Population Genetics: Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

False (B)

Lamarck

<p>evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Population = A group of organisms of the same species in a specific area Fitness = The number of surviving offspring produced by an individual Natural Selection = The process through which advantageous traits become more common Dominant Allele = An allele that masks the presence of another allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recessive alleles can remain hidden in heterozygous individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of surviving offspring an individual produces</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a high mutation rate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in allele frequencies due to chance events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>founder</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random Evolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Founder effect = Isolated small population differing in allele frequency Bottleneck effect = Reduction in population size affecting genetic diversity Assortative mating = Similar phenotypes mate with each other Mutation = Change in genetic code that can alter phenotypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The population is said to be evolving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can decrease or increase fitness depending on the alleles introduced. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Variation among individuals/phenotypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disruptive Selection = Eliminates intermediate types Directional Selection = Eliminates one extreme from an array of phenotypes Stabilizing Selection = Eliminates both extremes from an array of phenotypes Artificial Selection = Human exerted selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heterozygotes are less susceptible to malaria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>fertile</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The frequency of genotype AA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.75</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2pq</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.25 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It tests the significance of the difference between observed and expected genotypic frequencies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The population is evolving. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It describes a population that is not evolving, where allele frequencies remain constant over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High resource availability = Population growth Limited resources = Increased competition Successful phenotype alleles = Increased fitness Less successful phenotypes = Decreased prevalence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>120 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>allele frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>p = Frequency of the dominant allele q = Frequency of the recessive allele p² = Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype q² = Frequency of homozygous recessive genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>76.8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chi-square test</p> Signup and view all the answers

A group of the same species living in the same area, able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

The total collection of all alleles (different versions of a gene) in a population.

Change in populations over time.

Favorable traits help individuals survive and reproduce better, leading to more of those traits in the population.

Measure of an individual's ability to survive and pass on their genes in a specific environment.

Study of genes in populations; combining evolutionary biology and population genetics to see how change happens through selection.

Group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

A principle describing the conditions under which allele and genotype frequencies in a population will stay constant from one generation to the next.

A condition where allele frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation, meaning no evolution is occurring.

Change in allele frequencies due to chance events, especially important in small populations.

Genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population, carrying a different allele frequency than the original population.

Genetic drift caused by a sharp reduction in population size, which can affect the gene pool.

Mating where individuals with similar phenotypes mate more frequently than random mating.

Changes in the genetic code that can result in altered phenotypes.

A type of natural selection that favors extreme phenotypes over intermediate ones.

A type of natural selection that favors one extreme phenotype over the other extreme or the average phenotype.

Natural selection that favors the average phenotype and eliminates extreme phenotypes.

A situation where heterozygous individuals have a higher fitness (survival and reproduction) compared to both homozygous genotypes.

The proportion of a particular allele within a population.

The number of independent values that can vary in a statistical test. It reflects the number of categories in the data minus one.

The proportion of a specific genotype combination(combination of genes) in a population

A statistical test used to compare observed frequencies of data to expected frequencies, determining if there's a significant difference between them.

A shift in allele frequencies within a population over generations, indicating a change in genetic makeup.

The sum of the frequencies of alleles (p and q, usually for the two major variants) in a population equals 1. This equation models a simple 2-allele system.

The maximum number of individuals that a particular environment can sustain indefinitely, limited by resources and carrying capacity.

The Hardy-Weinberg equation, showing the expected genotype frequencies (AA, Aa, aa) for a 2-allele system, given the allele frequencies (p and q).

An individual carrying two copies of the same dominant allele (e.g., AA).

An individual carrying two copies of the same recessive allele (e.g., aa).

An individual carrying two different alleles (e.g., Aa).

The actual proportions of different genotypes (like homozygous dominant, heterozygous, homozygous recessive) observed in a population sample.

The theoretical proportions of genotypes expected in a population based on Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and allele frequencies.

Compare observed genotypic frequencies to expected frequencies. If they differ significantly, evolution is likely occurring.

Use known allele frequencies (p and q) and the Hardy-Weinberg equations (p² + 2pq + q² = 1) to determine the expected proportions of each genotype.

The difference between the observed genotypic frequencies and the expected genotypic frequencies.