Hardy-Weinberg Theorem: Genetics and Biotechnology
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which alleles with reduced fitness can persist in a population?

  • Propagation via heterozygous genotypes (correct)
  • Gene flow from a neighboring population
  • Balancing selection
  • Heterozygote advantage

    • What is the term for the phenomenon where the heterozygous genotype is fitter than either homozygote?

  • Balancing selection
  • Heterozygote advantage (correct)
  • Non-random mating
  • Heterozygote disadvantage

    • What is the condition in which a missense mutation in the β-globin gene leads to the production of abnormal hemoglobin?

  • Sickle-cell anaemia (correct)
  • Sickle-cell trait
  • Thalassemia
  • Malaria

    • What is the condition required for the maintenance of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

    <p>Random mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the geographic distribution of the sickle-cell anaemia allele (HbS) strongly correlated with?

    <p>Malaria endemicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Hardy-Weinberg theorem in the context of a single gene with two alleles?

    <p>An equation that describes the relationship between allele frequencies and genotype frequencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a population not being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a particular genetic locus?

    <p>Microevolution is occurring at that genetic locus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of evolution from a population genetics perspective?

    <p>A change in the population's allele or genotype frequencies over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of the normal homozygous individuals in a population, assuming the Irish population is in HWE at the CFTR genetic locus?

    <p>p^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem in the context of predicting the incidence of inherited disease?

    <p>To estimate the frequency of a genetic disorder in a population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of the AA genotype in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

    <p>$p^2$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder. What is the genotype of an individual who is a carrier of the disease?

    <p>Aa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If the frequency of the A allele is 0.6, what is the frequency of the a allele?

    <p>0.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Hardy-Weinberg theorem can be used to predict the incidence of inherited diseases. What is the frequency of the aa genotype in a population where the frequency of the a allele is 0.2?

    <p>0.04</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the allele frequencies p and q in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

    <p>p + q = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of the Fy0 allele in African populations?

    <p>~1.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of diploidy on genetic variation in a population?

    <p>Hides genetic variation from natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of balancing selection on genetic variation in a population?

    <p>Preserves genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the susceptibility to malaria associated with the Fya allele?

    <p>Susceptibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of natural selection in shaping a population's genotype frequencies?

    <p>Eradicates genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the increased frequency of the RP allele in Tristan da Cunha compared to Britain?

    <p>Founder effect and genetic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gene flow between populations on their genetic structure?

    <p>Reduces differences in genetic structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of gene flow from population 1 (fixed for the a allele) to population 2 (fixed for the A allele)?

    <p>Population 2 becomes polymorphic for both alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem in predicting the incidence of inherited disease?

    <p>To predict the frequency of a disease-causing allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inbreeding on the genotype frequencies in a population?

    <p>The frequency of heterozygotes decreases, while the frequency of homozygotes increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem, what is the effect of self-fertilisation on the allele frequencies?

    <p>The allele frequencies remain unchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum number of generations required to observe the effects of genetic drift in a small population?

    <p>Multiple generations, depending on population size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem regarding population size?

    <p>The population is very large, ideally infinite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT required for the maintenance of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

    <p>The population is in genetic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely outcome of the founder effect on the genetic makeup of a new colony?

    <p>Reduced genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the lack of diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genetic locus in cheetahs?

    <p>Bottleneck effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of being affected by Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) in the Tristan da Cunha population?

    <p>q2 = 0.017; q = 0.13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency of the allele associated with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) in Britain?

    <p>q = 0.016</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where a few individual organisms colonise a new habitat?

    <p>Founder Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of a population experiencing a bottleneck effect?

    <p>Reduced genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition caused by mutations in the rhodopsin gene (RHO) on HSA3?

    <p>Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the founder effect on the genetic variation of a population?

    <p>Reduced genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of being a carrier of the allele associated with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) in Tristan da Cunha?

    <p>q = 0.13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where a population experiences a severe reduction in size, leading to a loss of genetic variation?

    <p>Bottleneck Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of being a carrier of an autosomal recessive disease in a population where the frequency of the recessive allele is 0.4?

