Health Needs Assessment in Mass Emergencies
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Questions and Answers

What factor contributed to infants being protected against decreased food intake during disasters?

  • Access to emergency food supplies
  • Breastfeeding (correct)
  • Older children's ability to secure food
  • Community support programs

What misconception did the study identify regarding older children's ability during disasters?

  • They are unaffected by food shortages.
  • They require assistance from adults.
  • They can find food as well as adults. (correct)
  • They do not need to secure food.

What has been identified as a key element in improving health management during disasters?

  • Emergency response training
  • Rapid assessment for early warning (correct)
  • Inaccurate record-keeping
  • Long-term recovery planning

What is described as a significant factor influencing mortality and morbidity in disasters?

<p>Socioeconomic and health conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group showed increased vulnerability to famine according to the study?

<p>Specific occupational groups within the community (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which decade saw the greatest increase in mortality from disasters?

<p>1970-1979 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study suggest about the differential health impact of disasters within communities?

<p>It indicates the need for tailored assessment techniques. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a necessary component for planning rapid responses in mass emergencies?

<p>Comprehensive disaster assessments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaster type exhibits the highest lethality increase between 1960-1979?

<p>Earthquakes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the estimated emergency relief disbursements each year?

<p>Over US$ 1 billion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the differential impact of disasters on populations?

<p>Type of disaster and subgroup vulnerability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mortality rate increase for earthquakes from the earlier to the later decade?

<p>From 750 to 4,871 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disasters is cited as having illustrated the need for a professional approach to mass emergency responses?

<p>Sahelian famines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor contributing to the increase in disaster-related mortality in developing countries?

<p>Rampant urbanization and environmental degradation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fatalities from earthquakes in Managua and San Fernando Valley illustrate the impact of socioeconomic conditions?

<p>Nicaraguan deaths can be attributed to lack of infrastructure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health management in disasters is characterized as purely charitable exercises?

<p>Ad hoc emergency response (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to the inefficiencies in disaster health management?

<p>Inappropriate and delayed response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the relationship between socioeconomic factors and disaster mortality?

<p>Natural disasters affect all countries equally. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of emergency aid is often criticized for being ineffective?

<p>Charitable and disorganized relief efforts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In assessing the long-term consequences of disasters, which of the following aspects is often overlooked?

<p>Stress from nutritional deficiencies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What demographic factor is significant in determining disaster-related mortality?

<p>Age distribution of the community (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group demonstrated a higher vulnerability to disaster mortality according to the presented data?

<p>Children aged 5-9 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaster type showed the most significant increase in mortality rate from 1960-1969 to 1970-1979?

<p>Famine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the mortality rate per 1,000 exposed for cyclones during the period of 1960-1969?

<p>43.0 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the mortality from floods compare between 1960-1969 and 1970-1979?

<p>Increased slightly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical factor is suggested for improving the response to emergencies?

<p>Rationalizing the response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the observation made by De Bruycker et al. regarding children during crises?

<p>They are cared for more during crises. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of disaster mortality showed a 'very high' importance of change in the 1970-1979 period compared to 1960-1969?

<p>Famine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one reason proposed for the increased mortality in older children during disasters?

<p>Decreased parental care during crises (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the total population affected by the Sumpango earthquake in Guatemala in 1976?

<p>10,850 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many reported deaths were there due to the Sumpango earthquake?

<p>377 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group showed higher mortality rates following the Sumpango earthquake?

<p>Children &gt;2 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor did NOT appear to be associated with disaster-related mortality according to the studies referenced?

<p>Meteorological conditions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of reports reflected mortality in relation to population after the earthquake?

<p>3.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception might people have about children's roles during disasters?

<p>Children should handle emergencies independently. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who noted the vulnerability patterns in communities affected by disasters?

<p>Guha-Sapir et al. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the linked factors to disaster-related mortality identified in studies?

<p>Time of strike (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the mortality rate per event for low-income economies?

<p>3,300 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category shows the lowest mortality rate per 1,000 population?

<p>High income (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the mortality rate per 1,000 kilometers compare between middle-income and high-income economies?

<p>Middle income is higher (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a '++++' increase signify in the context provided?

<p>10 fold increase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the given tables, which characteristic highlights the disparity in disaster mortality by economic levels?

<p>Higher mortality in low-income as compared to high-income (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures corresponds to the mortality per 1,000 population for middle-income economies?

<p>28 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'deaths directly attributable to the famine' refer to?

<p>Deaths specifically caused by famine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the comparison of earthquake characteristics, which year corresponds to the Managua earthquake?

