HIST 121 Post Midterm Notes PDF

HIST 121 POST MID TERM NOTES DR HAMAD  CHAPTER 1 THE INTERNAL CONFLICT IN BAHRAIN AND ITS IMPACT ON QATAR (Note: This takes place between 1840 and 1868). ARAB TRIBAL MIGRATION FROM NAJD TO EASTERN ARABIA: Al Ma’adhid and Al Utub migrated in early 18th century. U...

HIST 121 POST MID TERM NOTES DR HAMAD  CHAPTER 1 THE INTERNAL CONFLICT IN BAHRAIN AND ITS IMPACT ON QATAR (Note: This takes place between 1840 and 1868). ARAB TRIBAL MIGRATION FROM NAJD TO EASTERN ARABIA: Al Ma’adhid and Al Utub migrated in early 18th century. Utub with its three branches (Al Sabah, Al Khalifa, and Al Jalahma) settled in Zubarah and not beyond that. - Utub did not remain there for long and moved out in 1716 to Kuwait (Basra). - In 1766 a conflict rose between the Utub branches causing the Al Khalifa and Al Jalahma to return to Zubarah for the second time and remained until 1783. - Sheikh Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Khalifa took control over Bahrain with the help of Qatari tribes and defeated the Al Madhkur in 1783. Al Thani family: - belongs to Al Ma’adhid from Wahbah tribe tracing back to Banu Tamim. - Central Arabia (Najd) was struck with a drought caused them to move to Ushaiqir in Washm. - Then to Jabrin Oasis, Askak, Al Ruwais, Zubarah, Fuwairat and finally Doha in 1848. First Saudi state: - formed in 1745 in Najd, alliance of Muhammad bin Saud and Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab. - They ruled Qatar and rest of the Arabian gulf coast in 1788. - Ottomans saw this as a threat. - Took help from the ruler of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha who sent a military campaign led by his son Ibrahim Pasha. - They succeeded and took over Diriyah in 1818 and ended Al Saud rule over Qatar, Al Ahsa, and Gulf Emirates. THE BAHRAINI CIVIL WAR (1840-1843) AND ITS IMPACT ON QATAR - Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed and his cousin Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa had a conflict. - Sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa asked Qatari tribes and Mohammad bin Thani for their support. - They accepted and helped him against his cousin. - Mohammad bin Thani and the tribes used Fuwairat as their base to attack Bahrain. - They succeeded by taking over Bahrain and Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed moved to Dammam. - The sons of Sheikh Abdullah bin Ahmed tried to convince the people of Qatar to allow them to return to Bahrain.  - The Qataris did not like that, and a dispute broke out and resulted in the battle of Umm Suwwaya 1847. QATAR AND SECOND SAUDI STATE (1843-1891) - Abdullah bin Ahmed asked Faisal bin Turki (founder of second Saudi state) for help. - In 1850 Saudi ruler asked Mohammad bin Thani to prepare for war against Mohammad bin Khalifa the new ruler of Bahrain. - In 1852 sheikh Mohammad bin Khalifa gathered an army to attack Doha. - He asked for help from the ruler of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Saeed bin Tahnoun who agreed (battle of Mesaimeer). - They attacked Doha from the sea but not from land due to: 1. Readiness of Qatari people to defend Doha. 2. Sheikh Mohammad Al Thani and his alliance with Saudi state. - From 1840’s onwards the Qataris realized their goals of independence and it helped having a pious and brave leader accompanied by his son Sheikh Jassim. - Faisal bin Turki formed an alliance with the ruler of Qatar in 1852. AL WAKRAH INCIDENT 1866 - In 1866 the people of Ahmed bin Khalifa Al Khalifa (representative of Al Khalifa in Qatar) attacked Nuaimi tribe in Al Wakrah. - Sheikh Jassim attacked Ahmed bin Khalifa Al Khalifa at Al Wakrah fort and ended up taking control. - Bahraini rulers plotted against Sheikh Jassim. - Sheikh Jassim was invited to Bahrain for consultations in 1867. - When he arrived in Manama, they imprisoned him. - The Al Khalifa took advantage of this and formed alliance with the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa. - They attacked Doha together in 1867. - They succeeded mainly because the Qatari men were absent due to pearl diving and fishing season. - In June 1868 the Qataris responded by attacking Bahrain causing the battle of Damsa. - The Qataris strategically withdrew and lured the