History of Qatar and Al-Ahsa Region

Historical Context of Qatar

• Qatar's history from the modern era until the mid-19th century was intertwined with Al-Ahsa province's history.
• Al-Ahsa region extended from Basra to Oman, including Kuwait, Al-Ahsa, Awal Island, Al-Qatif, Qatar, and the Omani coasts.

Political Situation in Al-Ahsa before Qatar's Emergence

• Al-Ahsa was known as "Al-Bahrain countries" (countries of two seas) during the early Islamic conquests.
• Hajr was the capital until it was destroyed by the Qarmatians, who then established Al-Ahsa as the new capital.
• Rulers included tribes such as Al-Ayoniyon, Al-Zamel Al-Jabry, and Al-Moghamis.

Foreign Occupations

• The Portuguese occupied Al-Ahsa in 1517 until the Ottoman Turks expelled them in the mid-16th century.
• The Ottomans controlled Al-Ahsa from the 16th century, subjugating the tribe of Ajwad bin Zamel Al-Jabri to their authority.

Tribal Resistance and the End of Ottoman Rule

• The Hamid tribe of Bani Khalid resisted Ottoman control for nearly 80 years, bringing down the authority of Ajwad tribe.
• By 1670, the Ottomans lost control, and Bani Khalid established strong authority, maintaining loyalty to the Ottoman state until the late 18th century.

Political System in Qatar during Bani Khalid's Reign

• Bani Khalid ruled indirectly through their in-laws, the Al-Mosalam family, who collected yearly taxes from Qatar's tribes.
• Local sheikhs had some degree of self-independence under Bani Khalid's partial authority.

Tribal Migrations

• Severe drought and tribal disputes in central Arabia and Naged led tribes like Al-Atube and Al-Maaded to immigrate from Naged to the west coast of the Gulf between the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
• Al-Atube settled with their three branches in Qatar's coast Al-Zubara for 20 years under the care of Al-Mosalam.

Conflict and Relocation

• Al-Atube conflicted with Al-Mosalam and Qatari tribes, and eventually moved to Kuwait coast for 50 years.
• Al-Khalifa returned to Zubarah in 1766 and established rule in Kuwait, later failing to enter Bahrain and returning to Zubarah.

Ambitions in Bahrain

• Al Khalifa strengthened ties with the people around him by lending them money, buying their pearl harvests, and marrying into Al bin Ali.
• Al Khalifa wanted to expand their power over Bahrain, but was resisted by Al Mathkour and the Persian garrison.

Conquering Bahrain

• Al-Khalifa mobilized their assistants Al Sabah and Al Jalahima, with assistance from Qatar tribes, to conquer Bahrain island in 1783.
• Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa spent his years in Al Zubara looking after his business, leaving his ruling to his two sons.

Downfall of Bani Khalid and the Establishment of the First Saudi State

• Bani Khalid's rule weakened in the mid-18th century, allowing Mohammed bin Saud and Mohammad bin Abd Al-Wahab to establish the first Saudi state, which annexed Al Ahsa and defeated Bani Khalid in 1793.
• The Saudis controlled Ahsa in 1793 after violent fighting and launched assaults toward Oman, Al Breme, Qatar, and Bahrain.

Qatar's Relationship with Saudi's

• Suliman bin Ofeisan (emir of Al Kharj) prepared a campaign to invade Qatar in 1788, marking the start of Qatar's relationship with the Saudis.
• Ibrahim bin Ofeisan succeeded in controlling Qatar, and Al Jalahima helped the Saudi forces to spread control over the Qatari peninsula for 8 years (1808-1816).

Britain's Presence in the Gulf and its Relation with Qatar

• Britain's relations in the Gulf began with the establishment of the Eastern Indian-British Company.
• Britain used different methods to perform its policies, including threats of force, and succeeded in making itself a ruler and hangman in local regional disputes.
• Relations between Britain and Qatar were established in the early 20s of the 19th century, with no information available about relations before 1821.

Rahma Bin Jabir Al Jalahma

• Rahma bin Jabir Al Jalahima was under Saudi protection before the end of Saudi authority.
• Rahma launched attacks on Gulf ships, especially targeting Al Khalifa, and relocated his family back to Khor Hassan.

British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

• Rahma's death in 1828 in a marine battle marked the end of his conflicts with Al Khalifa.
• The British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha) in 1821, forcing many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast.

Continued British Relations with Qatar

• In 1823, Mr. Macleod visited Doha and noticed Al Buainain's authority, assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain.
• British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823.

Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa & Qatari Tribes Relationship

• The Saudi state's influence affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891).
• Significant features of the relationship between Qatar and Al Khalifa include Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad's attempts to extend power over Al Huwaila and conflicts with the Al bin Ali tribe.

Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

• Qatar faced problems such as Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflicts, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks.
• Britain's measures for maritime peace included increased attacks on ships in the Gulf and the inclusion of Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835.

The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain (1840-1843) Effects in Qatar

• The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) affected regional powers such as Qatar, the Saudi state, and the British.
• The most significant developments in Qatar during the 1840s and 1850s include the emergence of the Al Thani family as key leaders and the British intervention to maintain maritime peace.

Phases of the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843

• The conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 had two phases: the withdrawal of Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces from Al Ahsa in 1840 and the conflict spilling into Qatar in 1842.
• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad began the conflict, leading to a split into Al Abdullah and Al Salman factions.

Parties to the Internal Conflict in Bahrain & Relationship with Qatari Tribes

• Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled over Bahrain from 1821-1849 and faced challenges from his sons and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa.
• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and the Al Maadheed.

Battle of Umm Suwaya (1847)

• The battle took place near Al-Fuwairit and resulted in Issa bin Turayf's death and the defeat of tribes allied with him.
• The outcome led to Sheikh Abdullah's hopes to return to rule Bahrain being dashed.

Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Sheikh Jassim collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against Bahrain.
• The siege of Doha ended with a conciliation agreement that included provisions for the ruler of Bahrain to pay an annual tax and Qatar to fall under Al Khalifa's power.### British Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa (1861)
• Recognize and uphold previous treaties with the British
• Refrain from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection of Bahrain

British Reports on Qatar (1866)

• Prepared by the British Political Resident
• Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar
• Tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from tribal attacks
• A Saudi government agent resided in Doha from 1852 to 1866

Impact of internal conflict in Bahrain on the political situation in Qatar

• Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other
• They realized the possibility of establishing an independent entity capable of combating outside influence

Features of Qatar during the internal conflict in Bahrain (first half of the 19th century)

• Qatari tribes refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers
• Al Khalifa could extend power over Qatari tribes in 1840s due to their discord and disintegration
• After 1840s, Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and his son Sheikh Jassim began to emerge as leaders to encourage tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula

Al Thani family emerged—> hostility between Al Khalifa & Qatari tribes because

• Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa
• Qatar and Saudi relationship became stronger under Al Thani leadership
• Al Khalifa assigned Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative
• Ahmad Al Khalilfa intermarried with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's family, leading to a closer relationship between Ahmad and Qataris
• Qataris hated Qatar-based representative of Al Khalifa (Ahmad)- because he was harsh, escalating hostility between both sides
• Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa's attack:
  • Attacked a caravan of the Al Naeem tribe in Al Wakra market in 1866
  • Seized the caravan and imprisoned the Sheikh of Al Naeem tribe (Ali bin Thamer)
  • Al Naeem tribe sought the help of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani
  • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani attacked the headquarters of Al Khalifa representative in the Castle of Al Wakra
  • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's attack succeeded in freeing Ali bin Thamer
  • Forced the Al Khalifa representative to flee Bahrain
• Qatari tribes began to work on freeing Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

