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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the lecturer in the given course?
What is the program of the course 'Human Anatomy & Histology'?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there in the human body?
What is the main characteristic of grey matter in the CNS?
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What is the function of the Professor in the Promotion Committee of the Supreme Council?
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In which part of the CNS is the white matter primarily found?
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What is the name of the University where the lecturer is affiliated?
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What is the term for the color of nervous tissue without staining?
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What is the most characteristic component of white matter in the nervous system?
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What is the most characteristic component of grey matter in the nervous system?
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What are the photoreceptors in the retina?
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What is a characteristic feature of the cornea?
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How many layers does the retina have?
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What is the innermost layer of the retina?
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What is the outermost layer of the retina?
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What is the middle layer of the retina?
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Which part of the spinal cord contains only ascending tracts?
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What is the function of the two dorsal horns in the grey matter?
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What is the term for a group of nerve fibers having the same site, function, origin, and termination in the white matter?
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Which part of the cerebrum has a uniform structure and same thickness?
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What is the number of layers in the neocortex?
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What is the term for the middle canal in the spinal cord that contains CSF and is lined by ependymal cells?
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What is the function of the two ventral horns in the grey matter?
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What is the term for the nuclei scattered inside the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum?
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Which type of cell is unique to the cerebellum?
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What is the main function of the Bowman's membrane in the cornea?
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What is the reason for the transparency of the cornea?
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What is the main component of the vitreous space in the eye?
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What is the source of oxygen and nutrition for the cornea?
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What is the embryological origin of the pigment epithelium in the retina?
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How many layers does the retina consist of?
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What is the reason for the retina's susceptibility to detachment?
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Study Notes
Human Body Systems III
- The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
- The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia
Microscopic Structure of CNS
- Grey matter consists of:
- Perikaryons (cell bodies)
- Dendrites
- Unmyelinated axons
- Neuroglia
- White matter consists of:
- Neuroglia
- Myelinated axons (most characteristic)
Spinal Cord Section
- Central canal in the middle contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is lined by ependymal cells
- Inner H-shaped grey matter surrounded by outer white matter tracts
Grey Matter
- Contains:
- Two dorsal (posterior) horns (sensory nuclei)
- Two ventral (anterior) horns (motor nuclei)
- Transverse grey commissure (commissural nuclei)
- Additional two lateral horns (autonomic nuclei) in thoracic and upper 2 lumbar regions
White Matter
- Divided into longitudinal columns containing nerve fibers (axons) with the same site, function, origin, and termination (tracts)
- Posterior or dorsal column:
- Completely separated from the lateral column
- Contains ascending (sensory) tracts only
- Lateral column:
- Free communication with the anterior column
- Contains ascending and descending tracts
- Anterior or ventral column:
- Free communication with the lateral column
- Contains ascending and descending tracts
Cerebrum and Cerebellum
- Have outer grey matter (cortex) and inner white matter
- Many nuclei (Basal ganglia and intracerebellar nuclei) scattered inside white matter, which is grey matter
- Different arrangement from spinal cord
- Cerebral cortex:
- Varying structure and thickness from one region to another
- 6 layers in the neocortex (90% in humans)
- Cerebellar cortex:
- Uniform structure and same thickness
- 3 layers
Eye Structure
- Has three coats (layers)
- Cavities of the eyeball:
- Anterior and posterior chambers contain aqueous humor
- Vitreous space filled with a gelatinous vitreous body
Cornea
- Colorless, transparent, and avascular
- Highly innervated and consists of 5 layers:
- Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
- Bowman's (anterior limiting) membrane
- Corneal stroma
- Descemet's (posterior limiting) membrane
- Simple squamous endothelium
Corneal Transparency
- Due to:
- Relative dehydrated state
- Regular arrangement of collagen fibrils in stroma
- Absence of blood vessels and pigments
- Non-vascular cornea receives nutrition and O2 from:
- Diffusion from adjacent blood vessels
- Aqueous humor of anterior chamber
- O2 from air on the outer surface
Retina
- Consists of 10 distinct layers and is liable to retinal detachment
- Formed from 2 layers of optic cup:
- Thin outer layer gives pigment epithelium (1 layer)
- Thick inner layer develops into photosensitive or neural retina (9 layers)
Retinal Layers
- From outside to inside:
- Pigment epithelium
- Rods and cones (photoreceptors)
- External limiting membrane
- Outer nuclear layer (rods and cones)
- Outer synaptic layer
- Inner nuclear layer (bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells)
- Inner synaptic layer
- Ganglion cell layer
- Nerve fiber layer
- Internal limiting membrane
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Description
Test your knowledge of human body systems with this quiz, covering topics from the Histology course in the Pharm D program.