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Hardy-Weinberg Theorem Quiz
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Hardy-Weinberg Theorem Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem predict about allele frequencies in a population?

  • They will increase over time.
  • They will remain constant over time. (correct)
  • They will eventually become homozygous.
  • They will fluctuate significantly.

    • Which assumption is NOT necessary for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

  • No mutation.
  • Small population size. (correct)
  • No migration.
  • No selection.

    • What role does mutation play in a population according to evolutionary theory?

  • It stabilizes allele frequencies.
  • It generates new alleles. (correct)
  • It eliminates harmful alleles only.
  • It preserves existing alleles.

    • Which evolutionary force is characterized by the random preservation or elimination of alleles?

    <p>Genetic drift.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inbreeding primarily affects the frequency of which genetic characteristic in a population?

    <p>Homozygotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the result of migration on a population?

    <p>Introduction of new alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a main effect of non-random mating in a population?

    <p>It reduces allele diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem?

    <p>It models populations under idealized conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why periodic cicadas emerge every 13 or 17 years?

    <p>To evade predators through synchronization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an observation made regarding cicadas?

    <p>Cicadas live for several years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives competition among cicadas as per evolutionary thinking?

    <p>The resource limitations in the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a factor contributing to heritability in cicadas?

    <p>Genetic traits passed through generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Darwin's theory of evolution is based on which of the following observations?

    <p>Some variations are heritable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best explains why different cicada broods exist?

    <p>Different emergence times between generations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely reason for the long generation time of cicadas?

    <p>To allow more time for larval development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement aligns with the concept of differential success in cicadas?

    <p>The environment affects which cicadas survive to reproduce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate source of genetic variation in populations?

    <p>Mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation is most significant for evolutionary change?

    <p>Germ line mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can we measure the genetic variation in a population?

    <p>By calculating heterozygosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the modified formula representing the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for a gene with three alleles A, B, and C?

    <p>p^2 + 2pq + 2pr + q^2 + 2qr + r^2 = 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If p = 0.5, q = 0.3, and r = 0.2, what is the expected frequency of genotype AB based on the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

    <p>0.30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary estimation of genetic diversity within a population?

    <p>Heterozygosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about mutations is true?

    <p>Most mutations are neutral or mildly deleterious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Hardy-Weinberg model, what would the squared sum of allele frequencies equate to?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason why the Indian government prevents contact with the Sentinelese?

    <p>They want to preserve their traditional lifestyle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the isolation of the Sentinelese tribe?

    <p>They exhibit aggressive behavior towards outsiders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From a biological perspective, what is a major risk of contact with outsiders for the Sentinelese?

    <p>They might be exposed to diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long have the Sentinelese likely remained uncontacted by outsiders?

    <p>Between 30,000 to 60,000 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of how the Sentinelese live?

    <p>They inhabit long communal huts and temporary shelters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily constitutes the diet of the Sentinelese?

    <p>Fishing in coastal waters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects the lineage of the Sentinelese?

    <p>They likely descend from the first migrants out of Africa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic associated with the Sentinelese?

    <p>They practice extensive agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What genetic trait influences the survival likelihood of cicadas?

    <p>Larval period/emergence time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does natural selection primarily focus on?

    <p>Differential survival and reproduction based on genetic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes fitness in an evolutionary context?

    <p>The contribution of an individual to the next generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when directional selection occurs?

    <p>Population shifts in one direction, but variation remains the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to variation in a population undergoing stabilizing selection?

    <p>Variation decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selection type occurs when both extremes of a spectrum have higher fitness than the intermediates?

    <p>Disruptive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does frequency-dependent selection affect a population?

    <p>Fitness depends on the commonality of individuals in the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of natural selection on a population over time?

    <p>Incremental disappearance of less fit traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario is natural selection least likely to cause a significant change?

    <p>When all individuals are identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about cicadas that have successful larval periods?

    <p>They will survive and reproduce at higher rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stabilizing selection maintains what within a population?

    <p>Intermediate phenotypes with higher fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which evolutionary process might we expect to see the greatest increase in variation?

    <p>Disruptive selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as 'the measurable currency' of an individual's success in contributing to future generations?

    <p>Fitness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

    • Models population genetics by estimating allele and genotype frequencies.
    • Requires certain assumptions for maintaining equilibrium: no mutation, no migration, no selection, and large population size.
    • A population in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium will not evolve over time.

    Evolutionary Forces

    • Violations of Hardy-Weinberg assumptions lead to evolutionary changes.
    • Mutation: Introduces new alleles by altering DNA sequences.
    • Migration: Transfers alleles between populations; gene flow can counteract genetic drift.
    • Selection: Influences which alleles are preserved based on fitness advantages.
    • Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies; impacts smaller populations more significantly.
    • Inbreeding: Increases frequency of homozygotes, which can reduce genetic diversity.
    • Non-Random Mating: Alters distributions of traits linked to mating preferences.

    Cicada Life Cycles

    • Periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) emerge every 13 or 17 years, promoting mass emergence.
    • Long generation times and synchronized emergence may evolve as strategies against predation.
    • Theories about emergence patterns may suggest various evolutionary advantages.

    Darwin’s Observations on Evolution

    • Organisms exhibit variation in characteristics, which can be heritable.
    • Competition leads to differential survival, influenced by individual fitness.
    • Evolution results from the interaction of variation, heritability, competition, and differential success.

    Mechanisms of Evolution

    • Natural Selection: Non-random survival and reproduction based on advantageous traits.
    • Types of natural selection include:
      • Directional Selection: Individuals at one extreme benefit, causing shifts in traits.
      • Stabilizing Selection: Intermediate traits are favored, reducing variation.
      • Disruptive Selection: Extremes have advantages, increasing variation.
      • Frequency-Dependent Selection: Common traits may have varying fitness based on their prevalence.

    Sentinelese Tribe

    • The Sentinelese are uncontacted and aggressive towards outsiders, living on North Sentinel Island.
    • Estimated population ranges from 50 to 200 individuals; significant genetic isolation for 30,000-60,000 years.
    • Isolation and potential risks of contact pose serious concerns for genetic diversity.

    Genetic Variation and Mutation

    • Mutations serve as the primary source of genetic variation and necessary for evolution.
    • Germ-line mutations can be passed to offspring; a human may carry approximately 1.6 detectable mutations.
    • Most coding region mutations are mildly deleterious or neutral initially.
    • Genetic variation in populations is measured through heterozygosity.

    Hardy-Weinberg Equations

    • For a gene with three alleles (A, B, C), the frequencies can be represented as p (A), q (B), and r (C).
    • The total frequency equation is (p + q + r)² = 1.
    • Expected frequencies of genotypes are calculated through:
      • p² = frequency of AA
      • 2pq = frequency of AB
      • 2pr = frequency of AC
      • q² = frequency of BB
      • 2qr = frequency of BC
      • r² = frequency of CC.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem and its applications in population genetics. This quiz covers the assumptions and predictions regarding allele and genotype frequencies in populations. Challenge yourself to see how well you grasp these key concepts in genetics.

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