<p>1972 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Disaster Relief Spending

The amount of money spent on helping people affected by disasters, which has been increasing significantly.

International Disaster Action

The involvement of organizations from different countries in helping with disaster relief efforts.

Early Warning Systems

Systems that provide timely information about potential disasters to allow for preparation and response.

Disaster Preparedness

The act of preparing for possible disasters by developing plans and training for response.

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Vulnerability to Disasters

The susceptibility of different groups of people to the negative impacts of disasters.

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Mortality Increase in Disasters

The trend of higher death tolls in disasters, particularly noticeable with earthquakes.

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Epidemiological Approach to Disasters

Studying the patterns and causes of diseases or health issues related to disasters.

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Differential Impact of Disasters

The varying effects of disasters on different populations, based on factors like location, vulnerability, and preparedness.

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What factors contribute to disaster vulnerability?

Disaster vulnerability is heightened by factors such as rapid urbanization, environmental degradation, and population pressure on land resources. These factors strain resources and amplify the impact of disasters.

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How do disasters affect health in developing countries?

Disasters in developing countries often lead to severe nutritional stress due to famine or crop failure. These impacts are rarely addressed in emergency response plans, making it difficult to recover from their long-term health consequences.

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How does current disaster response impact developing countries?

Despite increasing financial investment in disaster relief, the approach often relies on ad hoc measures and charity instead of addressing underlying needs. This results in inadequate and often slow response efforts that fail to effectively mitigate disaster impacts.

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How does socioeconomic status impact disaster mortality?

Countries with lower GNP often experience significantly higher mortality rates from disasters compared to wealthier countries, even when controlling for population density. This highlights how economic factors strongly influence disaster vulnerability.

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What example highlights the impact of socioeconomic factors on earthquake mortality?

The devastating earthquake in Managua, Nicaragua, resulted in far greater casualties than the earthquake in San Fernando Valley, California. This stark contrast underscores the impact of socioeconomic conditions on disaster fatality rates.

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How does GNP influence disaster mortality?

Countries with lower GNP, even after adjusting for population density, experience significantly higher death rates from disasters compared to wealthier countries. This underscores the profound impact of economic development on disaster resilience.

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How do demographic factors affect disaster risk?

Population demographics play a significant role in disaster risk. Factors like age, health status, and location can influence vulnerability and impact, making certain groups more susceptible to disaster-related mortality and morbidity.

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How does current emergency aid typically function?

Emergency aid is often characterized as charity, where aid is given based on immediate availability rather than specific needs. This approach often leads to ineffective and inefficient disaster response efforts.

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Disaster Response Rationalization

The process of making disaster response efforts more efficient and effective by systematically assessing needs and allocating resources appropriately.

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Age Vulnerability in Disasters

The disproportionate impact of disasters on specific age groups, often with higher mortality rates for older children.

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Importance of Preparedness

The critical role of proactive planning and training to minimize disaster impacts and facilitate effective response.

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Disaster Mortality Trend

The historical pattern of increasing death tolls in disasters, especially noticeable with earthquakes.

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Data Analysis for Disaster Response

The use of data to understand patterns, vulnerabilities, and impacts in order to improve disaster response strategies.

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Earthquake Impact on Children

The heightened risk of injury and death among children, particularly those aged 5 to 9, during earthquakes.

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Parental Care in Crisis

The crucial role of parents and caregivers in protecting young children during emergencies.

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Economic Development and Disaster Mortality

Low-income countries experience significantly higher disaster mortality rates compared to middle- and high-income countries, even when accounting for population density.

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Disaster Mortality by Event

The number of deaths directly caused by a disaster event is highest for low-income countries, with middle-income countries having a moderate number, and high-income countries experiencing the fewest.

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Disaster Mortality per Population

Low-income countries have a higher proportion of deaths per 1,000 people in disasters, while high-income countries have the lowest.

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Disaster Mortality per Area

Low-income countries experience a higher number of deaths per 1,000 square kilometers affected by disasters, reflecting the concentration of vulnerable populations in specific areas.

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Earthquake Characteristics Comparison

The 1972 Managua earthquake in Nicaragua, occurring in a low-income country, and the 1971 San Fernando Valley earthquake in California, a high-income region, illustrate the differential impacts of disasters based on factors like infrastructure and preparedness.

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Table 2 - Key Interpretation

Table 2 highlights the significant disparity in disaster mortality across economic development levels, indicating a strong link between poverty and vulnerability to disasters.

