Lifespan Development: Death and Dying

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Module 11: Death and Dying?

Studying the development of infants and toddlers

Investigating the psychology of adolescents

Examining dying experiences and emotions (correct)

Exploring emotions related to birth and growth

According to 2016 statistics, what type of diseases were the most common causes of death in the United States?

Neurological disorders

Chronic diseases (correct)

Infectious diseases

Genetic disorders

What is the term for the gasping, labored breaths caused by an abnormal pattern of brainstem reflex?

Artificial respiration

Life support

Agonal breathing (correct)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

What occurs when the vital organs no longer function and may take 72 or fewer hours?

Physiological death Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for when someone is no longer brain active, but the brain stem continues to be active?

Vegetative state Signup and view all the answers

What type of death occurs when others begin to withdraw from someone who is terminally ill or has a terminal illness diagnosis?

Social death Signup and view all the answers

What type of death occurs when the dying person begins to accept death and withdraw from others?

Psychological death Signup and view all the answers

What is associated with a perceived ability to manage and control things, resulting in better mental health for terminally ill individuals?

Interventions based on self-empowerment Signup and view all the answers

What is the top cause of death that is most prevalent across multiple age groups in the United States according to 2016 statistics?

Unintentional injuries Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the state when the cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity, but the brain stem continues to be active?

Vegetative state Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the act of withholding food, water, or necessary medication from an individual who wishes to die?

Passive euthanasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a doctor providing a patient with the means to end their own life?

Physician-assisted suicide Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for actively causing the death of a person, usually by administering a lethal dose of medication?

Active euthanasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of palliative care?

To relieve the symptoms and pain of a serious illness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the emotional and psychological process of coping with the loss of a loved one?

Grief Signup and view all the answers

Who is the author who wrote about the total pain of the dying?

Dame Cicely Saunders Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the state of being clinically dead, but not yet having been pronounced legally dead?

Physiological death Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the care provided to terminally ill patients in their homes or in specialized facilities?

Hospice care Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of palliative care?

To improve the quality of life for the person and family through relief of symptoms and pain Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between hospice care and palliative care?

The type of illness the patient has Signup and view all the answers

Who emphasized focusing on the patient rather than the disease and introduced the notion of 'total pain'?

Dame Cicely Saunders Signup and view all the answers

What is the average length of stay in hospice care?

Less than 30 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for helping a person fulfill their wish to die?

Euthanasia Signup and view all the answers

Where is physician-assisted suicide legal?

In the District of Columbia and several states including Oregon, Hawaii, Vermont, and Washington Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of hospice care?

Communication, collaboration, compassionate caring, comfort, and cultural care Signup and view all the answers

What is passive euthanasia?

No longer feeding someone or giving them food Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of caregiving in hospice care?

To help the patient die as comfortably as possible Signup and view all the answers

Who provides palliative care?

A multi-disciplinary team who work with the primary care physician and other hospital or hospice staff Signup and view all the answers

What is bereavement a description of?

The state of being following the death of someone Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between anticipated and unexpected grief?

The preparations made before the loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the denial stage in Kübler-Ross' model?

To provide protection by allowing the news to enter slowly Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the bargaining stage in Kübler-Ross' model?

To try to think of what could be done to turn the situation around Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the depression stage in Kübler-Ross' model?

To feel the full weight of the loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the acceptance stage in Kübler-Ross' model?

To learn how to carry on and incorporate the loss into daily existence Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between grief and bereavement?

Grief is a personal experience, while bereavement is a social process Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'working through' task in Worden's model of grief?

To experience the full weight of the loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between 'loss-oriented' and 'restoration-oriented' coping strategies?

Loss-oriented strategies focus on grief work, while restoration-oriented strategies focus on establishing new roles and relationships Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of healthy grieving strategies?

To help surviving individuals understand what happened and remember the deceased positively Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Leading Causes of Death

In 1900, infectious diseases were the leading causes of death, while in 2016, chronic diseases were the leading causes of death in the United States.
The top 10 deadliest diseases worldwide in 2015 include: heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, COPD, trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers, diabetes, Alzheimer's or other dementia, dehydration, tuberculosis, and cirrhosis.
Many of the top causes of death are linked to lifestyle choices and are preventable or avoidable if proper actions are taken.
Unintentional injuries are a leading cause of death for the widest variety of ages.

The Process of Dying

Physiological death occurs when vital organs no longer function, and may take 72 hours or less.
Physiological death involves digestive and respiratory systems shutting down, circulation slowing, and mottling occurring.
Agonal breathing, or gasping, labored breaths caused by an abnormal pattern of brainstem reflex, may occur.
Brain death occurs when there is no longer brain activity, referred to as clinically dead.
A vegetative state occurs when the cerebral cortex no longer registers electrical activity, but the brain stem continues to be active.

Social death begins earlier than physiological death and occurs when others begin to withdraw from someone who is terminally ill or has a terminal illness diagnosis.
Doctors, family members, and friends may spend less time with patients after their prognosis becomes poor.
People in nursing homes may live as socially dead for years with no one visiting or calling.
Psychological death occurs when the dying person begins to accept death and withdraw from others, and may bring physiological death closer.
Interventions based on self-empowerment for terminally ill individuals have been associated with better mental health.

Bereavement is the outward expression of grief and mourning, and funeral rites are expressions of loss reflecting personal and cultural beliefs.
Culture does not provide set rules for how death is viewed and experienced, but ceremonies provide survivors a sense of closure after a loss.
Grief is the psychological, physical, and emotional experience and reaction to loss.
Grief reactions vary depending on whether a loss was anticipated or unexpected and whether it occurred suddenly or after a long illness.
Bereavement describes the state of being following the death of someone.

Stages of Loss

Kübler-Ross described five stages of loss experienced by someone facing the news of their impending death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
Worden's model of grief explains it through four different tasks: accepting the loss, working through and experiencing the pain, adjusting to the changes, and moving past the loss on an emotional level.
Parkes broke down grief into four stages: shock, yearning, despair, and recovery.
Strobe and Shut suggested individuals cope with grief through an ongoing process of loss-oriented and restoration-oriented coping.

Palliative care is an interdisciplinary approach to specialized medical and nursing care for people with life-limiting illnesses.
The goal of palliative care is to improve the quality of life for both the person and family through relief of symptoms, pain, physical stress, and mental stress.
Hospice care involves palliation without curative intent and is typically used by people without further options or who have decided not to pursue further options.
Dame Cicely Saunders emphasized focusing on the patient rather than the disease and introduced the notion of "total pain".
Euthanasia refers to helping a person fulfill their wish to die and can happen through voluntary euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide.
Physician-assisted suicide occurs when a physician prescribes the means by which a person can end their own life.

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Description

Explore the experiences and emotions related to death and dying, including leading causes and types of deaths, emotions, and care practices.