Anatomy LE 2: Cartilage and Bone
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Anatomy LE 2: Cartilage and Bone

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of cartilage?

  • It is a type of nervous tissue with high concentrations of elastic fibers
  • It is a type of epithelial tissue
  • It is a type of connective tissue with high concentrations of GAGs and proteoglycans (correct)
  • It is a type of muscle tissue with high concentrations of collagen

    • What is the main function of cartilage in the body?

  • To protect the body from external damage
  • To facilitate the movement of muscles
  • To provide a framework for soft tissues (correct)
  • To produce hormones and regulate body functions

    • What allows cartilage to bear mechanical stress?

  • The presence of blood vessels
  • The presence of GAGs and proteoglycans (correct)
  • The presence of lymphatic vessels
  • The presence of nerve endings

    • What is the function of fibrocartilage in the body?

    <p>To absorb shock and facilitate sliding regions within joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of cartilage that allows for almost friction-free movements of the joints?

    <p>Its smooth surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cartilage cells receive nutrition?

    <p>Through diffusion from vascularized outer covering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cartilage in synovial joints?

    <p>To absorb shock and facilitate sliding regions within joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cartilage in the respiratory tract?

    <p>To form the framework supporting soft tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic that distinguishes fibrocartilage from other types of cartilage?

    <p>Abundant type I collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of type I collagen fibers in fibrocartilage?

    <p>To bear mechanical stresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the matrix of fibrocartilage more acidophilic?

    <p>Due to low proteoglycan content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of cartilage in chondrogenesis?

    <p>Mesenchyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in chondrogenesis?

    <p>Rounding up of mesenchymal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of mitosis in chondroblasts?

    <p>Differentiation into chondroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of chondrocytes in cartilage?

    <p>In the lacunae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do chondrocytes obtain nutrients?

    <p>Through diffusion from blood vessels or synovial fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of perichondrium in cartilage?

    <p>Not present in fibrocartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the periosteum composed of?

    <p>Double layer of CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen is found in the outer fibrous layer of the periosteum?

    <p>Type I collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are found in the osteogenic layer of the periosteum?

    <p>Osteoprogenitor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of osteoblasts?

    <p>Secrete osteoid and form bone matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein synthesized by osteoblasts?

    <p>Osteocalcin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first visible step in calcification?

    <p>Mineralization of osteoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of active osteoblasts?

    <p>Columnar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the fibers that bind periosteum to the bone?

    <p>Perforating fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the periosteum absent?

    <p>At articular surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the inorganic matrix during decalcification?

    <p>It is removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of osteocytes?

    <p>To deposit calcium and mineral salts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During endochondral ossification, what happens to the hyaline cartilage model?

    <p>It undergoes degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What penetrates the primary ossification center?

    <p>Blood capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is formed in the diaphysis during endochondral ossification?

    <p>Primary ossification center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of osteoprogenitor cells?

    <p>To secrete osteoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the woven bone in the primary ossification center?

    <p>It is replaced by compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms in the epiphysis at the time of birth?

    <p>Secondary ossification center</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of bone collar formation?

    <p>Impeded diffusion of oxygen and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the epiphyseal plate?

    <p>Bone elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end result of the continuous deposition of bony matrix?

    <p>Formation of compact bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical order of the overlapping zones in the epiphyseal plate?

    <p>From diaphysis to epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of blood vessels in the formation of trabecular bone?

    <p>They infiltrate the trabeculae and become red marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when the ossification centers fuse?

    <p>The bone reaches its full stature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the epiphyseal plate in childhood?

    <p>It promotes bone elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of cartilage used as a template in endochondral ossification?

    <p>Hyaline cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the fusion of ossification centers?

    <p>The formation of epiphyseal lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bone is formed through the process of endochondral ossification?

    <p>Both long and short bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Periosteum

    • Double-layered connective tissue (CT) surrounding the outer bone surface
    • Vascularized structure, absent at articular surfaces
    • Outer fibrous layer consists of dense CT with type I collagen, small blood vessels, and fibroblasts
    • Inner osteogenic layer features osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and inactive bone lining cells
    • Perforating/Sharpey fibers bind periosteum to bone, acting as a glue

    Bone Cells

    • Osteoblasts

      • Arise from mesenchymal stem cells, located at bone matrix surface
      • Active osteoblasts are cuboidal or columnar with basophilic cytoplasm
      • Secrete osteoid (organic bone matrix) located between osteoblast layer and pre-existing bone
      • Synthesize osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase, critical for hydroxyapatite crystal formation

    • Osteocytes

      • Mature bone cells, originating from trapped osteoblasts in lacunae
      • Involved in maintaining bone matrix and regulating mineral content

    Cartilage

    • Tough, durable connective tissue characterized by cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (ECM) rich in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans
    • Avascular structures with no lymphatic vessels or nerves, obtaining nutrition through diffusion from the perichondrium

    Functions of Cartilage

    • Supports mechanical stress and movement, found in intervertebral discs and synovial joints
    • Provides smooth articulating surfaces for nearly friction-free joint movements
    • Serves as a framework supporting soft tissues, such as in the ear and nose

    Endochondral Ossification

    • Involves the conversion of hyaline cartilage into bone, crucial for long and short bone formation
    • Primary ossification centers develop in the diaphysis and are invaded by blood vessels carrying osteoprogenitor cells
    • Secondary ossification centers arise in the epiphysis at birth
    • Growth plate (epiphyseal plate) facilitates bone elongation and consists of five overlapping zones

    Chondrogenesis

    • Process of cartilage formation from mesenchymal cells
    • Involves rounding up and condensation of mesenchymal cells, mitosis, and differentiation into chondroblasts
    • Chondroblasts secrete matrix, become trapped in lacunae, and differentiate into chondrocytes

    Fibrocartilage

    • Hybrid tissue composed of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue
    • Contains type I collagen fibers, providing resistance to tensile forces
    • Lacks perichondrium, receiving nutrition via diffusion from local blood vessels or synovial fluid

    Summary of Learning Objectives

    • Characterization of cartilage and bone histology, including parts and functionalities
    • Classification of cartilage types based on composition and histology
    • Explanation of bone formation, growth, repair processes, and regenerative capacities

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