Actions Qataris took to rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

• Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani wrote to the ruler of Bahrain explaining his representative's misconduct (after attacking the Al Naeem caravan)
• Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani demanded independence from Bahrain
• Threatened to seek regional help if Bahrain's authority continued

Al Khalifa's Response to Al Thani's growing strength

• Appeased Al Naeem tribes, invited leaders to Bahrain, honored them (to improve their image)
• Betrayed and imprisoned Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani (by inviting him to Bahrain)
• Imprisonment increased tensions and led to new battles

Relationship between Qatari tribes & Al Khalifa after Jassim Al Thani's imprisonment

• 1867: Attack on Al Wakra and Doha by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler = SECOND DESTRUCTION OF DOHA
• 1868: Qatar had two choices: either go pearling or free Jassim, they chose to go pearling (Jassim was imprisoned for 1.5 years). When diving season ended, Qatari tribes attacked Bahrain, lured and defeated Al Khalifa forces
  • Captured leaders: Sheikh Ibrahim bin Issa Al Khalifa and Sheikh Hamoud bin Salman Al Khalifa
• Qatari tribes exchanged the Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani
• Britain held Mohammad bin Khalifa responsible, imposed penalties and fines (as well as on the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi)

Britain's Position on Tribal conflicts

• 1867: Attack on Al Wakra & Doha violated agreements with Britain (1861 agreement)
• British response:
  • Obligated Sheikh of Abu Dhabi to pay compensation to Qatar as an apology
  • Bombed and destroyed Abu Maher Castle (in Muharraq)
  • Deposed Mohammad bin Khalifa, appointed his brother Ali who vowed to arrest his brother and hand over to the Political Resident
  • Imposed hefty fines, hand over Al Khalifa's warships to Britain
• Britain (Lewis Pelly- British Political Resident in the Gulf) understanding of Qatari tribes' launch against Bahrain
• 1868: Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (sep 12)- extension of Maritime Peace Treaty

Provisions of the 1868 Agreement

Mohammad Al Thani pledged:

• Reside in Doha in peace
• Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea
• Seek British adjudication during any disputes with neighbors
• Extradition to British of former Bahrain ruler (Mohammad bin Khalifa) if captured
• Maintain good relationship with Bahrain's new Sheikh- Ali bin Khalifa
• The agreement fell under the Maritime Peace Treaties signed between the Sheikhs of the Gulf emirates and Britain

Significance of the 1868 Agreement

• Recognized Al Thani family as Qatar's formal rulers
• Start of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate
  • Now ruled by Sheikh of its own, instead of being periodically subject to power of other forces
• Beginning of Qatar's accession to treaties with external parties, i.e Britain

Emergence of the Al Thani Family

• Resulted from the conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain
• Origin:
  • Al Maadheed, Bani Tamim roots
• Migration:
  • Late 17th century from the town of Ushaiger in Washm, a part of central Arabia (Najd), to Qatar (reached in early 18th century- 1848):
    • Ushaiger
    • Jidreen
    • Alskak
    • Ruwais
    • Zubara
    • Fuwairit
    • Doha (final destination)
• Reasons for migration:
  • Tribal conflicts in Arabian Peninsula
  • Severe drought in Arabian Peninsula

Founder

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (settled in Doha, 1848)
• Born in Al Fuwairit
• Prominent pearl merchant
• Generous, Intelligent, Vigilant, Acumen (can make good quick decisions), Religious
• Leadership and unification of Qatari tribes
  • United Qatari tribes against their opponents: Al Khalifa of Bahrain
• Prestigious status because:
  • Financial status
  • Power and status of Al Maadheed tribe
• Known as "Sheikh of Doha"
• Belgrave visited Qatar (1863) and said:
  • Sheikh was the ruler of al-Bidaa and a figure of authority recognized by everyone as the head
  • Sheikh did not have significant power over the other villages (they were managed by their local leaders)

Why was the Al Thani family able to lead the Qatari tribes?

1. Social and economic status: they accumulated a fortune from pearl
2. Al Maadheed, to whom Al Thani belongs, were urbanized
3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was influential in the vicinity of Al Bidaa- making him the leader of the Al Thani family and Al Maadheed
   • He led Qatari tribes to help Mohammad bin Khalifa take over Bahrain in 1842 from Sheikh Abdullah Al Khalifa
4. Sheikh Mohammad's prestige increased after the killing of Sheikh Isa bin Turayf (Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe)
5. Sheikh Mohammad's wisdom and political talent
6. Sheikh Mohammad led Qatari tribes against Mohammad Al Khalifa's revenge attempts### Relocation and Conflict

• Rahma bin Jabir moved from Qatar to Al Dammam on the Al Ahsa coast, but a conflict with the Saudis led to the destruction of his castle in Al Dammam in 1816
• He relocated his family back to Khor Hassan, then moved to Boshahr, and returned to Al Dammam in 1819

British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

• Rahma bin Jabir's actions, including his alliance with the ruler of Persia to invade Bahrain, refusal to join British peace treaties, and piracy, concerned the British
• In 1821, the British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha), marking the first contact between Britain and Qatar
• The bombardment, known as "the first destruction of Doha", forced many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast

Continued British Relations with Qatar

• In 1823, British Resident Mr Macleod visited Doha, noticing Al Buainin's authority and assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain
• Macleod ordered ships and raised the treaty's flag, realizing Qatar was not under Al Khalifa's authority
• British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823

Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes' Relationship

• Faisal bin Turki's reign and the creation of the second Saudi state affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891)
• Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad and his sons moved to Qatar's coast to monitor Saudi movements due to their bad relationship with the Saudis
• Conflicts arose between the Sheikh of Bahrain and the Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe, who withdrew his tribe to Abu Dhabi to create a base to launch strikes against the Sheikh of Bahrain
• Large numbers of the Al Buainain tribe withdrew to Abu Dhabi, confirming that Qatari tribes refused to submit to Al Khalifa's authority

Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

• Qatar faced problems including Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflict, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks
• The British took measures for maritime peace, including sending a marine force to Qatar, including Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835, and forcing Doha, Al Wakra, and Khor Al Udaid Sheikhs to make pledges
• Continued attacks led the British to hold the Sheikh of Doha responsible, and they shelled Doha with artillery fire in 1841

Historical Context of Qatar

• Qatar's history from the modern era until the mid-19th century was intertwined with Al-Ahsa province's history.
• Al-Ahsa region extended from Basra to Oman, including Kuwait, Al-Ahsa, Awal Island, Al-Qatif, Qatar, and the Omani coasts.

Political Situation in Al-Ahsa before Qatar's Emergence

• Al-Ahsa was known as "Al-Bahrain countries" (countries of two seas) during the early Islamic conquests.
• Hajr was the capital until it was destroyed by the Qarmatians, who then established Al-Ahsa as the new capital.
• Rulers included tribes such as Al-Ayoniyon, Al-Zamel Al-Jabry, and Al-Moghamis.