Bahraini ships into a trap. They captured Ibrahim bin Isa Al Khalifa and Hamoud bin Salman Al Khalifa. - Sheikh Jassim was released through prisoner exchange. BRITISH AUTHORITIES - British authorities saw the actions Bahrain and Abu Dhabi as a threat. - Lewis Pelly, British resident, ordered the ruler of Abu Dhabi to pay a fine and to give a formal apology for the attacks on Doha. - Mohammad Bin Khalifa fled Bahrain due to British intervene and the British banned Mohammad Bin Khalifa to rule Bahrain. - His brother Ali bin Khalifa was appointed as a new ruler. - He paid a compensation to the people of Doha and a fine was also imposed. - British ships burned all the Bahraini vessels used in the attacks. - Pelly visited Qatar in 1868 and promised the Qatari people a compensation. - September 12, 1868, an agreement was signed with Sheikh Mohammad Bin Thani marking the first contact between Qatar and Bahrain. - The Al Thani family was now recognized by the British as the ruling family in Qatar.  CHAPTER 2 THE OTTOMAN BRITISH RIVALRY OVER QATAR (1871-1913) (note: this part is from 1869-1915) OTTOMAN POLICY IN QATAR AND THE ARABIAN GULF - Policy primarily based on maintaining limited interference in the Arabian gulf. - British influence was increasingly evident in the gulf in the 19th century. - Qawasim fiercely opposed the British authority. - British saw this as a threat and launched a military campaign against Ras Al Khaimah in 1819. - This ended Qaswasim’s power and the British influence in then Arabian Gulf increased. - The ottoman then realized that they need to switch their nominal presence in the Gulf to an actual military and political presence. - This was led by Midhat Pasha the ruler of Iraq in 1869. - However, they realized that the British had already been controlling the Arabian Gulf. - The Ottomans decision to increase their influence in the Gulf was accompanied by many factors, 1. Midhat Pasha rule (1869-1872) 2. Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 3. The internal Saudi family dispute. The sons of Faisal bin Turki (Saud and Abdullah) were in dispute. Abdullah asked for help from Ottoman who dispatched a military campaign to Al Ahsa in 1871 (known as Al Ahsa Campaign). AL AHSA CAMPAIGN - Nafidh Pasha led the Ottoman forces and moved to Al Ahsa. - Sheikh Jassim welcomed and accepted the sovereignty of Ottomans over Qatar and accommodated a military garrison for Ottomans in Qatar. - Sheikh Jassim had this willingness so that he could remove some of the obligations imposed on him and his father in the 1868 treaty. And to exploit British-Ottoman rivalry to achieve political independence. Which proved successful. - The ottoman presence in Doha lasted until 1915 and was very limited. - Qatar also remained free from the British due to the British not wanting to confront Ottomans. QATARI-OTTOMAN RELATIONS - The relations between the two were stable until 1887. - In 1888 the Ottomans proposed a customs house in Doha to gain more influence and the relations started to deteriorate. - Sheikh Jasim opposed this and argued that this would cause high prices and people would migrate.  - Sheikh Jassim also justified that the Ottomans were not of much help during the Qatar- Abu Dhabi conflict over Khor Udaid. - Eventually an armed conflict occurred in 1893. OTTOMAN CAMPAIGN AGAINST QATAR IN 1893 - Ottomans sent Hafiz Pasha the governor of Basra to gain more political influence over Qatar. - Sheikh Jassim planned and moved to Wajbah, 12 miles west of Doha. He also announced his resignation as the Ottoman appointed Governor (ka’ymakam) which was given to him by Midhat Pasha in favor of his bother Sheikh Ahmed. - The governor of Basra followed the Ottoman demand and negotiated with Sheikh Ahmed, 1. Qataris should pay taxes for past 15 years. 2. Qatar should be under direct Ottoman rule. 3. Intervening in Qatar’s internal affairs. 