96 Questions
What distinguishes groups from collectives?
Groups have more integrated and coherent interactions
What are the key features of groups that motivate people to join?
Roles, norms, cohesiveness
What are the types of roles in groups?
Instrumental and expressive
What are norms in groups?
Rules of conduct for members, either formal or informal
What is the Prisoner's Dilemma based on?
Individual vs. collective benefits fueled by fear
What are the two types of dilemmas under Resource Dilemmas?
Commons dilemma and public goods dilemma
What are the strategies that can foster cooperation in social dilemmas?
Trust, communication, and identification with the group
What are Integrative Agreements in negotiation and conflict resolution?
Resolutions where all parties gain more than an equal division of resources
What did the study by Eftychia Stamkou and colleagues investigate in 2019?
Cultural norms of strictness and tolerance in 31 countries
What did the study find about countries with higher strictness levels?
They often had histories of threats, higher population densities, and more autocratic or hierarchical governance structures
What are the implications of the study's findings for groups coming from stricter cultures?
Higher likelihood of conformity and less tolerance for deviant behavior
What does the study highlight about cultural influences on group behavior?
Cultural norms shape group dynamics, especially in terms of conformity, leadership styles, and conflict resolution
What factors influence group cohesiveness?
Intimacy, unity, commitment to goals, and frequency of interaction
What is social facilitation?
The tendency for people to perform differently in the presence of others
What is social loafing?
The phenomenon where individuals in a group reduce their effort
What is deindividuation?
Loss of self-awareness and individual accountability in groups
What can hinder or enhance group performance in group dynamics?
Process loss and gain
Why is brainstorming often less effective in groups?
Biased sampling in group discussions can lead to incomplete information sharing
What is group polarization?
Tendency of group members to make more extreme decisions
What is groupthink?
A mode of thinking that occurs in cohesive groups
What does biased sampling in group discussions lead to?
Incomplete information sharing
What characterizes tight cultures?
Strong norms
What characterizes loose cultures?
Weaker norms
What is the link between cohesiveness and group performance?
Cohesiveness is linked to better group performance
What is the relationship between stress and the need for affiliation according to Gump & Kulik (1997)?
Stress increases the need for affiliation, especially with those in similar situations
What is the motivation for connection according to Case et al. (2015)?
Feeling powerless also motivates connection
What is the nature of intimate loneliness?
Lack of close, intimate relationships
According to the Reward Theory of Attraction, why are we attracted to others?
We are attracted to those who reward us, either directly or indirectly
Which research example supports the Mere Exposure Effect?
Reis et al. (2011) study on increased anonymous email interactions
Which factor strongly predicts relationship formation according to the text?
Physical Proximity
What did the study by Aron et al. (1989) find?
Realization of mutual liking can spark relationships
What is the 'What-is-beautiful-is-good' Stereotype about?
Attractive people often believed to possess desirable traits
What does the Equity Theory link relationship satisfaction to?
The balance of benefits and contributions
Which theory views relationships as transactions aimed at maximizing benefits and minimizing costs?
Social Exchange Theory
What shapes future attachment styles in romantic relationships according to the text?
Early interactions with caregivers
What are the components of Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love?
Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment
What does the 'Types' in Intimate Relationships refer to?
Communal vs. Exchange
What did the study by Bossard (1932) find?
Proximity strongly predicts relationship formation
What does the 'Inherent Features' in the context of Beauty refer to?
Certain physical features universally considered attractive
What is the focus of the study by Montoya et al. (2017)?
Repeated exposure to a stimulus increasing positive evaluation
What is the concept that focuses on preferential helping of genetic relatives?
Kin Selection
What theory suggests that our genetic makeup influences us to act in ways that favor the reproduction of our genes?
The Selfish Gene Theory
What is the practice of helping others with an expectation of future reciprocation called?
Reciprocal Altruism
What type of behavior is more likely to be exhibited in high-risk situations when it benefits genetic kin?
Prosocial Behavior
What predicts helping behavior according to the empathy-altruism hypothesis?
Empathic concern for someone in need
What concept involves preferential helping of genetic relatives to ensure shared gene survival?