Foreign Occupations

• The Portuguese occupied Al-Ahsa in 1517 until the Ottoman Turks expelled them in the mid-16th century.
• The Ottomans controlled Al-Ahsa from the 16th century, subjugating the tribe of Ajwad bin Zamel Al-Jabri to their authority.

Tribal Resistance and the End of Ottoman Rule

• The Hamid tribe of Bani Khalid resisted Ottoman control for nearly 80 years, bringing down the authority of Ajwad tribe.
• By 1670, the Ottomans lost control, and Bani Khalid established strong authority, maintaining loyalty to the Ottoman state until the late 18th century.

Political System in Qatar during Bani Khalid's Reign

• Bani Khalid ruled indirectly through their in-laws, the Al-Mosalam family, who collected yearly taxes from Qatar's tribes.
• Local sheikhs had some degree of self-independence under Bani Khalid's partial authority.

Tribal Migrations

• Severe drought and tribal disputes in central Arabia and Naged led tribes like Al-Atube and Al-Maaded to immigrate from Naged to the west coast of the Gulf between the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
• Al-Atube settled with their three branches in Qatar's coast Al-Zubara for 20 years under the care of Al-Mosalam.

Conflict and Relocation

• Al-Atube conflicted with Al-Mosalam and Qatari tribes, and eventually moved to Kuwait coast for 50 years.
• Al-Khalifa returned to Zubarah in 1766 and established rule in Kuwait, later failing to enter Bahrain and returning to Zubarah.

Ambitions in Bahrain

• Al Khalifa strengthened ties with the people around him by lending them money, buying their pearl harvests, and marrying into Al bin Ali.
• Al Khalifa wanted to expand their power over Bahrain, but was resisted by Al Mathkour and the Persian garrison.

Conquering Bahrain

• Al-Khalifa mobilized their assistants Al Sabah and Al Jalahima, with assistance from Qatar tribes, to conquer Bahrain island in 1783.
• Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa spent his years in Al Zubara looking after his business, leaving his ruling to his two sons.

Downfall of Bani Khalid and the Establishment of the First Saudi State

• Bani Khalid's rule weakened in the mid-18th century, allowing Mohammed bin Saud and Mohammad bin Abd Al-Wahab to establish the first Saudi state, which annexed Al Ahsa and defeated Bani Khalid in 1793.
• The Saudis controlled Ahsa in 1793 after violent fighting and launched assaults toward Oman, Al Breme, Qatar, and Bahrain.

Qatar's Relationship with Saudi's

• Suliman bin Ofeisan (emir of Al Kharj) prepared a campaign to invade Qatar in 1788, marking the start of Qatar's relationship with the Saudis.
• Ibrahim bin Ofeisan succeeded in controlling Qatar, and Al Jalahima helped the Saudi forces to spread control over the Qatari peninsula for 8 years (1808-1816).

Britain's Presence in the Gulf and its Relation with Qatar

• Britain's relations in the Gulf began with the establishment of the Eastern Indian-British Company.
• Britain used different methods to perform its policies, including threats of force, and succeeded in making itself a ruler and hangman in local regional disputes.
• Relations between Britain and Qatar were established in the early 20s of the 19th century, with no information available about relations before 1821.

Rahma Bin Jabir Al Jalahma

• Rahma bin Jabir Al Jalahima was under Saudi protection before the end of Saudi authority.
• Rahma launched attacks on Gulf ships, especially targeting Al Khalifa, and relocated his family back to Khor Hassan.

British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

• Rahma's death in 1828 in a marine battle marked the end of his conflicts with Al Khalifa.
• The British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha) in 1821, forcing many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast.

Continued British Relations with Qatar

• In 1823, Mr. Macleod visited Doha and noticed Al Buainain's authority, assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain.
• British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823.

Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa & Qatari Tribes Relationship

• The Saudi state's influence affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891).
• Significant features of the relationship between Qatar and Al Khalifa include Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad's attempts to extend power over Al Huwaila and conflicts with the Al bin Ali tribe.

Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

• Qatar faced problems such as Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflicts, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks.
• Britain's measures for maritime peace included increased attacks on ships in the Gulf and the inclusion of Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835.

The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain (1840-1843) Effects in Qatar

• The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) affected regional powers such as Qatar, the Saudi state, and the British.
• The most significant developments in Qatar during the 1840s and 1850s include the emergence of the Al Thani family as key leaders and the British intervention to maintain maritime peace.

Phases of the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843

• The conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 had two phases: the withdrawal of Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces from Al Ahsa in 1840 and the conflict spilling into Qatar in 1842.
• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad began the conflict, leading to a split into Al Abdullah and Al Salman factions.

Parties to the Internal Conflict in Bahrain & Relationship with Qatari Tribes

• Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled over Bahrain from 1821-1849 and faced challenges from his sons and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa.
• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and the Al Maadheed.

Battle of Umm Suwaya (1847)

• The battle took place near Al-Fuwairit and resulted in Issa bin Turayf's death and the defeat of tribes allied with him.
• The outcome led to Sheikh Abdullah's hopes to return to rule Bahrain being dashed.

Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Sheikh Jassim collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against Bahrain.
• The siege of Doha ended with a conciliation agreement that included provisions for the ruler of Bahrain to pay an annual tax and Qatar to fall under Al Khalifa's power.### British Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa (1861)
• Recognize and uphold previous treaties with the British
• Refrain from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection of Bahrain

British Reports on Qatar (1866)

• Prepared by the British Political Resident
• Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar
• Tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from tribal attacks
• A Saudi government agent resided in Doha from 1852 to 1866

Impact of internal conflict in Bahrain on the political situation in Qatar

• Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other
• They realized the possibility of establishing an independent entity capable of combating outside influence

Features of Qatar during the internal conflict in Bahrain (first half of the 19th century)

• Qatari tribes refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers
• Al Khalifa could extend power over Qatari tribes in 1840s due to their discord and disintegration
• After 1840s, Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and his son Sheikh Jassim began to emerge as leaders to encourage tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula

Al Thani family emerged—> hostility between Al Khalifa & Qatari tribes because

• Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa
• Qatar and Saudi relationship became stronger under Al Thani leadership
• Al Khalifa assigned Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative
• Ahmad Al Khalilfa intermarried with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's family, leading to a closer relationship between Ahmad and Qataris
• Qataris hated Qatar-based representative of Al Khalifa (Ahmad)- because he was harsh, escalating hostility between both sides
• Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa's attack:
  • Attacked a caravan of the Al Naeem tribe in Al Wakra market in 1866
  • Seized the caravan and imprisoned the Sheikh of Al Naeem tribe (Ali bin Thamer)
  • Al Naeem tribe sought the help of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani
  • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani attacked the headquarters of Al Khalifa representative in the Castle of Al Wakra
  • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's attack succeeded in freeing Ali bin Thamer
  • Forced the Al Khalifa representative to flee Bahrain
• Qatari tribes began to work on freeing Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

