HCR 240 Midterm Review
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Questions and Answers

In chronic bronchitis, the primary clinical manifestation is primarily caused by what?

  • Impaired lung function and decreased oxygenation.
  • Increased alveolar damage and reduced gas exchange.
  • Chronic cough and sputum production. (correct)
  • A persistent cough and increased mucus production.

    • What is the primary physiological mechanism by which erythropoietin helps regulate hypoxia?

  • Erythropoietin increases the production of red blood cells, enhancing the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity. (correct)
  • Erythropoietin inhibits the production of white blood cells, reducing inflammation and improving oxygen exchange.
  • Erythropoietin directly stimulates the contraction of blood vessels, increasing blood pressure and oxygen delivery.
  • Erythropoietin directly dilates blood vessels, improving blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues.

    • Which of the following accurately describes the difference between spontaneous pneumothorax and traumatic pneumothorax?

  • Spontaneous pneumothorax involves the rupture of large air sacs, while traumatic pneumothorax involves smaller air sacs.
  • Traumatic pneumothorax is always caused by a penetrating injury, while spontaneous pneumothorax results from a rib fracture.
  • Spontaneous pneumothorax occurs without any external cause, while traumatic pneumothorax is caused by an injury. (correct)
  • Spontaneous pneumothorax is always caused by a lung disease, while traumatic pneumothorax results from an injury.

    • Tension pneumothorax is characterized by a one-way valve effect. This means:

    <p>Air can enter the pleural space but cannot escape, leading to increasing pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of emphysema that sets it apart from chronic bronchitis?

    <p>Emphysema involves damage to the alveoli, reducing gas exchange, while chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the bronchi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a difference between chronic bronchitis and emphysema regarding their clinical manifestations?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis is characterized by a persistent cough, while emphysema is characterized by difficulty breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiratory disorder could be associated with the symptoms of shortness of breath, difficulty exhaling air, and decreased exercise tolerance?

    <p>Emphysema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely respiratory disorder a patient with COVID-19 could develop, based on the information provided?

    <p>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes a non-infected blister?

    <p>Vesicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines apoptosis?

    <p>Programmed cell death without causing inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical is primarily responsible for causing sneezing and nasal irritation?

    <p>Histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a prolonged condition leading to ischemia and tissue death, often observed in extremities?

    <p>Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines a neoplasm that does not metastasize?

    <p>Benign tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to abnormal connections between two bodily structures?

    <p>Fistula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these describes the cellular process of narrowing an open area, such as the esophagus?

    <p>Stricture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for the removal of necrotic tissue?

    <p>Debridement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary symptom of left ventricular failure?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does left ventricular failure have on blood circulation?

    <p>Decreases oxygen supply to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a possible complication of untreated left ventricular failure?

    <p>Fluid overload in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change is commonly observed in left ventricular failure?

    <p>Increased left ventricle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fluid buildup in the lungs affect respiratory function?

    <p>Decreases functional residual capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a backward effect of right ventricular failure?

    <p>Fluid retention in the extremities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor could contribute to the onset of left ventricular failure?

    <p>Coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of left ventricular failure, what does decreased cardiac output imply?

    <p>Inadequate blood supply to meet bodily demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hemolytic anemia primarily caused by?

    <p>Autoimmune disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes angina pectoris?

    <p>A type of chest pain from insufficient blood flow to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which corticosteroids help treat hemolytic anemia?

    <p>Suppressing the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Buildup of lipid plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of anemia is associated with acute trauma?

    <p>Acute blood loss anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the condition of hypertension?

    <p>High blood pressure exceeding normal levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A blood clot can also be referred to as which of the following?

    <p>Thrombus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could lead to insufficient oxygen delivery in the body?

    <p>Low blood volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)?

    <p>To create a new route for blood flow around a blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which situation is PCI generally recommended for?

    <p>One or two less severe blockages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference between CABG and PCI?

    <p>CABG is a surgical procedure with longer recovery time compared to PCI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does neurohormonal activation in heart failure primarily involve?

    <p>Activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathological change in heart failure involves a change in the size and shape of the heart chambers?

    <p>Ventricular remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of neurohormonal activation in heart failure over time?

    <p>Decreased contractility of the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes impaired contractility in the context of heart failure?

    <p>The heart chambers become less able to pump blood effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does CABG differ methodologically from PCI?

    <p>CABG requires general anesthesia, while PCI uses local anesthesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can lead to both systolic and diastolic heart failure?

    <p>Age-related changes in the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does impaired relaxation in the heart muscle affect cardiac output?

    <p>It reduces cardiac output by decreasing the amount of blood the heart can pump with each beat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of low-output heart failure?