Kin selection
What influences the bystander effect, leading to reduced likelihood of helping when more witnesses are present?
Pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility
Which factor strongly predicts relationship formation according to the text?
Perceived similarity
What influences who receives help based on the text?
Visibility of need and attribution of responsibility
What does the selfish gene concept suggest?
Genes influence behavior to favor their reproduction
What increases the likelihood of helping according to the text?
Personality traits like empathy, moral reasoning, and responsibility
What does the bystander effect lead to?
Reduced likelihood of helping when more witnesses are present
What predicts helping behavior according to the text?
Empathy, moral reasoning, and responsibility
What concept suggests that genes influence behavior to favor their reproduction?
Selfish gene concept
What can influence helping behavior based on the text?
Situational contexts and individual differences
What predicts helping behavior according to the text?
Empathic concern for someone in need
What are the mechanisms through which bad moods can lead to more helping behaviors?
Taking responsibility for mood and focusing on others and personal values
What did the Meta-Analysis by Coyne et al., 2018 find regarding exposure to prosocial media and prosocial behavior?
A positive association between exposure to prosocial media and prosocial behavior
What characteristic is NOT mentioned as increasing the likelihood of receiving help?
Perceived as responsible for their situation
In Levine et al., 2005 study, what logo was associated with the highest likelihood of helping the jogger?
Ingroup soccer logo
What did the World Giving Index (2018) list as top countries in prosocial behavior?
Myanmar, United States, and New Zealand
Which gender is generally more likely to provide social support?
Women
What personality trait is NOT listed as a characteristic of helpful people?
High extraversion
What did the study by Ruth, 2017 investigate in relation to music and choice of purchasing fair-trade coffee?
The influence of music with prosocial or neutral lyrics on the choice of purchasing fair-trade coffee
What is the role of social influence in charitable acts?
Encouraging matching contributions and publicizing donor lists
What did Guan et al., 2019 study in relation to exposure to pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral videos?
Willingness to volunteer time and donate money
What did the study by Chopnik et al., 2017 find regarding empathy and helping in different countries?
Empathy predicts helping in 63 countries
What is the influence of individualism vs. collectivism on prosocial behavior?
Relationship with prosocial behavior is mixed and depends on how helping is measured
Which of the following is a characteristic of proactive/instrumental aggression?
It is strategic and often calculated
What distinguishes violence from other forms of aggression?
It involves extreme acts of aggression, such as murder
What is the central aspect of the definition of aggression?
The intent to harm
How is passive aggression defined?
Failing to act in certain situations can also be considered aggressive
What percentage of aggression variation in children is explained by heritability according to twin and adoptive studies?
33-50%
Which neurotransmitters are impacted by variations in the MAOA gene, influencing aggressive behavior?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine
What is the weak association between hormonal influences and aggression linked to?
High testosterone and low cortisol
Which neurotransmitter plays a role in restraining impulsive, reactive aggression?
Serotonin
What is linked to higher aggression in teens, with aggressive teens showing increased activity in the brain's reward center?
Poor executive functioning
According to Bandura's theory, what significantly influences aggression?
Environmental factors
What is corporal punishment defined as?
The use of physical force to control a child's behavior
What does social learning theory highlight as influencing aggressive behavior?
Observation and direct experience of rewards/punishments
Which cultures exemplify rare instances of aggression and value non-aggression?
Nonviolent cultures
What does the culture of honor emphasize?
Honor and status
Which gender is generally more physically violent across cultures?
Men
What is linked to increased aggression according to individual differences in aggression?
Low agreeableness, narcissism, and hostile attribution bias
What is the Dark Triad composed of?
Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy
What is positively correlated with physical and relational forms of aggression?
Hostile Attribution Bias
What does the Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis suggest?
Frustration always leads to aggression
What can lead to aggression beyond frustration?
Negative affect
What role does self-control play in reducing aggression?
Crucial role
What does extensive research link to aggression?
Violent media
What is effective in treating violent juvenile delinquents?
Multisystemic Therapy
What does bullying prevention involve?
Comprehensive programs effective at multiple levels
What does exposure to violent pornography increase?