Actions Qataris took to rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

• Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani wrote to the ruler of Bahrain explaining his representative's misconduct (after attacking the Al Naeem caravan)
• Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani demanded independence from Bahrain
• Threatened to seek regional help if Bahrain's authority continued

Al Khalifa's Response to Al Thani's growing strength

• Appeased Al Naeem tribes, invited leaders to Bahrain, honored them (to improve their image)
• Betrayed and imprisoned Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani (by inviting him to Bahrain)
• Imprisonment increased tensions and led to new battles

Relationship between Qatari tribes & Al Khalifa after Jassim Al Thani's imprisonment

• 1867: Attack on Al Wakra and Doha by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler = SECOND DESTRUCTION OF DOHA
• 1868: Qatar had two choices: either go pearling or free Jassim, they chose to go pearling (Jassim was imprisoned for 1.5 years). When diving season ended, Qatari tribes attacked Bahrain, lured and defeated Al Khalifa forces
  • Captured leaders: Sheikh Ibrahim bin Issa Al Khalifa and Sheikh Hamoud bin Salman Al Khalifa
• Qatari tribes exchanged the Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani
• Britain held Mohammad bin Khalifa responsible, imposed penalties and fines (as well as on the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi)

Britain's Position on Tribal conflicts

• 1867: Attack on Al Wakra & Doha violated agreements with Britain (1861 agreement)
• British response:
  • Obligated Sheikh of Abu Dhabi to pay compensation to Qatar as an apology
  • Bombed and destroyed Abu Maher Castle (in Muharraq)
  • Deposed Mohammad bin Khalifa, appointed his brother Ali who vowed to arrest his brother and hand over to the Political Resident
  • Imposed hefty fines, hand over Al Khalifa's warships to Britain
• Britain (Lewis Pelly- British Political Resident in the Gulf) understanding of Qatari tribes' launch against Bahrain
• 1868: Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (sep 12)- extension of Maritime Peace Treaty

Provisions of the 1868 Agreement

Mohammad Al Thani pledged:

• Reside in Doha in peace
• Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea
• Seek British adjudication during any disputes with neighbors
• Extradition to British of former Bahrain ruler (Mohammad bin Khalifa) if captured
• Maintain good relationship with Bahrain's new Sheikh- Ali bin Khalifa
• The agreement fell under the Maritime Peace Treaties signed between the Sheikhs of the Gulf emirates and Britain

Significance of the 1868 Agreement

• Recognized Al Thani family as Qatar's formal rulers
• Start of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate
  • Now ruled by Sheikh of its own, instead of being periodically subject to power of other forces
• Beginning of Qatar's accession to treaties with external parties, i.e Britain

Emergence of the Al Thani Family

• Resulted from the conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain
• Origin:
  • Al Maadheed, Bani Tamim roots
• Migration:
  • Late 17th century from the town of Ushaiger in Washm, a part of central Arabia (Najd), to Qatar (reached in early 18th century- 1848):
    • Ushaiger
    • Jidreen
    • Alskak
    • Ruwais
    • Zubara
    • Fuwairit
    • Doha (final destination)
• Reasons for migration:
  • Tribal conflicts in Arabian Peninsula
  • Severe drought in Arabian Peninsula

Founder

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (settled in Doha, 1848)
• Born in Al Fuwairit
• Prominent pearl merchant
• Generous, Intelligent, Vigilant, Acumen (can make good quick decisions), Religious
• Leadership and unification of Qatari tribes
  • United Qatari tribes against their opponents: Al Khalifa of Bahrain
• Prestigious status because:
  • Financial status
  • Power and status of Al Maadheed tribe
• Known as "Sheikh of Doha"
• Belgrave visited Qatar (1863) and said:
  • Sheikh was the ruler of al-Bidaa and a figure of authority recognized by everyone as the head
  • Sheikh did not have significant power over the other villages (they were managed by their local leaders)

Why was the Al Thani family able to lead the Qatari tribes?

1. Social and economic status: they accumulated a fortune from pearl
2. Al Maadheed, to whom Al Thani belongs, were urbanized
3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was influential in the vicinity of Al Bidaa- making him the leader of the Al Thani family and Al Maadheed
   • He led Qatari tribes to help Mohammad bin Khalifa take over Bahrain in 1842 from Sheikh Abdullah Al Khalifa
4. Sheikh Mohammad's prestige increased after the killing of Sheikh Isa bin Turayf (Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe)
5. Sheikh Mohammad's wisdom and political talent
6. Sheikh Mohammad led Qatari tribes against Mohammad Al Khalifa's revenge attempts### Relocation and Conflict

• Rahma bin Jabir moved from Qatar to Al Dammam on the Al Ahsa coast, but a conflict with the Saudis led to the destruction of his castle in Al Dammam in 1816
• He relocated his family back to Khor Hassan, then moved to Boshahr, and returned to Al Dammam in 1819

British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

• Rahma bin Jabir's actions, including his alliance with the ruler of Persia to invade Bahrain, refusal to join British peace treaties, and piracy, concerned the British
• In 1821, the British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha), marking the first contact between Britain and Qatar
• The bombardment, known as "the first destruction of Doha", forced many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast

Continued British Relations with Qatar

• In 1823, British Resident Mr Macleod visited Doha, noticing Al Buainin's authority and assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain
• Macleod ordered ships and raised the treaty's flag, realizing Qatar was not under Al Khalifa's authority
• British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823

Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes' Relationship

• Faisal bin Turki's reign and the creation of the second Saudi state affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891)
• Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad and his sons moved to Qatar's coast to monitor Saudi movements due to their bad relationship with the Saudis
• Conflicts arose between the Sheikh of Bahrain and the Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe, who withdrew his tribe to Abu Dhabi to create a base to launch strikes against the Sheikh of Bahrain
• Large numbers of the Al Buainain tribe withdrew to Abu Dhabi, confirming that Qatari tribes refused to submit to Al Khalifa's authority

Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

• Qatar faced problems including Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflict, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks
• The British took measures for maritime peace, including sending a marine force to Qatar, including Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835, and forcing Doha, Al Wakra, and Khor Al Udaid Sheikhs to make pledges
• Continued attacks led the British to hold the Sheikh of Doha responsible, and they shelled Doha with artillery fire in 1841

Historical Context of Qatar

• Qatar's history from the modern era until the mid-19th century was intertwined with Al-Ahsa province's history.
• Al-Ahsa region extended from Basra to Oman, including Kuwait, Al-Ahsa, Awal Island, Al-Qatif, Qatar, and the Omani coasts.

Political Situation in Al-Ahsa before Qatar's Emergence

• Al-Ahsa was known as "Al-Bahrain countries" (countries of two seas) during the early Islamic conquests.
• Hajr was the capital until it was destroyed by the Qarmatians, who then established Al-Ahsa as the new capital.
• Rulers included tribes such as Al-Ayoniyon, Al-Zamel Al-Jabry, and Al-Moghamis.

Foreign Occupations

• The Portuguese occupied Al-Ahsa in 1517 until the Ottoman Turks expelled them in the mid-16th century.
• The Ottomans controlled Al-Ahsa from the 16th century, subjugating the tribe of Ajwad bin Zamel Al-Jabri to their authority.

