38 Questions
What type of morphology is associated with HCC that resembles normal hepatocytes with trabecular or pseudoglandular architecture?
Well-differentiated
Which factor is responsible for causing a lack of differentiation and uncontrolled proliferation in HCC?
Cytokine
What does an elevated level of Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in blood tests indicate?
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
Which type of HCC morphology consists of multiple tiny nodules spread without a dominant nodule and is poorly differentiated?
Diffuse
What is the effect of invasion of the portal vein by HCC cells?
Occlusion of portal circulation
Which stage of HCC is associated with extrahepatic metastasis to other organs?
Advanced stage
What characterizes poorly differentiated HCC morphology?
Anaplastic cells with little/no resemblance to normal cells
Which imaging scan is specifically mentioned as NOT suitable for large tumors in the provided text?
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
What is the purpose of embolization in treating liver cancer according to the text?
To stop blood flow towards the tumor to kill it
Which therapy involves drugs or substances specifically binding to receptors on tumor cells according to the text?
Targeted therapy
What lifestyle change is NOT specifically recommended in the text for managing liver cancer?
Increase alcohol consumption
Which condition leads to poor oral health in patients with chronic liver disease according to the text?
Cirrhosis of the liver
What is the purpose of ablation therapy in treating liver cancer according to the text?
To burn tumors using a needle
Which treatment option involves removing part of the liver?
Surgery: Hepatectomy
Which form of liver cancer is the most common type?
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
What is one of the major etiologic factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma?
Chronic alcoholism/cirrhosis
How does HBV contribute to Hepatocellular Carcinoma development?
By directly integrating HBV DNA into the host genome
Which factor leads to synthesis of triglycerides in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with chronic alcoholism?
ROS production
What is a characteristic feature of Aflatoxin as a hepatocarcinogen?
Forms mutagenic adducts with DNA
In which condition does HCV mostly work exclusively for hepatocarcinogenesis?
Advanced cirrhosis
What is the most appropriate treatment for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in its early stages?
Surgery to remove tumor or liver transplant
What is one common manifestation of advanced liver disease that makes Hepatocellular Carcinoma more common?
End-stage liver cirrhosis
What is the minimum number of metabolic syndrome features that must be present to diagnose Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)?
3 out of 5
In the histologic features of cirrhosis, what causes the creation of fibrotic tissues via collagen?
Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells (HSC)
Which abnormal nodules in cirrhosis become hyperplastic and can lead to moderate genomic instability?
Nodules caused by proliferation and degeneration
What classification does the most poorly differentiated HCC cells fall under?
Poorly Differentiated
Which two common early mutational events are associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis?
Activation of β-catenin and inactivation of p16
What is the consequence of continuous cell division in the liver that damages DNA repair mechanisms?
Accumulation of mutations
Which factor is associated with aflatoxin inactivating p53 in the pathogenesis of HCC?
IL-6 overexpression
'Chronic hepatitis' refers to repeated cycles of cell death and regeneration, leading to what significant outcome?
Accumulation of mutations due to damaged DNA repair mechanisms
Which oral manifestation is NOT associated with liver dysfunction?
Oral lichen planus
What is a characteristic sign of advanced liver disease that may be observed in the oral cavity?
Fetor hepaticus
How does portal hypertension affect nutrient absorption in patients with liver disease?
Impairs nutrient absorption
What is a common risk factor for dental caries in patients with liver disease?
Dry mouth
In patients with liver cirrhosis, what causes an increased risk of gingival bleeding?
Decrease in coagulation factors produced
What is the primary reason tooth extraction may be required in patients with liver cirrhosis?
Severe dental caries
What is one important aspect to consider in the dental management of patients with liver disease?
Cross-infection management for HBV and HCV
'Dry gland syndrome' associated with primary biliary cirrhosis primarily involves which glands?
Tear glands and salivary glands
Learn about the morphology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and how it proliferates due to cytokine signaling pathways. Understand the different sizes, shapes, and colors of HCC, as well as its patterns of growth within the liver.
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