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Questions and Answers
What type of anemia is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells without their replacement?
What type of anemia is characterized by the destruction of red blood cells without their replacement?
What is a common treatment option for sickle cell anemia?
What is a common treatment option for sickle cell anemia?
Which term describes the solid abnormal tumors of lymphoid cells?
Which term describes the solid abnormal tumors of lymphoid cells?
What condition is characterized by a fast heart rhythm with a rate exceeding 100 beats per minute?
What condition is characterized by a fast heart rhythm with a rate exceeding 100 beats per minute?
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Which of the following is a risk factor associated with hypertension?
Which of the following is a risk factor associated with hypertension?
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What is angina pectoris primarily caused by?
What is angina pectoris primarily caused by?
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What describes the general term for insufficient oxygen delivery due to inadequate red blood cells?
What describes the general term for insufficient oxygen delivery due to inadequate red blood cells?
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Which condition involves the buildup of plaque in the arteries, often leading to angina?
Which condition involves the buildup of plaque in the arteries, often leading to angina?
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What is a typical consequence of prolonged ischemia and necrosis?
What is a typical consequence of prolonged ischemia and necrosis?
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Which type of neoplasm is characterized by not metastasizing?
Which type of neoplasm is characterized by not metastasizing?
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What is the term for the removal of necrotic tissue from a patient?
What is the term for the removal of necrotic tissue from a patient?
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Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
Which of the following best describes apoptosis?
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What are the chemicals that typically induce fevers?
What are the chemicals that typically induce fevers?
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What condition is characterized by a narrowing of an open area, such as the esophagus?
What condition is characterized by a narrowing of an open area, such as the esophagus?
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Which chemical is primarily responsible for causing sneezing and a running nose?
Which chemical is primarily responsible for causing sneezing and a running nose?
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What is the term used to describe the abnormal connection between two structures in the body?
What is the term used to describe the abnormal connection between two structures in the body?
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What is the primary consequence of left ventricular failure (LVF)?
What is the primary consequence of left ventricular failure (LVF)?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with left ventricular failure?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with left ventricular failure?
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What physiological change is a major contributing factor to left ventricular failure?
What physiological change is a major contributing factor to left ventricular failure?
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Which condition describes blood-containing sputum?
Which condition describes blood-containing sputum?
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What describes the condition of the lungs experiencing the collapse of alveoli?
What describes the condition of the lungs experiencing the collapse of alveoli?
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What is a common pathogen that can cause pneumonia?
What is a common pathogen that can cause pneumonia?
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Which term describes the process of coughing up sputum?
Which term describes the process of coughing up sputum?
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Which of the following describes an immune response that damages the body's own tissues due to exposure to foreign antigens?
Which of the following describes an immune response that damages the body's own tissues due to exposure to foreign antigens?
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What is defined as insufficient oxygen in the body?
What is defined as insufficient oxygen in the body?
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What is a common example of an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks healthy cells?
What is a common example of an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks healthy cells?
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Which pathogen is identified as a viral infection and primarily affects the respiratory system?
Which pathogen is identified as a viral infection and primarily affects the respiratory system?
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Which condition represents a type of immunodeficiency that is acquired and significantly increases susceptibility to infections?
Which condition represents a type of immunodeficiency that is acquired and significantly increases susceptibility to infections?
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What is the progression of untreated HIV infection often associated with?
What is the progression of untreated HIV infection often associated with?
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What type of pathogen is Epstein Barr classified as?
What type of pathogen is Epstein Barr classified as?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with hypersensitivity reactions?
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Which body system could be affected by a Staphylococcal infection?
Which body system could be affected by a Staphylococcal infection?
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What condition is indicated by severe dyspnea, laryngeal swelling, and hypotension?
What condition is indicated by severe dyspnea, laryngeal swelling, and hypotension?
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Which clues suggest that Charles has contracted poison ivy?
Which clues suggest that Charles has contracted poison ivy?
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What is the condition characterized by a butterfly-shaped rash, chronic low fever, and joint pain, along with positive anti-nuclear antibodies?
What is the condition characterized by a butterfly-shaped rash, chronic low fever, and joint pain, along with positive anti-nuclear antibodies?
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What are the primary symptoms related to Annie's condition that affects her fingers and hands?
What are the primary symptoms related to Annie's condition that affects her fingers and hands?
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What does an increase in white blood cells in the body indicate?
What does an increase in white blood cells in the body indicate?
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What does the proliferation of cancerous white blood cells typically indicate?
What does the proliferation of cancerous white blood cells typically indicate?
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What is the condition characterized by an increase of red blood cells in the body?
What is the condition characterized by an increase of red blood cells in the body?
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In chronic autoimmune conditions, what kind of lab findings might be expected?
In chronic autoimmune conditions, what kind of lab findings might be expected?
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What is the primary function of erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels?
What is the primary function of erythropoietin in response to low oxygen levels?
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Which clinical manifestation is specifically associated with chronic bronchitis?
Which clinical manifestation is specifically associated with chronic bronchitis?
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What type of pneumothorax occurs without any traumatic cause?
What type of pneumothorax occurs without any traumatic cause?
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Which statement best describes tension pneumothorax?
Which statement best describes tension pneumothorax?
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Which symptom is most closely associated with emphysema?
Which symptom is most closely associated with emphysema?
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What mechanism leads to the development of traumatic pneumothorax?
What mechanism leads to the development of traumatic pneumothorax?
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What physiological response is triggered by erythropoietin to improve oxygen delivery?
What physiological response is triggered by erythropoietin to improve oxygen delivery?