Tribal Resistance and the End of Ottoman Rule

• The Hamid tribe of Bani Khalid resisted Ottoman control for nearly 80 years, bringing down the authority of Ajwad tribe.
• By 1670, the Ottomans lost control, and Bani Khalid established strong authority, maintaining loyalty to the Ottoman state until the late 18th century.

Political System in Qatar during Bani Khalid's Reign

• Bani Khalid ruled indirectly through their in-laws, the Al-Mosalam family, who collected yearly taxes from Qatar's tribes.
• Local sheikhs had some degree of self-independence under Bani Khalid's partial authority.

Tribal Migrations

• Severe drought and tribal disputes in central Arabia and Naged led tribes like Al-Atube and Al-Maaded to immigrate from Naged to the west coast of the Gulf between the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
• Al-Atube settled with their three branches in Qatar's coast Al-Zubara for 20 years under the care of Al-Mosalam.

Conflict and Relocation

• Al-Atube conflicted with Al-Mosalam and Qatari tribes, and eventually moved to Kuwait coast for 50 years.
• Al-Khalifa returned to Zubarah in 1766 and established rule in Kuwait, later failing to enter Bahrain and returning to Zubarah.

Ambitions in Bahrain

• Al Khalifa strengthened ties with the people around him by lending them money, buying their pearl harvests, and marrying into Al bin Ali.
• Al Khalifa wanted to expand their power over Bahrain, but was resisted by Al Mathkour and the Persian garrison.

Conquering Bahrain

• Al-Khalifa mobilized their assistants Al Sabah and Al Jalahima, with assistance from Qatar tribes, to conquer Bahrain island in 1783.
• Sheikh Ahmed ibn Khalifa spent his years in Al Zubara looking after his business, leaving his ruling to his two sons.

Downfall of Bani Khalid and the Establishment of the First Saudi State

• Bani Khalid's rule weakened in the mid-18th century, allowing Mohammed bin Saud and Mohammad bin Abd Al-Wahab to establish the first Saudi state, which annexed Al Ahsa and defeated Bani Khalid in 1793.
• The Saudis controlled Ahsa in 1793 after violent fighting and launched assaults toward Oman, Al Breme, Qatar, and Bahrain.

Qatar's Relationship with Saudi's

• Suliman bin Ofeisan (emir of Al Kharj) prepared a campaign to invade Qatar in 1788, marking the start of Qatar's relationship with the Saudis.
• Ibrahim bin Ofeisan succeeded in controlling Qatar, and Al Jalahima helped the Saudi forces to spread control over the Qatari peninsula for 8 years (1808-1816).

Britain's Presence in the Gulf and its Relation with Qatar

• Britain's relations in the Gulf began with the establishment of the Eastern Indian-British Company.
• Britain used different methods to perform its policies, including threats of force, and succeeded in making itself a ruler and hangman in local regional disputes.
• Relations between Britain and Qatar were established in the early 20s of the 19th century, with no information available about relations before 1821.

Rahma Bin Jabir Al Jalahma

• Rahma bin Jabir Al Jalahima was under Saudi protection before the end of Saudi authority.
• Rahma launched attacks on Gulf ships, especially targeting Al Khalifa, and relocated his family back to Khor Hassan.

British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

• Rahma's death in 1828 in a marine battle marked the end of his conflicts with Al Khalifa.
• The British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha) in 1821, forcing many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast.

Continued British Relations with Qatar

• In 1823, Mr. Macleod visited Doha and noticed Al Buainain's authority, assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain.
• British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823.

Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa & Qatari Tribes Relationship

• The Saudi state's influence affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891).
• Significant features of the relationship between Qatar and Al Khalifa include Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad's attempts to extend power over Al Huwaila and conflicts with the Al bin Ali tribe.

Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

• Qatar faced problems such as Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflicts, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks.
• Britain's measures for maritime peace included increased attacks on ships in the Gulf and the inclusion of Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835.

The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain (1840-1843) Effects in Qatar

• The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) affected regional powers such as Qatar, the Saudi state, and the British.
• The most significant developments in Qatar during the 1840s and 1850s include the emergence of the Al Thani family as key leaders and the British intervention to maintain maritime peace.

Phases of the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843

• The conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843 had two phases: the withdrawal of Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces from Al Ahsa in 1840 and the conflict spilling into Qatar in 1842.
• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad began the conflict, leading to a split into Al Abdullah and Al Salman factions.

Parties to the Internal Conflict in Bahrain & Relationship with Qatari Tribes

• Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled over Bahrain from 1821-1849 and faced challenges from his sons and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa.
• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and the Al Maadheed.

Battle of Umm Suwaya (1847)

• The battle took place near Al-Fuwairit and resulted in Issa bin Turayf's death and the defeat of tribes allied with him.
• The outcome led to Sheikh Abdullah's hopes to return to rule Bahrain being dashed.

Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Sheikh Jassim collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against Bahrain.
• The siege of Doha ended with a conciliation agreement that included provisions for the ruler of Bahrain to pay an annual tax and Qatar to fall under Al Khalifa's power.### British Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa (1861)
• Recognize and uphold previous treaties with the British
• Refrain from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection of Bahrain

British Reports on Qatar (1866)

• Prepared by the British Political Resident
• Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar
• Tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from tribal attacks
• A Saudi government agent resided in Doha from 1852 to 1866

Impact of internal conflict in Bahrain on the political situation in Qatar

• Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other
• They realized the possibility of establishing an independent entity capable of combating outside influence

Features of Qatar during the internal conflict in Bahrain (first half of the 19th century)

• Qatari tribes refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers
• Al Khalifa could extend power over Qatari tribes in 1840s due to their discord and disintegration
• After 1840s, Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and his son Sheikh Jassim began to emerge as leaders to encourage tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula

Al Thani family emerged—> hostility between Al Khalifa & Qatari tribes because

• Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa
• Qatar and Saudi relationship became stronger under Al Thani leadership
• Al Khalifa assigned Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative
• Ahmad Al Khalilfa intermarried with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's family, leading to a closer relationship between Ahmad and Qataris
• Qataris hated Qatar-based representative of Al Khalifa (Ahmad)- because he was harsh, escalating hostility between both sides
• Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa's attack:
  • Attacked a caravan of the Al Naeem tribe in Al Wakra market in 1866
  • Seized the caravan and imprisoned the Sheikh of Al Naeem tribe (Ali bin Thamer)
  • Al Naeem tribe sought the help of Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani
  • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani attacked the headquarters of Al Khalifa representative in the Castle of Al Wakra
  • Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's attack succeeded in freeing Ali bin Thamer
  • Forced the Al Khalifa representative to flee Bahrain
• Qatari tribes began to work on freeing Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

Actions Qataris took to rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's authority

• Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani wrote to the ruler of Bahrain explaining his representative's misconduct (after attacking the Al Naeem caravan)
• Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani demanded independence from Bahrain
• Threatened to seek regional help if Bahrain's authority continued

Al Khalifa's Response to Al Thani's growing strength

• Appeased Al Naeem tribes, invited leaders to Bahrain, honored them (to improve their image)
• Betrayed and imprisoned Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani (by inviting him to Bahrain)
• Imprisonment increased tensions and led to new battles

Relationship between Qatari tribes & Al Khalifa after Jassim Al Thani's imprisonment