4. Increasing the number of soldiers in Doha fortress. - Disagreement of this led to an armed conflict. BATTLE OF WAJBAH - March 1883, Hafiz Pasha arrested Sheikh Ahmed and other tribal leaders and blocked Doha by land and sea. - Sheikh Jassim responded with a carefully devised plan. - The Ottomans suffered much loss due to this and the Ottoman forces retreated to Al Shaqab. - Qatari forces attacked Al Sahqab and forced Hafiz Pasha to relocate to Doha. - He was also forced out of there and went to the ships blockading Doha. - Sheikh Jassim refused any negotiations and Sheikh Ahmed, and others were released. - Finally Hafiz Pasha retreated to Al-Ahsa and Sheikh Jassim won the battle in 1 day. THE OUTCOMES OF THE BATTLE OF WAJBAH - Success in the battle of Wajbah increased sheikh Jassim’s popularity as a strong leader. - The collapse of Ottoman influence in the Gulf Emirates. - Sheikh Jassim sent a letter to Sultan Abdul Hamid II regarding Hafiz Pasha’s responsibility in this battle. - Hafiz Pasha was removed from his governor post. - The Ottomans sent Naqib Al Ashraf (chief of the nobles) of Basra to negotiate with Sheikh Jassim. Which resulted in, 1. Acceptance of sheikh Jassim’s resignation from the position of Ottoman appointed governor. 2. The return of Ottoman weapons that were seized in Battle of Wajbah. - The Ottomans reversed their decision of acceptance of the resignation of Sheikh Jassim because they saw him as a strong man and wanted to win him back. - Ottomans decline was more evident when they entered negotiations with British in 1911 and 1912. - Eventually Anglo-Ottoman agreement was signed in July 1913. Signed by Ibrahim Haqqi Pasha and Edward grey. - Most prominent point of this agreement related to Qatar was that Ottoman stepped back from their sovereignty in Qatar and Al Thani family rule Qatar. - This agreement wasn’t properly implemented due to World War 1 (1914-1918) and forced Ottomans to fully withdraw from Qatar.  CHAPTER 3 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT DURING THE REIGN OF SHEIKH ABDULLAH BIN JASSIM 1916 BRITISH PROTECTION TREATY: - Ottoman withdrew from Qatar in 1915 - British wanted to sign a treaty; negotiations went on for more than a year. - British representative; Percy Cox - Qatari representative; Sheikh Abdullah - Treaty was signed November 3, 1916 The following were the key provisions of the treaty: 1. Combatting arms trafficking, piracy, and slave trade 2. Supplying arms to Qatar annually 3. Britain protecting Qatar from maritime attacks. 4. Qatar pledges to uphold maritime security and peace. Sheikh Abdullah disagreed to three conditions: 1. Appointment of British representative in Qatar (threat to independence) 2. Entry of Indian traders (Banias were a threat to local businesses) 3. Establishment of wireless telegraph and postal offices (not required, however would be considered in the future) IMPLICATIONS OF THE TREATY, QATAR ARMAMENT CRISIS: - British overlooked the treaty during World War 1 to match its own interests. - Britain did not fulfill its promise of supplying Qatar with arms and defense. - Abdelaziz Al Saud took over Al-Ahsa in 1913 - Rumors about him attacking Qatar. - This is why Sheikh Abdullah was concerned. - British political resident Trevor arrived in Qatar upon request of Sheikh Abdullah. - Trevor argued that Britain would only work diplomatically and provide protection from sea as mentioned in the treaty. - In 1915 treaty of Darin, Saudi prince pledged that they won’t attack Qatar. RENEWAL OF BRITISH-QATARI TREATY IN 1935: - Britain desperately needed an aircraft base in Qatar. - Sheikh Abdullah thought of using this as leverage and demand certain things. 1. Protection of Qatar by land 2. Supplying Qatar with arms  - However, this was unsuccessful as Britain abandoned its project. - However, as US started its race for oil concessions, Britain felt threatened. - They didn’t want US to extend its oil exploration to Qatar. - Qatar allowed Britain for oil exploration but only if they reconsidered Qatari demands. - British officials decided to persuade Sheikh Abdullah to grant oil concession to Anglo- Persian oil company to deter American companies. - Hence British resident visited Qatar on April 18, 1935. - They came to an agreement. KEY PROVISIONS OF 1935 RENEWED TREATY: 1. Protection of Qatar whether land or sea 2. British royal air force would be responsible for protection. 3. Qatar would provide necessary protection for British royal air force. 4. Britain agreed to recognize crown prince (sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah) and that he obeys the 1916 treaty. 