    • Migration: Migrated from Ushaiger in Washm, central Arabia (Najd), to Qatar in the late 17th century.

    Founder and Leadership

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani: Founded the Al Thani family and settled in Doha in 1848.
    • Leadership: United Qatari tribes against their opponents, the Al Khalifa of Bahrain.

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's Characteristics

    • Prominent Pearl Merchant: Financially stable.
    • Generous, Intelligent, Vigilant, and Acumen: Possessed qualities that made him a successful leader.
    • Religious: A pious individual.

    Recognition by Belgrave

    • Visit to Qatar (1863): Belgrave visited Qatar and recognized Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani as the ruler of Al-Bidaa and a figure of authority.

    Why the Al Thani Family Was Able to Lead the Qatari Tribes

    • Social and Economic Status: Accumulated a fortune from pearl trading.
    • Al Maadheed, Urbanized: Belong

    The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain (1840-1843) and Its Effects on Regional Powers

    • The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) involved the Al Khalifa family, the Saudi state, and the British.
    • Qatar was affected by the conflict, leading to significant developments in the 1840s and 1850s.

    Phases of the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843

    • First Phase (1840): Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces withdrew from Al Ahsa, creating a political vacuum in the region.
    • Second Phase (1842): Conflict over Al Khalifa rule spilled into Qatar, with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad leading the conflict.
    • Key Characteristic of this Phase: Transition of the conflict to Qatar, leading to the emergence of local forces, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani.

    Parties to the Internal Conflict in Bahrain and Their Relationship with Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled Bahrain from 1821-1849.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa challenged his rule and attempted to seize power (1840-1843).
    • Sheikh Abdullah's three sons rebelled against him, causing political turmoil in Bahrain.
    • Sheikh Abdullah moved to Khor Hassan in Qatar to monitor the situation.

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa's Coalition with Qatari Tribes

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad.
    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani initially refused to assist but later agreed, along with the Al Maadheed tribe.
    • The coalition used Al Fuwairit as their base and succeeded in entering Bahrain, taking over power as Sheikh Abdullah left for Dammam.

    Battle of Umm Suwaya (1847)

    • The battle took place between Issa bin Turayf (Sheikh of Al bin Ali) and Mohammad bin Khalifa near Al-Fuwairit.
    • Reasons for the Dispute: Issa bin Turayf accepted a negotiation request from Sheikh Abdullah's sons, angering Mohammad bin Khalifa, and allied with Mohammad bin Khalifa's adversaries.
    • Outcomes:
      • Issa bin Turayf was killed.
      • The Al bin Ali tribe left Qatar.
      • Tribes allied with Issa bin Turayf were defeated.
      • Sheikh Abdullah's hopes to return to rule Bahrain were dashed.

    Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes (after the Battle of Mesaimeer)

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Sheikh Jassim collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against Bahrain.
    • Sequences of Events:
      1. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa besieged Doha, preventing supplies.
      2. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa asked the ruler of Abu Dhabi for support against Qatari tribes.
      3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a force to discipline Qatari tribes.
    • Conciliation Agreement:
      1. The ruler of Bahrain shall pay an annual tax of 4000 riyals.
      2. Qatar shall fall under Al Khalifa's power.

    The British and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa

    • Accusations: Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa instigated Qatari tribes to attack Saudi nationals.
    • Saudi Involvement: The Saudi governor of Al Ahsa helped Sheikh Mohammad bin Abdullah Al Khalifa (son of the former ruler of Bahrain) in invading Bahrain to restore his rule over Bahrain (1859).
    • British Intervention (1861): The British intervened to prevent further escalation, recognizing and upholding previous treaties with the British.
    • British Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa (May 1861):
      1. Refrain from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection of Bahrain.

    British Reports on Qatar (1866)

    • Reports by the British Political Resident: Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar, considering himself independent in Bahrain islands.
    • Tax and Protection: Tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from any tribal attack.
    • Saudi Government Agent: A Saudi government agent resided in Doha from 1852 to 1866.

    Impact of Internal Conflict in Bahrain on the Political Situation in Qatar

    • Qatari Tribes: Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other, realizing the possibility of establishing an independent entity capable of combatting outside influence.

