Health and Lifespan Development Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary emotional outcome for older adults who reflect on their lives and feel a sense of fulfillment?

  • Wisdom (correct)
  • Bitterness
  • Despair
  • Regret

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the key concepts of self-concept?

  • Self-esteem
  • Ideal self
  • Self-image
  • Social expectations (correct)

    • At which stage of moral development do children primarily focus on obedience and self-interest?

  • Adolescent
  • Preconventional (correct)
  • Conventional
  • Postconventional

    • What happens to self-esteem during adolescence according to the content provided?

    <p>It declines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective do adolescents emphasize in the conventional stage of moral development?

    <p>Law and order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of adjusting one's existing schemas to accommodate new experiences?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive development stage is characterized by egocentrism?

    <p>Preoperational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'object permanence' refer to in cognitive development?

    <p>The understanding that objects continue to exist when not seen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage comes after the concrete operational stage according to Piaget?

    <p>Formal operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?

    <p>Trial and error approach to problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature is associated with the progression through Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

    <p>Each stage builds on the previous one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age range characterizes the formal operational stage in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

    <p>Above 11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Australian females are likely to experience depression in their lifetime?

    <p>18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does physical activity primarily contribute to the treatment of mental illness?

    <p>By providing a normalized response to emotional distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one common emotional state characterized in individuals with anxiety?

    <p>Heightened awareness of physiological responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following benefits is noted from exercise in those with mental illness?

    <p>Reduction of depressive symptoms significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does exercise potentially affect self-esteem, particularly in females?

    <p>It promotes autonomy and a sense of belonging.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism might explain the positive effects of exercise on psychosocial health?

    <p>It involves an undetermined psychosociological mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one result of reduced reactivity to stressors through exercise training?

    <p>Lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total energy expenditure does the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) typically account for in most adults?

    <p>8-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily influences stroke volume?

    <p>Heart size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does resting heart rate change from newborns to adulthood?

    <p>It declines significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average resting heart rate for a 1-year-old?

    <p>90 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to maximal heart rate as a person ages after maturity?

    <p>It declines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stroke volume at birth?

    <p>4 ml/beat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does heart rate generally differ between genders until the age of 10?

    <p>There are no gender differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the relationship between energy expenditure associated with training (EAT) and non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)?

    <p>EAT decreases NEAT at other times of the day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula is used to predict maximal heart rate?

    <p>220-age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally happens to stroke volume in endurance-trained males during exercise?

    <p>It increases significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Indigenous adults aged 18-64 met physical activity guidelines?

    <p>38%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chronic disease contributes the most to the mortality gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians aged 35-74 years?

    <p>Ischaemic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the percentage of Indigenous people with cardiovascular disease who were physically inactive in 2004-2005?

    <p>58%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Indigenous adults had diabetes in 2015?

    <p>11%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to low physical activity levels among Indigenous people?

    <p>High income levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proportion of Indigenous adults met both physical activity and strength-based guidelines?

    <p>8.8%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in sedentary behavior change from 2001 to 2004-2005?

    <p>It increased from 11% to 18%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of the disease burden of cardiovascular disease attributed to physical inactivity in the Indigenous population?

    <p>30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during exercise?

    <p>Maximal oxygen consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with the decline in VO2max for girls during adolescence?

    <p>Increased physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum duration for an aerobic fitness program?

    <p>12 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and total adiposity?

    <p>High CRF is associated with lower total adiposity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate percentage decline in VO2max per decade between the ages of 20 and 79?

    <p>9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what heart rate percentage should aerobic exercise intensity be maintained for optimal results?

    <p>85-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change significantly affects boys' VO2max during adolescence?

    <p>Increase in body size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a leading cause of death related to cardiovascular diseases?

    <p>Heart attacks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective aerobic training mode recommended for cardiorespiratory fitness?

    <p>A mixture of continuous and interval training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to cardiac output (CO) as individuals age?