    <p>0.48</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of the AA genotype is 0.36, what is the frequency of the A allele?

    <p>0.6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotypic frequency of individuals affected by an autosomal recessive disease in a population where the frequency of the recessive allele is 0.2?

    <p>0.04</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of the A allele is 0.7, what is the frequency of the Aa genotype?

    <p>0.42</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem in the context of predicting the incidence of inherited disease?

    <p>To predict the genotype frequencies of the disease in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of an individual being homozygous recessive for the RP allele in a population where the frequency of the RP allele is 0.7?

    <p>0.49</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype if the frequency of the A allele is 0.8 and the frequency of the a allele is 0.2?

    <p>0.32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of gene flow on the genotype frequencies in a population that was previously fixed for the a allele?

    <p>Increase in the frequency of the Aa genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the frequency of the Aa genotype if the frequency of the A allele is 0.9 and the frequency of the a allele is 0.1?

    <p>0.18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of genetic drift on the allele frequencies in a population that has undergone a bottleneck effect?

    <p>Random change in the allele frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why natural selection does not eliminate genetic variation in a population?

    <p>Diploidy and genetic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected frequency of the Fy0 allele in a population where malaria disease persists?

    <p>p = 1.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of balancing selection on genetic variation in a population?

    <p>Preserves genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of diploidy in preserving genetic variation in a population?

    <p>Diploidy hides genetic variation from natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem in predicting the incidence of inherited disease?

    <p>To predict the incidence of inherited disease in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a deviation from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in a population?

    <p>Microevolution is occurring at the genetic locus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of being a carrier of cystic fibrosis in the Irish population if the frequency of the mutated CFTR allele is 0.2?

    <p>0.48</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the frequency of the normal CFTR allele is 0.8, what is the frequency of heterozygous carriers in the Irish population?

    <p>0.48</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the requirement for the Hardy-Weinberg theorem to be applicable to a population?

    <p>The population must be randomly mating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a change in the allele frequencies in a population over time?

    <p>Evolution is occurring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype frequency of Aa in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of the A allele is 0.4 and the frequency of the a allele is 0.6?

    <p>0.24</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a population, the frequency of the sickle-cell anaemia allele (HbS) is 0.2. What is the frequency of the AA genotype?

    <p>0.04</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inbreeding on the genotype frequencies in a population?

    <p>Increases the frequency of homozygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of being affected by sickle-cell anaemia in a population where the frequency of the HbS allele is 0.2?

    <p>0.04</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition required for the Hardy-Weinberg theorem to be applied?

    <p>Random mating and no genetic drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected frequency of the Aa genotype in a population that is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of the A allele is 0.5?

    <p>0.50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with allele frequencies p = 0.7 and q = 0.3. What is the expected frequency of the AA genotype?

    <p>0.49</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to inbreeding. What is the expected effect on the genotype frequencies?

    <p>A decrease in the frequency of heterozygotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition required for the maintenance of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

    <p>A very large population size, isolation, no mutations, no natural selection, and random mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the application of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem in predicting the incidence of inherited disease?

    <p>To predict the frequency of affected individuals in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype frequency of individuals affected by Retinitis Pigmentosa in Tristan da Cunha?

    <p>q2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the allele frequency of the allele associated with Retinitis Pigmentosa in Tristan da Cunha?

    <p>0.13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the bottleneck effect on the genetic variation of a population?

    <p>Decreases genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the probability of being a carrier of the allele associated with Retinitis Pigmentosa in Tristan da Cunha?

    <p>pq</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected genotype frequency of the AA genotype in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of the A allele is 0.7?

    <p>0.49</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected allele frequency of the a allele in a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of the A allele is 0.6?

    <p>0.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a population not being in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium at a particular genetic locus?

    <p>The population is not in genetic equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem in predicting the incidence of inherited disease?

    <p>To predict the incidence of inherited disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely consequence of a population experiencing a bottleneck effect?

    <p>Decrease in genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where a few individual organisms colonise a new habitat?

    <p>Founder Effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

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