HCR 240 Midterm Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the cellular adaptation that results in an abnormal connection between two structures?

  • Metaplasia
  • Fistula (correct)
  • Dysplasia
  • Hyperplasia

    • Which of the following is a term used to describe the removal of dead tissue?

  • Debridement (correct)
  • Excision
  • Biopsy
  • Necrosis

    • Which of the following best describes a neoplasm that does not metastasize?

  • Malignant
  • Metastatic
  • Carcinoma
  • Benign (correct)

    • Which of the following cellular adaptations occurs when cells are exposed to prolonged ischemia and necrosis?

    <p>Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the narrowing of an open area, such as the esophagus?

    <p>Stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the mast cell chemical that causes sneezing, running nose, and irritation in the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the chemical signals that attract WBCs and platelets to the site of injury?

    <p>Chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of cellular adaptation that is characterized by an increase in the size of cells?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of wound healing involves the edges of a cut being brought together directly without significant tissue loss?

    <p>Primary intention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an autoimmune disorder?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogens are classified as viruses?

    <p>Influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hypersensitivity refer to in the context of the immune system?

    <p>An exaggerated immune response causing tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication is associated with untreated HIV infections?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is responsible for the common cold?

    <p>Human rhinovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of immunodeficiency disorders such as HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Impaired function and production of immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In tertiary intention wound healing, what is typically required?

    <p>Delayed closure with potential infection management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by severe dyspnea, laryngeal swelling, and hypotension?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may Charles be experiencing if he has a severe rash on his lower legs two days after hiking?

    <p>Poison ivy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clues suggest Sara has an autoimmune disease?

    <p>Positive anti-nuclear antibodies test and butterfly-shaped rash</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom experienced by Annie due to rheumatoid arthritis?

    <p>Joint pain and damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary symptom of chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Persistent cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pneumothorax occurs due to a chest injury?

    <p>Traumatic pneumothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the increase in white blood cells in the body?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Emphysema primarily leads to which clinical manifestation?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following signifies an overwhelming allergic response that can be severe and life-threatening?

    <p>Anaphylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term polycythemia refer to?

    <p>Increase in red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of tension pneumothorax?

    <p>Air accumulates and cannot escape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results from immune complex deposition in joint tissues?

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder can COVID-19 lead to in the respiratory system?

    <p>Severe pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes spontaneous pneumothorax?

    <p>Rupture of small air sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In chronic bronchitis, what complication is commonly observed?

    <p>Recurrent respiratory infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is left ventricular failure primarily characterized by?

    <p>Inability of the left ventricle to pump sufficient blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms can be associated with left ventricular failure?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'backward effects' refer to in the context of right ventricular failure?

    <p>Blood congestion in the veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the development of pulmonary embolism from a deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

    <p>Dislodgment of the clot to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is commonly known to cause pneumonia?

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for coughing up blood-containing sputum?

    <p>Hemoptysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of coughing up sputum called?

    <p>Expectoration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of insufficient oxygen in the body?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?

    <p>A surgical procedure that re-routes blood around a blocked artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)?

    <p>It involves inserting a catheter and inflating a balloon to widen arteries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between CABG and PCI?

    <p>CABG is a surgical procedure, whereas PCI is minimally invasive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines ventricular remodeling in heart failure?

    <p>The heart muscle weakens, causing chamber enlargement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does neurohormonal activation play in heart failure?

    <p>It is a compensatory mechanism that can worsen heart damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does impaired contractility affect the heart in heart failure?

    <p>It leads to a reduction in blood flow effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation is CABG generally recommended?

    <p>For severe blockages in difficult areas to treat with PCI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is typically NOT treated with PCI?

    <p>Multiple blockages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    HCR 240 Midterm Review

    • This review covers material from Human Pathophysiology, a course at Arizona College of Nursing.
    • It focuses on the midterm exam, encompassing previous learning materials and additional relevant concepts.
    • Exam preparation involves reviewing module learning guides related to diseases and disorders.
    • The study guide provides definitions, examples, and terms related to the topics covered in the readings and PowerPoints.
    • Specific chapters include:
      • Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes
      • Infectious Diseases
      • Genetic Basis of Disease
      • Inflammation and Dysfunctional Wound Healing
      • Disorders of the Immune System
      • Disorders of the Red Blood Cells
      • Arterial Disorders
      • Ischemic Heart Disease
      • Respiratory Disorders
    • The document includes case studies for diagnosis practice.
    • Information regarding various diseases and disorders, like anaphylaxis, systemic anaphylaxis, type IV hypersensitivity, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis is present.
    • Detailed information on pathophysiology mechanisms like the pathophysiology of LVF (left ventricular failure) is included.
    • The document covers various types of diseases, including bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections.
    • The pathophysiology of COVID-19 is briefly covered
    • The document covers specific vocabulary related to the different chapters.
    • Important terms like leukocytosis, anaphylaxis, leukemia, hypertension, COPD, pneumothorax and others are explained.
    • Key figures and percentages associated with COPD's severity are listed.

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    HCR 240 Midterm Review PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your Human Pathophysiology midterm with this comprehensive review. It covers key concepts such as cellular injury, infectious diseases, and immune system disorders, along with relevant case studies for practical diagnosis. Use this guide to solidify your understanding of material from previous modules and enhance your exam performance.

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