    <p>Cardiac output declines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Health and Lifespan Development Notes

    • Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
    • Fundamentals: Physical, social, spiritual, emotional, and intellectual health.
    • Contributions: Health behaviors (smoking, diet, physical activity), genetics, environments, access to medical care.
    • Physical Inactivity: Prevents 5.3 million deaths annually. Extends life expectancy by 1.3-1.7 years. Extends global life expectancy by 0.68 years.
    • Lifespan Development: Studies cognitive, psychosocial, and physical changes throughout life. Aims to describe, explain, and optimize human development, especially in childhood.
    • Development: Systematic changes throughout life. Includes growth (physical changes) and maturation (quantitative functional changes with age).
    • Cognitive Development: Knowing, remembering, and understanding.
    • Psychosocial Development: Emotions, mental health, and moral capabilities.

    Cognitive Development

    • Jean Piaget's Theory (1936): Three components:
      • Schemas: Basic cognitive structures for mental representation of the world.
      • Adaptation: Assimilation (applying existing schemas) and accommodation (modifying schemas).
      • Stages: Sensorimotor (birth-2 years-object permanence. Preoperational (2-7 years)-egocentrism). Concrete operational (7-11 years)-logical thought. Formal operational (>11 years)-abstract thinking.

    Socio-cultural Theory

    • Lev Vygotsky (1978): Focus on culture and social influences on cognitive development
      • Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Difference between what a learner can/cannot do independently and with assistance.

    Cognitive Ageing

    • Normal Changes: Cognitive processing slows with age. Some abilities, like language, may be resilient.
    • Processing Speed: Slowing begins in the 30s and continues.
    • Attention: Difficulty concentrating, dividing attention.
    • Memory: Decline in explicit memory (conscious recall) but implicit memory (unconscious recall) may remain stable.
    • Intellectual Engagement: Puzzles, reading, and musical instruments can help maintain cognitive function.
    • Cognitive Impairment (Dementia): Umbrella term for loss of cognitive functioning. Alzheimer's disease is a common cause.
    • Measuring Cognitive Impairment: Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

    Exercise and Academic Performance

    • Childhood: Positive relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance (Sibley et al., 2003)
    • Adulthood: Exercise can improve cognitive function, especially executive functioning. (Colcombe et al., 2003).

    Psychosocial Development

    • Big Five Traits: Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (emotional stability).
    • Sigmund Freud: Psychosexual theory (1905): Childhood experiences significantly shape adult behavior and thought.

    Erik Erikson's Theory

    • Psychosocial Stages: Trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.

    Physical Development

    • Principles of Growth: Cephalocaudal (head-to-tail) and proximodistal (center-outward).
    • Childhood-Adolescence: Growth spurts, peak rates of growth for height and weight.
    • Adulthood: Gradual decline in height and weight, changes in body composition.
    • Puberty: Primary and secondary sexual characteristics develop and mature.
    • Menopause: Cessation of menstruation, associated with changes in hormone levels and body composition.

    Cardiorespiratory Function

    • Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 max): Maximum rate at which the body can utilize oxygen during exercise. Declines with age.
    • Heart rate and stroke volume: Decrease with age, although training can somewhat mitigate this.

    Physical activity across the lifespan

    • Childhood: 180 minutes per day of activity
    • Adolescent and Adult: 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity

    Exercise and Physical Activity

    • Motivators: Physical health, enjoyment, and social interaction
    • Lifespan influence on morbidity: Exercise and physical activity positively influence chronic disease and morbidity during adulthood

    Cultural Diversity and Inclusion

    • Multiculturalism: Australia has high cultural diversity
    • Sport and Inclusion: Sport can promote social inclusion but may face challenges related to culture, language, and ability.

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    Health and Lifespan Development Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of health and lifespan development, focusing on physical, mental, and social well-being. Understand the impact of health behaviors, cognitive and psychosocial changes throughout life, and the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle for better life expectancy.

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