Health and Lifespan Development Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary emotional outcome for older adults who reflect on their lives and feel a sense of fulfillment?

Wisdom (correct)

Bitterness

Despair

Regret

Which of the following is NOT one of the key concepts of self-concept?

Self-esteem

Ideal self

Self-image

Social expectations (correct)

At which stage of moral development do children primarily focus on obedience and self-interest?

Adolescent

Preconventional (correct)

Conventional

Postconventional

What happens to self-esteem during adolescence according to the content provided?

It declines Signup and view all the answers

What perspective do adolescents emphasize in the conventional stage of moral development?

Law and order Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of adjusting one's existing schemas to accommodate new experiences?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive development stage is characterized by egocentrism?

Preoperational Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'object permanence' refer to in cognitive development?

The understanding that objects continue to exist when not seen Signup and view all the answers

Which stage comes after the concrete operational stage according to Piaget?

Formal operational Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?

Trial and error approach to problem-solving Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature is associated with the progression through Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Each stage builds on the previous one Signup and view all the answers

What age range characterizes the formal operational stage in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Above 11 years Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Australian females are likely to experience depression in their lifetime?

18% Signup and view all the answers

How does physical activity primarily contribute to the treatment of mental illness?

By providing a normalized response to emotional distress. Signup and view all the answers

What is one common emotional state characterized in individuals with anxiety?

Heightened awareness of physiological responses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following benefits is noted from exercise in those with mental illness?

Reduction of depressive symptoms significantly. Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise potentially affect self-esteem, particularly in females?

It promotes autonomy and a sense of belonging. Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism might explain the positive effects of exercise on psychosocial health?

It involves an undetermined psychosociological mechanism. Signup and view all the answers

What is one result of reduced reactivity to stressors through exercise training?

Lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total energy expenditure does the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) typically account for in most adults?

8-15% Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily influences stroke volume?

Heart size Signup and view all the answers

How does resting heart rate change from newborns to adulthood?

It declines significantly. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average resting heart rate for a 1-year-old?

90 bpm Signup and view all the answers

What happens to maximal heart rate as a person ages after maturity?

It declines. Signup and view all the answers

What is the stroke volume at birth?

4 ml/beat Signup and view all the answers

How does heart rate generally differ between genders until the age of 10?

There are no gender differences. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the relationship between energy expenditure associated with training (EAT) and non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)?

EAT decreases NEAT at other times of the day. Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is used to predict maximal heart rate?

220-age Signup and view all the answers

What generally happens to stroke volume in endurance-trained males during exercise?

It increases significantly. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Indigenous adults aged 18-64 met physical activity guidelines?

38% Signup and view all the answers

Which chronic disease contributes the most to the mortality gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians aged 35-74 years?

Ischaemic heart disease Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of Indigenous people with cardiovascular disease who were physically inactive in 2004-2005?

58% Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Indigenous adults had diabetes in 2015?

11% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to low physical activity levels among Indigenous people?

High income levels Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of Indigenous adults met both physical activity and strength-based guidelines?

8.8% Signup and view all the answers

How did the disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in sedentary behavior change from 2001 to 2004-2005?

It increased from 11% to 18% Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of the disease burden of cardiovascular disease attributed to physical inactivity in the Indigenous population?

30% Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during exercise?

Maximal oxygen consumption Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with the decline in VO2max for girls during adolescence?

Increased physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended minimum duration for an aerobic fitness program?

12 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and total adiposity?

High CRF is associated with lower total adiposity Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage decline in VO2max per decade between the ages of 20 and 79?

9% Signup and view all the answers

At what heart rate percentage should aerobic exercise intensity be maintained for optimal results?

85-90% Signup and view all the answers

What physiological change significantly affects boys' VO2max during adolescence?

Increase in body size Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a leading cause of death related to cardiovascular diseases?

Heart attacks Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective aerobic training mode recommended for cardiorespiratory fitness?

A mixture of continuous and interval training Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cardiac output (CO) as individuals age?

Cardiac output declines Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Health and Lifespan Development Notes

Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
Fundamentals: Physical, social, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual health.
Contributions: Health behaviors (smoking, diet, physical activity), genetics, environments, access to medical care.
Physical Inactivity: Prevents 5.3 million deaths annually. Extends life expectancy by 1.3-1.7 years. Extends global life expectancy by 0.68 years.
Lifespan Development: Studies cognitive, psychosocial, and physical changes throughout life. Aims to describe, explain, and optimize human development, especially in childhood.
Development: Systematic changes throughout life. Includes growth (physical changes) and maturation (quantitative functional changes with age).
Cognitive Development: Knowing, remembering, and understanding.
Psychosocial Development: Emotions, mental health, and moral capabilities.

Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget's Theory (1936): Three components:
- Schemas: Basic cognitive structures for mental representation of the world.
- Adaptation: Assimilation (applying existing schemas) and accommodation (modifying schemas).
- Stages: Sensorimotor (birth-2 years-object permanence. Preoperational (2-7 years)-egocentrism). Concrete operational (7-11 years)-logical thought. Formal operational (>11 years)-abstract thinking.

Socio-cultural Theory

Lev Vygotsky (1978): Focus on culture and social influences on cognitive development
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Difference between what a learner can/cannot do independently and with assistance.

Cognitive Ageing

Normal Changes: Cognitive processing slows with age. Some abilities, like language, may be resilient.
Processing Speed: Slowing begins in the 30s and continues.
Attention: Difficulty concentrating, dividing attention.
Memory: Decline in explicit memory (conscious recall) but implicit memory (unconscious recall) may remain stable.
Intellectual Engagement: Puzzles, reading, and musical instruments can help maintain cognitive function.
Cognitive Impairment (Dementia): Umbrella term for loss of cognitive functioning. Alzheimer's disease is a common cause.
Measuring Cognitive Impairment: Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Exercise and Academic Performance

Childhood: Positive relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance (Sibley et al., 2003)
Adulthood: Exercise can improve cognitive function, especially executive functioning. (Colcombe et al., 2003).

Psychosocial Development

Big Five Traits: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability).
Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual theory (1905): Childhood experiences significantly shape adult behavior and thought.

Erik Erikson's Theory

Psychosocial Stages: Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.

Physical Development

Principles of Growth: Cephalocaudal (head-to-tail) and proximodistal (center-outward).
Childhood-Adolescence: Growth spurts, peak rates of growth for height and weight.
Adulthood: Gradual decline in height and weight, changes in body composition.
Puberty: Primary and secondary sexual characteristics develop and mature.
Menopause: Cessation of menstruation, associated with changes in hormone levels and body composition.

Cardiorespiratory Function

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 max): Maximum rate at which the body can utilize oxygen during exercise. Declines with age.
Heart rate and stroke volume: Decrease with age, although training can somewhat mitigate this.

Physical activity across the lifespan

Childhood: 180 minutes per day of activity
Adolescent and Adult: 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity

Exercise and Physical Activity

Motivators: Physical health, enjoyment, and social interaction
Lifespan influence on morbidity: Exercise and physical activity positively influence chronic disease and morbidity during adulthood

Cultural Diversity and Inclusion

Multiculturalism: Australia has high cultural diversity
Sport and Inclusion: Sport can promote social inclusion but may face challenges related to culture, language, and ability.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of health and lifespan development, focusing on physical, mental, and social well-being. Understand the impact of health behaviors, cognitive and psychosocial changes throughout life, and the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle for better life expectancy.