14 Questions
Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma?
Long standing cirrhosis
Choose the correct pairing of laxative medication with mechanism of action.
lactulose - osmotic laxative
Which of the following is TRUE regarding esophageal adenocarcinoma?
Tumour cells look similar to intestinal cells and form glands.
Which of the following characteristics of a colonic adenoma would suggest higher suspicion of malignancy?
lesion greater than 4 cm
Which of the following is a common cause of intestinal adhesions?
Abdominal surgery
Choose the TRUE statement regarding esophageal varices.
The major complication of esophageal varices is rupture and loss of large volumes of blood via hematemesis (vomiting blood).
Choose the FALSE statement regarding intestinal ischemia:
Since the part of the colon around the spleen and the distal sigmoid receives circulation from two separate arteries, they are less vulnerable to intestinal inschemia.
Choose the TRUE statement regarding the hepatitis viruses:
Most cases of hepatitis C progress to chronic hepatitis.
A 20-year-old patient presents to your clinic with a 1-month history of scrotal swelling and moderate lower abdominal pain - he is seeking relief for his abdominal discomfort. He saw a general surgeon yesterday, who booked him in for "some sort of mesh surgery" later this week, but he couldn't remember what his diagnosis was. The patient's abdominal pain is moderate, cramping, and continuous - it's worsened by straining. He complains of no fevers, nausea, vomiting, or loss of appetite. On physical exam you can see that his scrotum is swollen on the left side, and you can palpate a mass there that extends to the lower abdomen. It is mildly tender to palpation. You are unable to reduce the mass back into the abdomen - the patient mentioned that the surgeon could not reduce it either. What is the most likely diagnosis for this patient?
An incarcerated hernia
Which of the following cancers had the highest mortality rate?.
Ductal adenocarcinoma
Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic use of metoclopramide?
Treatment of diarrhea
Choose the TRUE statement regarding the pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease:
Alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde, which can cause lipid peroxidation if excessive amounts accumulate.
Choose the correct mechanism of action and medication pair:
omeprazole - blocks the proton pump (H+/K+ antiporter)
Which of the following is TRUE regarding diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma?
Typically involve loss-of-function in genes for E-cadherin.
Study Notes
Gastrointestinal Disease
- Most significant risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: Not specified, but hepatocellular carcinoma is often associated with liver cirrhosis, which can be caused by hepatitis B and C infections, as well as alcohol abuse.
Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
- True statement regarding esophageal adenocarcinoma: Not specified, but esophageal adenocarcinoma is often associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett's esophagus.
Colonic Adenoma
- Characteristic suggesting higher suspicion of malignancy: Not specified, but larger size, villous morphology, and high-grade dysplasia are associated with higher risk of malignancy.
Intestinal Adhesions
- Common cause of intestinal adhesions: Not specified, but intestinal adhesions can be caused by previous abdominal surgery, inflammatory bowel disease, and other factors.
Esophageal Varices
- True statement regarding esophageal varices: Not specified, but esophageal varices are enlarged veins in the esophagus that can bleed and are often associated with portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis.
Intestinal Ischemia
- False statement regarding intestinal ischemia: Not specified, but intestinal ischemia is often caused by decreased blood flow to the intestines, which can be due to arterial thrombosis, embolism, or vasoconstriction.
Hepatitis Viruses
- True statement regarding the hepatitis viruses: Not specified, but hepatitis A is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, hepatitis B and C are primarily spread through blood and sexual contact, and hepatitis D requires hepatitis B to replicate.
Abdominal Pain
- Diagnosis of the 20-year-old patient: Inguinal hernia, given the scrotal swelling and abdominal pain, and the fact that the surgeon booked him for a mesh surgery.
Cancer Mortality Rate
- Cancer with the highest mortality rate: Not specified, but pancreatic cancer has one of the highest mortality rates among all cancers.
Metoclopramide
- NOT a therapeutic use of metoclopramide: Not specified, but metoclopramide is commonly used to treat nausea, vomiting, and gastroparesis.
Alcoholic Liver Disease
- True statement regarding the pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease: Not specified, but chronic alcohol consumption leads to fat accumulation in the liver, inflammation, and fibrosis, which can progress to cirrhosis.
Medication Mechanism of Action
- Correct mechanism of action and medication pair: Not specified, but various medications have different mechanisms of action, such as proton pump inhibitors inhibiting gastric acid secretion, and H2 blockers reducing histamine-stimulated acid secretion.
Diffuse Gastric Adenocarcinoma
- True statement regarding diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma: Not specified, but diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma is characterized by a lack of prominent glandular structures and is often associated with a poor prognosis.
Test your knowledge about hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors by identifying the most significant one among the options provided.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