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Which condition causes the loss of elasticity in the alveoli?
Which condition causes the loss of elasticity in the alveoli?
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Study Notes
HCR 240 Midterm Review - Study Notes
- Course: Human Pathophysiology (Arizona College of Nursing)
- Exam Type: Midterm
- Course Material: Previous learning guides, modules 1-3, and relevant PowerPoint slides.
- Exam Content: Covers diseases and disorders from the modules, including additional terms and concepts.
- Study Focus: Review all module learning guides, particularly those related to diseases and disorders.
- Additional Material: Module 3 content for Exam 4 preparation.
Chapter 2 and 9 Terms
- Etiology: Cause of a disease.
- Transudate: A non-infected blister.
- Hyperplasia: Keloid formation (cellular adaptation).
- Pyrogens: Chemicals that cause fevers.
- Benign: This type of neoplasm doesn't metastasize, similar to non-cancerous growths.
- Stricture: Narrowing of an open area, like the esophagus.
- Histology: Microscopic study of tissue.
- Histamine: Mast cell chemical that causes sneezing, a runny nose, irritation in the upper respiratory tract.
- Gangrene: Prolonged ischemia and necrosis, common in extremities.
- Fistula: Abnormal connection between two structures.
- Purulent Exudate: Another word for pus.
- Debridement: Removal of necrotic tissue from a patient.
- Neoplasia: "New growth" —disorganized and uncontrolled.
- Chemotaxis: Chemical signals that attract white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets.
- Atrophy: Shrinkage of skeletal muscle cells due to paralysis.
Chapter 2 - Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes
- Cellular Injury Causes: Metabolic issues (hypoxia, ischemia) and microbial agents (viruses, bacteria).
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
- Necrosis: Cellular death due to external factors like toxins, trauma or infection.
Chapter 3 - Genetic Basis of Disease
- Study: Review four diseases from Module 1's study guide.
- Exam: One question on general information from this chapter.
Chapter 9 - Inflammation and Dysfunctional Wound Healing
-
Wound Descriptions:
- Primary Intention: Clear wound edges (surgical incision).
- Secondary Intention: Extensive tissue loss, granulation and fibrotic tissue formation.
- Tertiary Intention: Missing large amount of deep tissue.
Chapter 10 - Infectious Diseases
- Pathogen Table: Categorize pathogens (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) and affected body systems based on symptoms.
Chapter 11 - Disorders of the Immune System
- Immune System Function: Define and compare hypersensitivity, autoimmune disorders, and immunodeficiencies. Include examples.
Chapters 11-15 - Vocabulary Terms
- Leukocytosis: Increased white blood cell count.
- Anaphylaxis: Severe, life-threatening allergic response.
- Leukemia: Cancer of white blood cells.
- Polycythemia: Increased red blood cell count.
- Hemostasis: Stopping of bleeding.
- Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Type of lymphoma.
- Hemolytic Anemia: RBC destruction without replacement.
- Urticaria: Hives.
- Heparin: Chemical that breaks up blood clots.
- Thrombus: Blood clot.
- Lymphoma: Solid abnormal tumors of lymphoid cells.
- Atherosclerosis: Lipid buildup along vessel walls.
- Anemia: General term for insufficient oxygen delivery.
- Aneurysm: Weakening of arterial wall causing a bulge.
Chapter 13 - Disorders of the Red Blood Cells
- Anemia Types: Compare and contrast different types (acute blood loss, chronic blood loss, hemolytic, etc.), and their treatment.
- Coagulation: Focus on risk factors.
Chapter 15 - Arterial Disorders
- Hypertension: High blood pressure, with risk factors including obesity, age, and diabetes.
Chapter 16 - Ischemic Heart Disease
- Dysrhythmias: Tachycardia (fast heart rhythm), bradycardia (slow heart), and supraventricular arrhythmias (originating in the atria).
- Angina Pectoris: Chest pain due to reduced blood flow to the heart; caused by coronary artery disease (CAD).
- Treatment Options: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI, angioplasty).
Chapter 17 - Heart Failure
- Pathological Changes: Ventricular remodeling, neurohormonal activation, impaired contractility, impaired relaxation.
- Causes: Coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, heart valve disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, viral infections, sleep apnea.
- Types: Systolic and diastolic heart failure (systolic difficulty contracting; diastolic difficulty relaxing).
- LVF (Left Ventricular Failure): Fluid buildup in the lungs; pathophysiology includes decreased/increased cardiac output.
Chapter 19 - Venous Disorders
- Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Conditions where blood clots form in the deep veins, often in the legs; risk factors from the Virchow triad: venous stasis, vascular injury, hypercoagulability
- Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Potential complication of DVT; clot travels to the lungs.
Chapter 20 - Respiratory Inflammation and Infection
- Pathogens: Identify viral, bacterial, and other pathogens causing various respiratory illnesses (acute rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, etc.)
Chapter 21 - Obstructive Respiratory Disorders
- Hypoxia Regulation: Erythropoietin- hormone increasing red blood cell count for adequate oxygen.
- COPD Types: Compare and contrast chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
- Pneumothorax Types: Spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax (differ based on cause and implications/symptoms).
- COVID-19 and Respiratory System: Impact on the respiratory system, leading to potential ARDS.
- Lung Function Tests (FEV1 and FVC): Use to assess COPD severity; FEV1/FVC ratio is important for diagnosis.
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Description
Prepare for your HCR 240 midterm exam with this comprehensive review. Focus on terms and concepts related to diseases and disorders from modules 1-3. Utilize learning guides and PowerPoint slides for an effective study session.