5. Establishing jurisdiction for disputes of British nationals and non-Muslim foreigners and British judges will oversee these cases. For non-Muslim and Qatari or Muslim nationals, a joint Qatari-British court will be held. OIL EXPLORATION: By 1939 well no.1 in Dukhan was discovered and it struck oil in January 1940. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN QATAR DURING WORLD WAR 2 (1939-1945): - Oil explorations stopped in 1942. - Closing of Anglo-Persian oil company causing unemployment among Qataris. - Loss of vital state revenue - Decline in the pearl industry when Germany took over the number one pearl importer (France). - Strained relations between Qatar and Bahrain after Zubarah event in 1937 causing Bahrain to boycott trade with Qatar. Due to this the economic situation deteriorated which caused major issues: 1. Emergence of families, spread of epidemics, major healthcare issues. 2. Shortage of food supplies and rising prices, resulting in difficulties in importing goods.  CHAPTER 4 ERAS OF SHEIKH ALI BIN ABDULLAH (1949-1960) AND SHEIKH AHMED BIN ALI (1960-1972) REIGN OF SHEIKH ALI BIN ABDULLAH: His key roles in developing Qatar were: 1. Economic growth from oil revenues 2. Official British presence (John Wilton and Philip Plant) 3. Development in education 4. Judicial and administrative development 5. Transformation of Qatari society 6. Service development 7. More actively involved in Arab affairs REIGN OF SHEIKH AHMED BIN ALI: He came to power on October 24, 1960. The most notable change in Qatar during this era were: 1. Removal of British government advisor (1960) 2. Removal of British political resident (1971) 3. Temporary basic law and first cabinet were introduced (1970) 4. Independence from Bahrain (1971) 5. Increased financial resources. 6. Greater Arab integration BRITISH WITHDRAWAL FROM THE ARABIAN GULF AND NINE-EMIRATE UNION PROJECT: - On January 16, 1968, Britain decided to announce its intention to withdraw from Qatar. - End of 1971, they withdrew and all British influence over Qatar was finished. Factors that influenced this: 1. Growth of Arab nationalism in the Arabian Gulf. 2. Economic decline in Britain 3. International rivalry over oil concessions 4. Advancement in military technology caused bases to seem less efficient. NINE EMIRATE UNION TALKS AND QATARI PROPOSAL: On February 25, 1968, a union meeting was held in Dubai, and Qatar submitted its proposal which included: 1. Establishment of a Union  2. Unified foreign policy and defense 3. Respect for independence and sovereignty of member emirates However, the union failed to materialize due to: 1. Ongoing disputes amongst emirates 2. Unresolved decisions 3. Capital selection disagreement. 4. Representation in the federal council QATAR’S INDEPENDENCE: The independence form was signed in Geneva, Switzerland on September 3, 1971, by Sheikh Ahmed bin Ali Al Thani. Post-independence accounted for certain measures: 1. Termination of contractual relations with Bahrain 2. Replacement of protection treaty with a friendship treaty 3. Recognition as an independent state 4. Change of head of state’s title from “ruler” to “emir.” 5. Member in the Arab league (sep 11, 1971) 6. Member in the UN (sep 16, 1971) 7. Establishment of ministry of foreign affairs Protection treaty with Britain lasted from 1916 to 1971. CHAPTER 5 THE ERAS OF SHEIKH KHALIFA AND SHEIKH HAMAD The Era of Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad (1972-1995): - He came to power in February 22, 1972 - Most significant political achievement was to amend the provisional constitution on April 19, 1972 (Amended constitution) - This constitution had 5 chapters and 71 articles. Significant achievements: Economic 1. Nationalization of all petroleum companies in 1974 2. Qatar LNG company established in 1984. 3. Northfield project inaugurated in 1991. 4. Many partnerships happened in the oil and gas sector, boosting revenues. 