Human Anatomy & Histology: Body Systems III
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Questions and Answers

What is the name of the lecturer in the given course?

  • Omayma Kamel Afifi (correct)
  • Prof. Mohamed Hassan
  • Dr. Ahmed Ali
  • Dr. Fatima Abdalla

    • What is the program of the course 'Human Anatomy & Histology'?

  • Medicine
  • Dentistry
  • Pharm D (correct)
  • Nursing

    • How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?

  • 50
  • 20
  • 31 (correct)
  • 40

    • What is the main characteristic of grey matter in the CNS?

    <p>Perikaryons cells bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Professor in the Promotion Committee of the Supreme Council?

    <p>Arbitrator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the CNS is the white matter primarily found?

    <p>Spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the University where the lecturer is affiliated?

    <p>Tanta University</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the color of nervous tissue without staining?

    <p>Grey or white color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most characteristic component of white matter in the nervous system?

    <p>Myelinated axons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most characteristic component of grey matter in the nervous system?

    <p>Perikaryons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the photoreceptors in the retina?

    <p>Rods &amp; cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the cornea?

    <p>Irregularly arranged fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers does the retina have?

    <p>9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the innermost layer of the retina?

    <p>Internal limiting membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outermost layer of the retina?

    <p>Pigment epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the middle layer of the retina?

    <p>Inner nuclear layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the spinal cord contains only ascending tracts?

    <p>Posterior or dorsal column</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the two dorsal horns in the grey matter?

    <p>Sensory nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of nerve fibers having the same site, function, origin, and termination in the white matter?

    <p>Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cerebrum has a uniform structure and same thickness?

    <p>Cerebellar cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number of layers in the neocortex?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the middle canal in the spinal cord that contains CSF and is lined by ependymal cells?

    <p>Central canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the two ventral horns in the grey matter?

    <p>Motor nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the nuclei scattered inside the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum?

    <p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is unique to the cerebellum?

    <p>Purkinje cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Bowman's membrane in the cornea?

    <p>To serve as a supportive layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the transparency of the cornea?

    <p>The absence of pigments and blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the vitreous space in the eye?

    <p>Gelatinous vitreous body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of oxygen and nutrition for the cornea?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the embryological origin of the pigment epithelium in the retina?

    <p>The outer layer of the optic cup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many layers does the retina consist of?

    <p>10 layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the retina's susceptibility to detachment?

    <p>It is formed from two layers of the optic cup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Body Systems III

    • The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
    • The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

    Microscopic Structure of CNS

    • Grey matter consists of:
      • Perikaryons (cell bodies)
      • Dendrites
      • Unmyelinated axons
      • Neuroglia
    • White matter consists of:
      • Neuroglia
      • Myelinated axons (most characteristic)

    Spinal Cord Section

    • Central canal in the middle contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is lined by ependymal cells
    • Inner H-shaped grey matter surrounded by outer white matter tracts

    Grey Matter

    • Contains:
      • Two dorsal (posterior) horns (sensory nuclei)
      • Two ventral (anterior) horns (motor nuclei)
      • Transverse grey commissure (commissural nuclei)
      • Additional two lateral horns (autonomic nuclei) in thoracic and upper 2 lumbar regions

    White Matter

    • Divided into longitudinal columns containing nerve fibers (axons) with the same site, function, origin, and termination (tracts)
    • Posterior or dorsal column:
      • Completely separated from the lateral column
      • Contains ascending (sensory) tracts only
    • Lateral column:
      • Free communication with the anterior column
      • Contains ascending and descending tracts
    • Anterior or ventral column:
      • Free communication with the lateral column
      • Contains ascending and descending tracts

    Cerebrum and Cerebellum

    • Have outer grey matter (cortex) and inner white matter
    • Many nuclei (Basal ganglia and intracerebellar nuclei) scattered inside white matter, which is grey matter
    • Different arrangement from spinal cord
    • Cerebral cortex:
      • Varying structure and thickness from one region to another
      • 6 layers in the neocortex (90% in humans)
    • Cerebellar cortex:
      • Uniform structure and same thickness
      • 3 layers

    Eye Structure

    • Has three coats (layers)
    • Cavities of the eyeball:
      • Anterior and posterior chambers contain aqueous humor
      • Vitreous space filled with a gelatinous vitreous body

    Cornea

    • Colorless, transparent, and avascular
    • Highly innervated and consists of 5 layers:
      1. Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
      2. Bowman's (anterior limiting) membrane
      3. Corneal stroma
      4. Descemet's (posterior limiting) membrane
      5. Simple squamous endothelium

    Corneal Transparency

    • Due to:
      • Relative dehydrated state
      • Regular arrangement of collagen fibrils in stroma
      • Absence of blood vessels and pigments
      • Non-vascular cornea receives nutrition and O2 from:
        • Diffusion from adjacent blood vessels
        • Aqueous humor of anterior chamber
        • O2 from air on the outer surface

    Retina

    • Consists of 10 distinct layers and is liable to retinal detachment
    • Formed from 2 layers of optic cup:
      1. Thin outer layer gives pigment epithelium (1 layer)
      2. Thick inner layer develops into photosensitive or neural retina (9 layers)

    Retinal Layers

    • From outside to inside:
      1. Pigment epithelium
      2. Rods and cones (photoreceptors)
      3. External limiting membrane
      4. Outer nuclear layer (rods and cones)
      5. Outer synaptic layer
      6. Inner nuclear layer (bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells)
      7. Inner synaptic layer
      8. Ganglion cell layer
      9. Nerve fiber layer
      10. Internal limiting membrane

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of human body systems with this quiz, covering topics from the Histology course in the Pharm D program.

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