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Table 3 - Key Interpretation

Table 3 demonstrates the contrasting impacts of earthquakes in Managua, Nicaragua, and the San Fernando Valley, California, emphasizing the crucial roles of infrastructure, preparedness, and economic development in mitigating disaster consequences.

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Disaster Impacts Across Income Groups

Disasters have a disproportionate impact on low-income countries, both in terms of mortality and the severity of societal disruption.

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Age-Specific Mortality

The number of deaths in a specific age group during a disaster.

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Sumpango Earthquake

A devastating earthquake that struck Guatemala in 1976.

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Vulnerability Patterns

How different groups are susceptible to disasters based on factors like age and socioeconomic status.

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Higher Vulnerability of Children

Young children are often more vulnerable to disaster-related mortality.

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Disaster Risk Factors

Factors that contribute to the likelihood and severity of disaster impacts.

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Population Density

The number of people living in a specific area, which influences disaster risk.

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Structural Quality

The strength and resilience of buildings and infrastructure during disasters.

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Intensity of Seismic Activity

The strength and magnitude of an earthquake.

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Socioeconomic Factors in Disaster Mortality

The death rate from disasters is not just determined by the physical event itself, but also by the economic and health conditions of the affected community.

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Age-Specific Vulnerability to Disasters

Infants are often protected from food shortages during disasters due to breastfeeding, while older children are more vulnerable.

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Importance of Disaster Assessment

Accurate and rapid assessment techniques are essential for effective disaster response, as different communities have different needs.

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Occupation and Disaster Vulnerability

Certain occupations within a community may be more vulnerable to disaster impacts than others.

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Study Notes

Rapid Assessment of Health Needs in Mass Emergencies

  • Disasters increasingly require international aid and emergency relief.
  • Millions of dollars are spent annually on emergency relief.
  • Events like Sahelian famines, Tangshan and Mexico earthquakes, and Armero eruption highlighted the need for improved disaster response and preparedness in developing countries.
  • There's a significant rise in disaster mortality rates between 1960-1969 and 1970-1979.
  • Mortality increased from 750 per event to 4871 (Table 1).

Differential Disaster Impact

  • Natural disaster impact varies by type and population subgroup vulnerability.
  • Mortality related to earthquakes is significantly higher in recent decades.
  • Countries with lower GNP generally have higher disaster mortality and morbidity (Table 2).
  • Socioeconomic factors strongly influence disaster outcomes.
  • A smaller earthquake in Managua (Nicaragua) resulted in over 5,000 deaths, compared to 60 in San Fernando Valley, California (Table 3).
  • Children aged 5-9 are more vulnerable to earthquake injuries and death than younger children (Fig 1).

Disaster Mortality by Economic Level

  • Higher mortality rates per event are observed in low-income countries (Table 2).
  • Mortality rates per 1,000 population and per 1,000 km² are higher in low-income countries.

Comparison of Earthquakes (Managua vs. San Fernando Valley)

  • Managua (1972) Earthquake: 5.6 Richter scale, 100 km² destruction, 5,000 deaths, 20,000 injuries, 420,000 affected.
  • San Fernando Valley (1971) Earthquake: 6.6 Richter scale, 1,500 km² destruction, 60 deaths, 2,540 injuries, 7 million affected.

Age-Specific Mortality - Guatemala Earthquake

  • Higher mortality was observed among older children in Guatemala, 1976 (Fig 1).

Inefficiency of Health Relief and Role of Better Assessment

  • Current emergency aid often lacks proper needs assessment, resulting in inappropriate and delayed responses.
  • Relief resources frequently arrive considerably after the immediate crisis and become irrelevant.
  • There's a need for rapid assessment to ensure resources are directed effectively.
  • Inappropriate aid (e.g., blankets to Nepal instead of India, irrelevant medical supplies) highlights the need for accurate assessments.
  • Poor assessment often leads to inefficient use of limited health resources.

Information Needs and Assessment Procedures in Disasters

  • Information needs depend on disaster type and the assessment time phase.
  • Types of disasters include rapid-onset (earthquakes, flash floods) and slow-onset (floods, famines).
  • Assessment phases include baseline, post-impact, immediate relief, secondary relief, rehabilitation, and evaluation.
  • Time constraints necessitate modifications to conventional assessment methods in emergencies.
  • Accurate assessment is crucial, especially in rapidly evolving situations.

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Rapid Assessment of Health Needs in Mass Emergencies REVIEW PDF

Description

This quiz covers the critical aspects of assessing health needs during mass emergencies. It explores the impacts of disasters on mortality, especially in developing countries, and examines how socioeconomic factors influence disaster outcomes. Learn about the historical context and the significance of improved disaster response.

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