• 1867: Attack on Al Wakra and Doha by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler = SECOND DESTRUCTION OF DOHA
• 1868: Qatar had two choices: either go pearling or free Jassim, they chose to go pearling (Jassim was imprisoned for 1.5 years). When diving season ended, Qatari tribes attacked Bahrain, lured and defeated Al Khalifa forces
  • Captured leaders: Sheikh Ibrahim bin Issa Al Khalifa and Sheikh Hamoud bin Salman Al Khalifa
• Qatari tribes exchanged the Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani
• Britain held Mohammad bin Khalifa responsible, imposed penalties and fines (as well as on the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi)

Britain's Position on Tribal conflicts

• 1867: Attack on Al Wakra & Doha violated agreements with Britain (1861 agreement)
• British response:
  • Obligated Sheikh of Abu Dhabi to pay compensation to Qatar as an apology
  • Bombed and destroyed Abu Maher Castle (in Muharraq)
  • Deposed Mohammad bin Khalifa, appointed his brother Ali who vowed to arrest his brother and hand over to the Political Resident
  • Imposed hefty fines, hand over Al Khalifa's warships to Britain
• Britain (Lewis Pelly- British Political Resident in the Gulf) understanding of Qatari tribes' launch against Bahrain
• 1868: Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (sep 12)- extension of Maritime Peace Treaty

Provisions of the 1868 Agreement

Mohammad Al Thani pledged:

• Reside in Doha in peace
• Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea
• Seek British adjudication during any disputes with neighbors
• Extradition to British of former Bahrain ruler (Mohammad bin Khalifa) if captured
• Maintain good relationship with Bahrain's new Sheikh- Ali bin Khalifa
• The agreement fell under the Maritime Peace Treaties signed between the Sheikhs of the Gulf emirates and Britain

Significance of the 1868 Agreement

• Recognized Al Thani family as Qatar's formal rulers
• Start of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate
  • Now ruled by Sheikh of its own, instead of being periodically subject to power of other forces
• Beginning of Qatar's accession to treaties with external parties, i.e Britain

Emergence of the Al Thani Family

• Resulted from the conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain
• Origin:
  • Al Maadheed, Bani Tamim roots
• Migration:
  • Late 17th century from the town of Ushaiger in Washm, a part of central Arabia (Najd), to Qatar (reached in early 18th century- 1848):
    • Ushaiger
    • Jidreen
    • Alskak
    • Ruwais
    • Zubara
    • Fuwairit
    • Doha (final destination)
• Reasons for migration:
  • Tribal conflicts in Arabian Peninsula
  • Severe drought in Arabian Peninsula

Founder

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani (settled in Doha, 1848)
• Born in Al Fuwairit
• Prominent pearl merchant
• Generous, Intelligent, Vigilant, Acumen (can make good quick decisions), Religious
• Leadership and unification of Qatari tribes
  • United Qatari tribes against their opponents: Al Khalifa of Bahrain
• Prestigious status because:
  • Financial status
  • Power and status of Al Maadheed tribe
• Known as "Sheikh of Doha"
• Belgrave visited Qatar (1863) and said:
  • Sheikh was the ruler of al-Bidaa and a figure of authority recognized by everyone as the head
  • Sheikh did not have significant power over the other villages (they were managed by their local leaders)

Why was the Al Thani family able to lead the Qatari tribes?

1. Social and economic status: they accumulated a fortune from pearl
2. Al Maadheed, to whom Al Thani belongs, were urbanized
3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani was influential in the vicinity of Al Bidaa- making him the leader of the Al Thani family and Al Maadheed
   • He led Qatari tribes to help Mohammad bin Khalifa take over Bahrain in 1842 from Sheikh Abdullah Al Khalifa
4. Sheikh Mohammad's prestige increased after the killing of Sheikh Isa bin Turayf (Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe)
5. Sheikh Mohammad's wisdom and political talent
6. Sheikh Mohammad led Qatari tribes against Mohammad Al Khalifa's revenge attempts### Relocation and Conflict

• Rahma bin Jabir moved from Qatar to Al Dammam on the Al Ahsa coast, but a conflict with the Saudis led to the destruction of his castle in Al Dammam in 1816
• He relocated his family back to Khor Hassan, then moved to Boshahr, and returned to Al Dammam in 1819

British Involvement and First Contact with Qatar

• Rahma bin Jabir's actions, including his alliance with the ruler of Persia to invade Bahrain, refusal to join British peace treaties, and piracy, concerned the British
• In 1821, the British East India Company sent the destroyer "Vestal" to bombard Al Bida (Doha), marking the first contact between Britain and Qatar
• The bombardment, known as "the first destruction of Doha", forced many inhabitants to flee to islands between Qatar and the Omani coast

Continued British Relations with Qatar

• In 1823, British Resident Mr Macleod visited Doha, noticing Al Buainin's authority and assuming Doha was under the peace treaty like Bahrain
• Macleod ordered ships and raised the treaty's flag, realizing Qatar was not under Al Khalifa's authority
• British attention was not focused on the development of Qatar until the withdrawal of Egyptian forces from Al Ahsa in 1823

Effects of the Second Saudi State on Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes' Relationship

• Faisal bin Turki's reign and the creation of the second Saudi state affected Qatar's relationship with Al Khalifa in Bahrain (1824-1891)
• Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad and his sons moved to Qatar's coast to monitor Saudi movements due to their bad relationship with the Saudis
• Conflicts arose between the Sheikh of Bahrain and the Sheikh of Al bin Ali tribe, who withdrew his tribe to Abu Dhabi to create a base to launch strikes against the Sheikh of Bahrain
• Large numbers of the Al Buainain tribe withdrew to Abu Dhabi, confirming that Qatari tribes refused to submit to Al Khalifa's authority

Qatar in the First Half of the 19th Century

• Qatar faced problems including Bahrain's expansion, Rahma's conflict, Bahrain's control attempts, and Omani maritime attacks
• The British took measures for maritime peace, including sending a marine force to Qatar, including Qatar in maritime truce agreements in 1835, and forcing Doha, Al Wakra, and Khor Al Udaid Sheikhs to make pledges
• Continued attacks led the British to hold the Sheikh of Doha responsible, and they shelled Doha with artillery fire in 1841

The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain (1840-1843) and Its Effects on Regional Powers

• The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) involved the Al Khalifa family, the Saudi state, and the British.
• Qatar was affected by the conflict, leading to significant developments in the 1840s and 1850s.

Phases of the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843

• First Phase (1840): Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces withdrew from Al Ahsa, creating a political vacuum in the region.
• Second Phase (1842): Conflict over Al Khalifa rule spilled into Qatar, with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad leading the conflict.
• Key Characteristic of this Phase: Transition of the conflict to Qatar, leading to the emergence of local forces, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani.

Parties to the Internal Conflict in Bahrain and Their Relationship with Qatari Tribes

• Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled Bahrain from 1821-1849.
• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa challenged his rule and attempted to seize power (1840-1843).
• Sheikh Abdullah's three sons rebelled against him, causing political turmoil in Bahrain.
• Sheikh Abdullah moved to Khor Hassan in Qatar to monitor the situation.

Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa's Coalition with Qatari Tribes

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad.
• Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani initially refused to assist but later agreed, along with the Al Maadheed tribe.
• The coalition used Al Fuwairit as their base and succeeded in entering Bahrain, taking over power as Sheikh Abdullah left for Dammam.

Battle of Umm Suwaya (1847)

• The battle took place between Issa bin Turayf (Sheikh of Al bin Ali) and Mohammad bin Khalifa near Al-Fuwairit.
• Reasons for the Dispute: Issa bin Turayf accepted a negotiation request from Sheikh Abdullah's sons, angering Mohammad bin Khalifa, and allied with Mohammad bin Khalifa's adversaries.
• Outcomes:
  • Issa bin Turayf was killed.
  • The Al bin Ali tribe left Qatar.
  • Tribes allied with Issa bin Turayf were defeated.
  • Sheikh Abdullah's hopes to return to rule Bahrain were dashed.

Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes (after the Battle of Mesaimeer)

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Sheikh Jassim collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against Bahrain.
• Sequences of Events:
  1. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa besieged Doha, preventing supplies.
  2. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa asked the ruler of Abu Dhabi for support against Qatari tribes.
  3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a force to discipline Qatari tribes.
• Conciliation Agreement:
  1. The ruler of Bahrain shall pay an annual tax of 4000 riyals.
  2. Qatar shall fall under Al Khalifa's power.

The British and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa

• Accusations: Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa instigated Qatari tribes to attack Saudi nationals.
• Saudi Involvement: The Saudi governor of Al Ahsa helped Sheikh Mohammad bin Abdullah Al Khalifa (son of the former ruler of Bahrain) in invading Bahrain to restore his rule over Bahrain (1859).
• British Intervention (1861): The British intervened to prevent further escalation, recognizing and upholding previous treaties with the British.
• British Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa (May 1861):
  1. Refrain from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection of Bahrain.

British Reports on Qatar (1866)

• Reports by the British Political Resident: Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar, considering himself independent in Bahrain islands.
• Tax and Protection: Tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from any tribal attack.
• Saudi Government Agent: A Saudi government agent resided in Doha from 1852 to 1866.

Impact of Internal Conflict in Bahrain on the Political Situation in Qatar

• Qatari Tribes: Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other, realizing the possibility of establishing an independent entity capable of combatting outside influence.

Features of Qatar during the Internal Conflict in Bahrain in the 19th Century

• Qatari Tribes: Refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers.
• Al Khalifa's Power: Al Khalifa could extend power over Qatari tribes in the 1840s due to their discord and disintegration.
• Al Thani Family: Emerged as leaders, encouraging tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula.

Al Thani Family Emergence and Hostility between Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

• Al Khalifa's Power Extension: Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa.
• Qatari-Saudi Relationship: Qatar and Saudi relationship became stronger under Al Thani leadership.
• Al Khalifa Representative: Al Khalifa assigned Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative, leading to closer relationship between Ahmad and Qataris.
• Hostility: Qatari tribes hated Qatar-based representative of Al Khalifa (Ahmad) due to his harshness, escalating hostility between both sides.

Actions Qataris Took to Rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's Authority

• Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani's Letter: Jassim wrote to the ruler of Bahrain, explaining his representative's misconduct and demanding independence from Bahrain.
• Threats: Threatened to seek regional help if Bahrain's authority continued.

Al Khalifa's Response to Al Thani's Growing Strength

• Appeasement: Appeased Al Naeem tribes, inviting leaders to Bahrain and honoring them to improve their image.
• Betrayal and Imprisonment: Betrayed and imprisoned Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani, leading to increased tensions and new battles.

Relationship between Qatari Tribes and Al Khalifa after Jassim Al Thani's Imprisonment

• Attack on Al Wakra and Doha: Attack by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler (1867) led to the second destruction of Doha.
• Imprisonment and Exchange: Jassim Al Thani was imprisoned for 1.5 years, leading to an exchange of Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani.
• British Response: Britain held Mohammad bin Khalifa responsible, imposing penalties and fines on both Mohammad bin Khalifa and the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi.

Britain's Position on Tribal Conflicts

• 1867: Attack on Al Wakra and Doha violated agreements with Britain (1861 agreement).
• British Response:
  1. Obligated Sheikh of Abu Dhabi to pay compensation to Qatar as an apology.
  2. Bombed and destroyed Abu Maher Castle (in Muharraq).
  3. Deposed Mohammad bin Khalifa, appointing his brother Ali who vowed to arrest his brother and hand him over to the Political Resident.
  4. Imposed hefty fines and handed over Al Khalifa's warships to Britain.
• Britain's Understanding: Britain understood Qatari tribes' launch against Bahrain.

1868 Agreement

• Provisions:
  1. Reside in Doha in peace.
  2. Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea.
  3. Seek British adjudication during any disputes with neighbors.
  4. Extradition to Britain of former Bahrain ruler (Mohammad bin Khalifa) if captured.
  5. Maintain good relationships with Bahrain's new Sheikh, Ali bin Khalifa.
• Significance:
  1. Recognized Al Thani family as Qatar's formal rulers.
  2. Marked the start of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate.

Emergence of the Al Thani Family

• Result: Emerged from the conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain.

Origin and Migration

• Al Maadheed, Bani Tamim Roots: Originated from the Al Maadheed tribe, a branch of the Bani Tamim tribe.
• Migration: Migrated from Ushaiger in Washm, central Arabia (Najd), to Qatar in the late 17th century.

Founder and Leadership

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani: Founded the Al Thani family and settled in Doha in 1848.
• Leadership: United Qatari tribes against their opponents, the Al Khalifa of Bahrain.

Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's Characteristics

• Prominent Pearl Merchant: Financially stable.
• Generous, Intelligent, Vigilant, and Acumen: Possessed qualities that made him a successful leader.
• Religious: A pious individual.

Recognition by Belgrave

• Visit to Qatar (1863): Belgrave visited Qatar and recognized Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani as the ruler of Al-Bidaa and a figure of authority.

Why the Al Thani Family Was Able to Lead the Qatari Tribes

• Social and Economic Status: Accumulated a fortune from pearl trading.
• Al Maadheed, Urbanized: Belong

The Internal Conflict (Civil War) in Bahrain (1840-1843) and Its Effects on Regional Powers

• The internal conflict in Bahrain (1840-1843) involved the Al Khalifa family, the Saudi state, and the British.
• Qatar was affected by the conflict, leading to significant developments in the 1840s and 1850s.

Phases of the Conflict in Bahrain between 1840-1843

• First Phase (1840): Mehmed Ali Pasha's forces withdrew from Al Ahsa, creating a political vacuum in the region.
• Second Phase (1842): Conflict over Al Khalifa rule spilled into Qatar, with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and his grandfather Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad leading the conflict.
• Key Characteristic of this Phase: Transition of the conflict to Qatar, leading to the emergence of local forces, including Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani.

Parties to the Internal Conflict in Bahrain and Their Relationship with Qatari Tribes

• Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Mohammed Al Khalifa ruled Bahrain from 1821-1849.
• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa challenged his rule and attempted to seize power (1840-1843).
• Sheikh Abdullah's three sons rebelled against him, causing political turmoil in Bahrain.
• Sheikh Abdullah moved to Khor Hassan in Qatar to monitor the situation.

Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa's Coalition with Qatari Tribes

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a coalition with Qatari tribes to overthrow Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmad.
• Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani initially refused to assist but later agreed, along with the Al Maadheed tribe.
• The coalition used Al Fuwairit as their base and succeeded in entering Bahrain, taking over power as Sheikh Abdullah left for Dammam.

Battle of Umm Suwaya (1847)

• The battle took place between Issa bin Turayf (Sheikh of Al bin Ali) and Mohammad bin Khalifa near Al-Fuwairit.
• Reasons for the Dispute: Issa bin Turayf accepted a negotiation request from Sheikh Abdullah's sons, angering Mohammad bin Khalifa, and allied with Mohammad bin Khalifa's adversaries.
• Outcomes:
  • Issa bin Turayf was killed.
  • The Al bin Ali tribe left Qatar.
  • Tribes allied with Issa bin Turayf were defeated.
  • Sheikh Abdullah's hopes to return to rule Bahrain were dashed.

Relationship between Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa and Qatari Tribes (after the Battle of Mesaimeer)

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa considered Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani and Sheikh Jassim collaborators with Prince Faisal bin Turki in leading the rebellion against Bahrain.
• Sequences of Events:
  1. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa besieged Doha, preventing supplies.
  2. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa asked the ruler of Abu Dhabi for support against Qatari tribes.
  3. Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa formed a force to discipline Qatari tribes.
• Conciliation Agreement:
  1. The ruler of Bahrain shall pay an annual tax of 4000 riyals.
  2. Qatar shall fall under Al Khalifa's power.

The British and Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa

• Accusations: Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa instigated Qatari tribes to attack Saudi nationals.
• Saudi Involvement: The Saudi governor of Al Ahsa helped Sheikh Mohammad bin Abdullah Al Khalifa (son of the former ruler of Bahrain) in invading Bahrain to restore his rule over Bahrain (1859).
• British Intervention (1861): The British intervened to prevent further escalation, recognizing and upholding previous treaties with the British.
• British Agreement with Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa (May 1861):
  1. Refrain from launching wars, piracy, and slave trade in exchange for British protection of Bahrain.

British Reports on Qatar (1866)

• Reports by the British Political Resident: Sheikh of Bahrain declared loyalty to the Saudis to maintain property in Qatar, considering himself independent in Bahrain islands.
• Tax and Protection: Tax paid by Mohammad Al Khalifa on his property in Qatar was in exchange for protection from any tribal attack.
• Saudi Government Agent: A Saudi government agent resided in Doha from 1852 to 1866.

Impact of Internal Conflict in Bahrain on the Political Situation in Qatar

• Qatari Tribes: Qatari tribes felt powerful if allied with each other, realizing the possibility of establishing an independent entity capable of combatting outside influence.

Features of Qatar during the Internal Conflict in Bahrain in the 19th Century

• Qatari Tribes: Refused to submit authority to Bahrain rulers.
• Al Khalifa's Power: Al Khalifa could extend power over Qatari tribes in the 1840s due to their discord and disintegration.
• Al Thani Family: Emerged as leaders, encouraging tribes to seek independence and govern themselves in the Qatar Peninsula.

Al Thani Family Emergence and Hostility between Al Khalifa and Qatari Tribes

• Al Khalifa's Power Extension: Al Khalifa extended power over Qatar following the Saudi agreement with Mohammad bin Khalifa.
• Qatari-Saudi Relationship: Qatar and Saudi relationship became stronger under Al Thani leadership.
• Al Khalifa Representative: Al Khalifa assigned Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa as Qatar representative, leading to closer relationship between Ahmad and Qataris.
• Hostility: Qatari tribes hated Qatar-based representative of Al Khalifa (Ahmad) due to his harshness, escalating hostility between both sides.

Actions Qataris Took to Rid Qatar of Al Khalifa's Authority

• Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani's Letter: Jassim wrote to the ruler of Bahrain, explaining his representative's misconduct and demanding independence from Bahrain.
• Threats: Threatened to seek regional help if Bahrain's authority continued.

Al Khalifa's Response to Al Thani's Growing Strength

• Appeasement: Appeased Al Naeem tribes, inviting leaders to Bahrain and honoring them to improve their image.
• Betrayal and Imprisonment: Betrayed and imprisoned Jassim bin Mohammad Al Thani, leading to increased tensions and new battles.

Relationship between Qatari Tribes and Al Khalifa after Jassim Al Thani's Imprisonment

• Attack on Al Wakra and Doha: Attack by Mohammad bin Khalifa and Abu Dhabi's ruler (1867) led to the second destruction of Doha.
• Imprisonment and Exchange: Jassim Al Thani was imprisoned for 1.5 years, leading to an exchange of Al Khalifa leaders for Jassim Al Thani.
• British Response: Britain held Mohammad bin Khalifa responsible, imposing penalties and fines on both Mohammad bin Khalifa and the Sheikh of Abu Dhabi.

Britain's Position on Tribal Conflicts

• 1867: Attack on Al Wakra and Doha violated agreements with Britain (1861 agreement).
• British Response:
  1. Obligated Sheikh of Abu Dhabi to pay compensation to Qatar as an apology.
  2. Bombed and destroyed Abu Maher Castle (in Muharraq).
  3. Deposed Mohammad bin Khalifa, appointing his brother Ali who vowed to arrest his brother and hand him over to the Political Resident.
  4. Imposed hefty fines and handed over Al Khalifa's warships to Britain.
• Britain's Understanding: Britain understood Qatari tribes' launch against Bahrain.

1868 Agreement

• Provisions:
  1. Reside in Doha in peace.
  2. Refrain from undertaking hostilities at sea.
  3. Seek British adjudication during any disputes with neighbors.
  4. Extradition to Britain of former Bahrain ruler (Mohammad bin Khalifa) if captured.
  5. Maintain good relationships with Bahrain's new Sheikh, Ali bin Khalifa.
• Significance:
  1. Recognized Al Thani family as Qatar's formal rulers.
  2. Marked the start of Qatar's modern history as an independent emirate.

Emergence of the Al Thani Family

• Result: Emerged from the conflict within Al Khalifa in Bahrain.

Origin and Migration

• Al Maadheed, Bani Tamim Roots: Originated from the Al Maadheed tribe, a branch of the Bani Tamim tribe.
• Migration: Migrated from Ushaiger in Washm, central Arabia (Najd), to Qatar in the late 17th century.

Founder and Leadership

• Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani: Founded the Al Thani family and settled in Doha in 1848.
• Leadership: United Qatari tribes against their opponents, the Al Khalifa of Bahrain.

Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani's Characteristics

• Prominent Pearl Merchant: Financially stable.
• Generous, Intelligent, Vigilant, and Acumen: Possessed qualities that made him a successful leader.
• Religious: A pious individual.

Recognition by Belgrave

• Visit to Qatar (1863): Belgrave visited Qatar and recognized Sheikh Mohammad bin Thani as the ruler of Al-Bidaa and a figure of authority.

Why the Al Thani Family Was Able to Lead the Qatari Tribes

• Social and Economic Status: Accumulated a fortune from pearl trading.
• Al Maadheed, Urbanized: Belong