Aggression, particularly in males
What is attributed to the historical decline in violence?
Enhanced education, intelligence, and reasoning
What is effective in reducing aggression?
Sociocultural approaches
What does bullying prevention involve?
Comprehensive programs effective at multiple levels
Study Notes
Group Dynamics and Performance
- Factors influencing group cohesiveness: intimacy, unity, commitment to goals, and frequency of interaction
- Cohesiveness linked to better group performance
- Tight cultures have strong norms, while loose cultures have weaker norms
- Different cultures value group cohesiveness differently
- Social facilitation: the tendency for people to perform differently in the presence of others
- Social loafing: the phenomenon where individuals in a group reduce their effort
- Deindividuation: loss of self-awareness and individual accountability in groups
- Process loss and gain in group dynamics can hinder or enhance group performance
- Brainstorming is often less effective in groups
- Group polarization: tendency of group members to make more extreme decisions
- Groupthink: a mode of thinking that occurs in cohesive groups
- Biased sampling in group discussions can lead to incomplete information sharing
Understanding Prosocial Behavior and Influencing Factors
- Prosocial behavior is influenced by situational context, social norms, personal capacity, and perceived need.
- The bystander effect leads to reduced likelihood of helping when more witnesses are present.
- The empathy-altruism hypothesis suggests that empathic concern for someone in need predicts helping behavior.
- Personality traits like empathy, moral reasoning, and responsibility increase the likelihood of helping.
- Cultural background, emphasizing group harmony and mutual assistance, can influence helping behavior.
- Past experiences of being helped or taught to help can influence future behavior.
- People are more likely to help those they perceive as similar to themselves.
- Visibility of need and attribution of responsibility influence who receives help.
- Prosocial behavior is influenced by evolutionary factors, situational contexts, individual differences, and social norms.
- Kin selection involves preferential helping of genetic relatives to ensure shared gene survival.
- The selfish gene concept suggests that genes influence behavior to favor their reproduction.
- The bystander effect is the tendency to help less when other witnesses are present, influenced by factors like pluralistic ignorance and diffusion of responsibility.
Understanding and Preventing Aggression
- The Dark Triad consists of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism, and individuals with these traits are more likely to display aggressive behaviors.
- Hostile Attribution Bias, where individuals perceive hostile intent in others' actions, is positively correlated with physical and relational forms of aggression.
- The Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis suggests that frustration always leads to aggression, but it's not a universal response; displacement and catharsis play a role in aggression.
- Negative affect, beyond frustration, can lead to aggression, influenced by factors like noise, crowding, pain, and environmental elements like climate and air pollution.
- The presence of aggressive cues, such as weapons, can unconsciously increase aggression, while conscious deliberation can reduce aggression by considering its costs.
- Self-control plays a crucial role in reducing aggression, with rumination and alcohol consumption both being risk factors for increased aggression.
- Extensive research links violent media to aggression, with specific findings showing a link between childhood TV consumption and adult aggression, and the impact of viewing relational aggression in media.
- Exposure to violent pornography, particularly in males, increases aggression, and the Confluence Model of Sexual Aggression indicates that any type of pornography consumption can increase risk factors for sexual aggression.
- Historical decline in violence is attributed to enhanced education, intelligence, and reasoning, and interventions to reduce aggression focus on empathy, self-control, cognitive reappraisal, cognitive control, and mindfulness.
- Four interventions to reduce aggression include self-control techniques, cognitive reappraisal, cognitive control in response to provocations, and sociocultural approaches to reduce aggression by improving income, living conditions, and promoting non-violent responses.
- Multisystemic Therapy is effective in treating violent juvenile delinquents by addressing problems at various levels and offers long-term savings.
- Bullying prevention involves comprehensive programs effective at multiple levels, globally implemented, and includes interventions like empathy training and bystander intervention training.
Test your knowledge of group dynamics and performance with this quiz. Explore factors influencing group cohesiveness, the impact of culture on group norms, and psychological phenomena like social facilitation, social loafing, and deindividuation. Learn about process loss and gain, the effectiveness of brainstorming in groups, and the pitfalls of group polarization and groupthink.
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