    Features of Qatar during the Internal Conflict in Bahrain in the 19th Century

    • Qatari Tribes: Refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers.
    • Al Khalifa's Power: Al Khalifa could extend power over Qatari tribes in the 1840s due to their discord and disintegration.
    • Al Thani Family: Emerged as leaders, encouraging tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula.

    Al Thani Family Emergence and Hostility between Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

    • Al Khalifa's Power Extension: Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa.
    • Qatari-Saudi Relationship: Qatar and Saudi relationship became stronger under Al Thani leadership.
    • Al Khalifa Representative: Al Khalifa assigned Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative, leading to closer relationship between Ahmad and Qataris.
    • Hostility: Qatari tribes hated Qatar-based representative of Al Khalifa (Ahmad) due to his harshness, escalating hostility between both sides.

    Actions Qataris Took to Rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's Authority

    • Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani's Letter: Jassim wrote to the ruler of Bahrain, explaining his representative's misconduct and demanding independence from Bahrain.
    • Threats: Threatened to seek regional help if Bahrain's authority continued.

    Al Khalifa's Response to Al Thani's Growing Strength

    • Appeasement: Appeased Al Naeem tribes, inviting leaders to Bahrain and honoring them to improve their image.
    • Betrayal and Imprisonment: Betrayed and imprisoned Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani, leading to increased tensions and new battles.

    Relationship between Qatari Tribes and Al Khalifa after Jassim Al Thani's Imprisonment

    • Attack on Al Wakra and Doha: Attack by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler (1867) led to the second destruction of Doha.
    • Imprisonment and Exchange: Jassim Al Thani was imprisoned for 1.5 years, leading to an exchange of Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani.
    • British Response: Britain held Mohammad bin Khalifa responsible, imposing penalties and fines on both Mohammad bin Khalifa and the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi.

    Britain's Position on Tribal Conflicts

    • 1867: Attack on Al Wakra and Doha violated agreements with Britain (1861 agreement).
    • British Response:
      1. Obligated Sheikh of Abu Dhabi to pay compensation to Qatar as an apology.
      2. Bombed and destroyed Abu Maher Castle (in Muharraq).
      3. Deposed Mohammad bin Khalifa, appointing his brother Ali who vowed to arrest his brother and hand him over to the Political Resident.
      4. Imposed hefty fines and handed over Al Khalifa's warships to Britain.
    • Britain's Understanding: Britain understood Qatari tribes' launch against Bahrain.

    1868 Agreement

    • Provisions:
      1. Reside in Doha in peace.
      2. Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea.
      3. Seek British adjudication during any disputes with neighbors.
      4. Extradition to Britain of former Bahrain ruler (Mohammad bin Khalifa) if captured.
      5. Maintain good relationships with Bahrain's new Sheikh, Ali bin Khalifa.
    • Significance:
      1. Recognized Al Thani family as Qatar's formal rulers.
      2. Marked the start of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate.

    Emergence of the Al Thani Family

    • Result: Emerged from the conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain.

    Origin and Migration

    • Al Maadheed, Bani Tamim Roots: Originated from the Al Maadheed tribe, a branch of the Bani Tamim tribe.
    • Migration: Migrated from Ushaiger in Washm, central Arabia (Najd), to Qatar in the late 17th century.

    Founder and Leadership

    • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani: Founded the Al Thani family and settled in Doha in 1848.
    • Leadership: United Qatari tribes against their opponents, the Al Khalifa of Bahrain.

    Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's Characteristics

    • Prominent Pearl Merchant: Financially stable.
    • Generous, Intelligent, Vigilant, and Acumen: Possessed qualities that made him a successful leader.
    • Religious: A pious individual.

    Recognition by Belgrave

    • Visit to Qatar (1863): Belgrave visited Qatar and recognized Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani as the ruler of Al-Bidaa and a figure of authority.

    Why the Al Thani Family Was Able to Lead the Qatari Tribes

    • Social and Economic Status: Accumulated a fortune from pearl trading.
    • Al Maadheed, Urbanized: Belong

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    Learn about the historical context of Qatar and its connection to the Al-Ahsa region from the modern era to the mid-19th century. Discover the geographical boundaries and political situation of the region before Qatar's emergence.

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