5. Many manufacturing plants were established. Educational 1. Increased schools 2. Evening schools 3. Literacy schools 4. Qatar university in 1973, college of education for teachers Foreign Policy: - Participation in the Gulf cooperation council - 1973, oil transports to US and Dutch were halted due to their support for Israel in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Reign of Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa (1995-2013): He gained a lot of experience during the reign of his father by holding the following key positions, 1. Commander general of armed forces 2. Crown prince 3. Minister of defense 4. President of supreme council for youth 5. President of the supreme planning council Legislative, constitutional, and administrative developments: 1. In 1995 the media censorship was lifted 2. Al Jazeera channel was established in 1996. 3. Foreign media agency to promote Qatar’s image. 4. Law for organization of elections of Central Municipal Council in 1998 5. First elections were held in 1999.  6. Law for establishment of supreme constitutional court - In 1999 a committee was established for permanent constitution. - It was presented to the public referendum in 2003. - Officially published in the Gazette in 2004. Economic development: - Establishment of supreme planning council - Diversifying income sources and reducing dependence on oil. - Natural gas became cornerstone of Qatari economy. - New policies for liberalizing the economy and trade. Educational development: - Education made compulsory up to the age of 20. - Significant budget allocated for education. Foreign policy: Qatar transformed to a country playing a pioneering role on both regional and global stages. Abdication: On June 26, 2013, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani announced his decision to abdicate the throne and pass the leadership on to the crown prince sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. CHAPTER 6 : Social Structure in Pre-Oil Qatar Communities: 1. Bedouin Community (Nomads): ▪ Roamed deserts in search of water and pasture. ▪ Lifestyle characterized by simplicity and isolation. ▪ Dwellings were easily dismantled goat hair or camel wool tents. ▪ Tribal customs governed societal interactions; allegiance to tribal sheikh. 2. Semi-Bedouin Community: ▪ Blended nomadic and settled lifestyles. 3. Settled Coastal Community: ▪ Permanent settlement along the coast. ▪ Engaged in crafts, professions, and educational activities like kuttab schools. Role of Women: o Bedouin Women: ▪ Worked alongside men, guarded livestock, and engaged in economic activities (e.g., selling firewood). ▪ Wove and constructed tents, sold dairy products, and had more mobility. o Settled Women: ▪ Engaged in sewing, embroidery, water fetching, selling fish, and other crafts. Education in Pre-Oil Qatar Kuttab Schools: o Provided basic education (reading, writing, Qur’an recitation). o Funded by merchants and wealthy patrons. o Open to all genders and social classes. Notable Figures: o Amna Al-Jaidah: ▪ Pioneered girls’ education by opening the first girls’ school in her home in 1938. ▪ Founded Doha Girls’ School in 1955. Economic Life in Pre-Oil Qatar Economic Activities: 1. Pearl Diving: ▪ Main economic driver before oil discovery. ▪ Seasonal activity employing ~13,000 workers in 1904. ▪ Faced risks like shark attacks, respiratory diseases, and skin ailments. 2. Maritime Transport: ▪ Trade routes to Basra, India, and East Africa. ▪ Transported goods such as dates, spices, and textiles. 3. Animal Husbandry and Fishing.  4. Agriculture: ▪ Limited to areas with water access. Decline in Pearling: o Factors: ▪ Introduction of Japanese cultured pearls (1924). ▪ Great Depression and disruption during World War I. ▪ Decline affected all dependent trades and communities. Impact of Slavery: o Enslaved individuals worked in various roles like pearl diving and domestic labor. o Declined with the expansion of oil companies. Cultural Influences Geographical Openness: o Influences from Persia, India, and Africa shaped: ▪ Architecture: Persian-inspired designs, dangel (wooden ceiling beams). ▪ Clothing: Embroidered trousers for women. ▪ Language: Indian terms incorporated into dialects, especially in trade. ▪ Arts: African instruments in folkloric performances. Pearling’s Role in Society: o Integrated Gulf society into global trade. o Contributed to social and population density along the coast. These notes offer a structured overview of pre-oil Qatar's society, economy, and culture for lecture purposes. Let me know if you need further refinement or additional sections! 4o