    <p>The body's metabolic demand is higher than normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these cardiac conditions can cause low-output heart failure?

    <p>Cardiomyopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure?

    <p>Systolic heart failure involves a problem with the heart's ability to contract, while diastolic heart failure involves a problem with the heart's ability to relax.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the relationship between cardiac output and heart failure?

    <p>Cardiac output may be reduced in both systolic and diastolic heart failure, but the mechanism differs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of high-output heart failure?

    <p>Increased metabolic demands exceeding the heart's capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of impaired contraction in heart failure?

    <p>Impaired ability to fill with blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    HCR 240 Midterm Review

    • This is a review for the midterm exam in Human Pathophysiology, at Arizona College of Nursing.
    • Students are responsible for all previous learning guides.
    • Modules 1-3 learning guides cover diseases and disorders for the exam.
    • An additional study guide covers specific terms and concepts.
    • Module 4 will contain the midterm exam.

    Chapter 2 and 9 Terms

    • Etiology: Cause of a disease.
    • Transudate: A non-infected blister.
    • Hyperplasia: Keloid formation, a cellular adaptation.
    • Pyrogens: Chemicals causing fever.
    • Benign: A type of neoplasm that doesn't metastasize.
    • Stricture: Narrowing of an opening (e.g., esophagus).
    • Histology: Microscopic study of tissue.
    • Histamine: Mast cell chemical causing sneezing, runny nose.
    • Gangrene: Prolonged ischemia and necrosis in extremities.
    • Fistula: Abnormal connection between structures.
    • Purulent Exudate: Another word for pus.
    • Debridement: Removal of necrotic tissue.
    • Neoplasia: "New growth" often disorganized and uncontrolled.
    • Chemotaxis: Chemical signals attracting white blood cells.
    • Atrophy: Shrinkage of skeletal muscle cells due to paralysis.

    Chapter 2 - Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes

    • Metabolic injury: Hypoxia and ischemia.
    • Microbial injury: Viruses and bacteria.
    • Apoptosis: Programmed cell death.
    • Necrosis: Cellular death caused by external agents like toxins, trauma, or infection.

    Chapter 3 - Genetic Basis of Disease

    • Review the 4 diseases covered in Module 1.
    • One question on the exam about general information from the chapter.

    Chapter 9 - Inflammation and Dysfunctional Wound Healing

    • Primary intention: Clear wound edges (e.g., surgical incision).
    • Secondary intention: Extensive tissue loss, granulation, and fibrotic tissue formation.
    • Tertiary intention: Missing large amounts of deep tissue.

    Chapter 10 - Infectious Diseases

    • Includes identifying pathogens (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic) and affected body systems.

    Chapter 11 - Disorders of Immune System

    • Define and differentiate hypersensitivity, autoimmune, and immunodeficiency.

    Case Studies

    • Diagnosing given patient conditions and justifying choices.

    Chapters 11-15 Vocabulary

    • List of vocabulary terms (leukocytosis, anaphylaxis, leukemia, etc.) that relate to definitions provided.

    Chapter 13 - Disorders of the Red Blood Cells

    • Comparing different anemia types and their treatment options.

    Chapter 14 - Disorders of Platelets, Hemostasis, and Coagulation

    • Risk factors for increased coagulation activity (high levels of coagulants, fibrinogen, diabetes, smoking, tobacco use)

    Chapter 15 - Arterial Disorders

    • Defining and listing risk factors for hypertension (high blood pressure)

    Chapter 16 - Ischemic Heart Disease

    • Describing heart dysrhythmias (tachycardia, bradycardia, supraventricular arrhythmias)
    • Describing angina pectoris and causes.
    • Listing two surgical/endovascular options for heart disease (CABG, PCI), describing them and how they differ.

    Chapter 17 - Heart Failure

    • The four pathological changes in heart failure (ventricular remodeling, neurohormonal activation, impaired contractility, impaired relaxation).
    • Causes of heart failure (coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, etc.)
    • Comparing and contrasting systolic vs. diastolic heart failure
    • Comparing high-output vs. low-output heart failure
    • Describing the pathophysiological processes of left ventricular failure (LVF).

    Chapter 19 - Venous Disorders

    • Virchow's triad (venous stasis, vascular injury, hypercoagulability) as risk factors for Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
    • How DVT can lead to Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and symptoms/clinical presentation

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    HCR 240 Midterm Review PDF

    Description

    Prepare for your Human Pathophysiology midterm exam with this comprehensive review. Covering key terms and concepts from Modules 1-3, this quiz will help reinforce your understanding of diseases and disorders. Make sure to review all previous learning guides as you study.

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