50 Questions
Match each gluteal muscle to its origin.
Gluteus Maximus = Posterior Ilium/Crest, sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, fascia lata Gluteus Minimus = Lateral Ilium (Between ant/inf. gluteal lines) Gluteus Medius = Lateral Ilium (Between anterior/post gluteal lines) Tensor fascia latae = Iliac crest/ Lateral ASIS/ Deep fascia lata
Match each gluteal muscle to its insertion
Gluteus Maximus = IT band (Lateral intermuscular septum: superficial 2/3); Gluteal tuberosity (Deep distal 1/4) Gluteus Medius = Greater trochanter (lateral) Gluteus Minimus = Greater trochanter (anterolateral aspect) Tensor Fascia Latae = IT band
Match each muscle to its action
Gluteus Maximus = Extend and laterally rotate the thigh Gluteus Medius = Abduct and medially rotate the thigh Gluteus Minimus = Abduct and medially rotate the thigh Tensor Fascia latae = Abduct/medially rotate the thigh; Stabilize and steady the hip and knee joints
Match each deep gluteal muscle to its origin
Piriformis = Anterior surface of sacrum Superior Gemellus = Ischial spine Obturator Internus = Obturator membrane/ Boney margins of obturator foramen Inferior Gemellus = Superior aspect of ischial tuberosity
Match each deep gluteal muscle to its insertion
Piriformis = Superior aspect of the greater trochanter Superior Gemellus = Medial aspect of the greater trochanter Obturator Internus = Medial aspect of the greater trochanger Inferior Gemellus = Medial aspect of the greater trochanter
Match the deep gluteal muscles to their insertion/ origin
Quadratus Femoris = O: Lateral aspect of ischial tuberosity Obturator Externus = O: External obturator membrane/ Boney margins of obturator foramen (pubis/ischium) Quadratus Femoris = I: Quadrate tubercle in the intertrochanteric crest Obturator Externus = I: Trochanteric fossa of the medial surface of the greater trochanter
What deep gluteal muscles adduct and laterally rotate the thigh?
Quadratus Femoris and Obturator externus
The superior gemellus, obturator internus and inferior gemellus are known as the triceps coxae
True
What innervates the gluteus maximus
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
What innervates the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus?
Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
What innervates the piriformis muscle?
Nerve to piriformis (L5-S2)
What lies on the anterior aspect of piriformis
The sacral plexus
The most important function of gluteus medius and minimus is to steady the pelvis when the contralateral leg is off the ground
True
What does a positive Trendelenburg test display?
Injury to the gluteus minimus and gluteus medius (superior gluteal nerve)
Which of the following is not a bursa of the gluteal/ hip region
Suprapatellar bursa (Between the quadricep tendon and femur)
Which muscle exits through the greater trochanter?
Piriformis
Which muscle exits through the lesser sciatic foramen?
Obturator internus muscle
What nerve is compressed in Piriformis syndrome?
Sciatic nerve
The pudendal nerve exits through the lesser sciatic foramen to reenter through the greater sciatic foramen
False
Match each anterior thigh muscle (Flexor of the thigh/hip joint) to its origin
Iliopsoas = Iliac fossa/ lumbar vertebrae Sartorius = ASIS Rectus Femoris = AIIS/ Groove over acetabulum N/A = N/A
Match each anterior thigh muscle to its origin (Extensors of the leg and knee joint)
Vastus Lateralis = Anterior inferior border of the greater trochanter/ gluteal tuberosity/ lateral lip of linea aspera Vastus Intermedius = Anterior, lateral surface of the femur (linea aspera) Vastus Medialis = Spiral line/ medial lip of linea aspera/medial supracondylar ridge N/A = N/A
Which artery is a part of the trochanteric and cruciate anastomoses?
Inferior gluteal artery
The anterior division of the lumbar plexus lies more anteriorly and the posterior division lies more posteriorly.
False
The femoral nerve (L2-L4) divides into 2 divisions 1 cm inferior to the inguinal ligament.
True
The posterior division of femoral nerve is largely sensory and the anterior division is largely motor
False
What structure does not enter the adductor canal?
Femoral nerve
The superior gluteal artery is part of the trochanteric anastomosis
True
What provides sensory innervation to the skin overlying the femoral triangle
Genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2)
Medial circumflex branch of profunda is posterior to the femur.
True
The lateral circumflex branch of profunda femoris is deep to rectus femoris.
True
Which of the following borders of the femoral triangle is not properly matched with its structure?
Medial: fascia lata
What structure is not formed by the aponeurosis of the external oblique?
Sacrotuberous ligament
Which of the following is not a border of the adductor canal?
All of the following are borders of the adductor canal
The fascia lata envelops sartorius
False
What muscles does the anterior obturator branch travel deep to?
A & C
Which muscle is not innervated by the anterior branch of the obturator nerve?
Adductor magnus
What muscle does the posterior division of the obturator nerve travel posterior to?
Adductor brevis
Which muscle is not innervated by the posterior branch of the obturator nerve?
Adductor longus
The profunda femoris artery can be found in the posterolateral surface of the femoral artery
True
The profunda femoris artery is 5-8 centimeters from the inguinal ligament
False
Which muscle is not a border of the profunda femoris artery
Deep to profunda: rectus femoris
Where does the profunda femoris terminate?
The 4th perforating artery
What do the perforating arteries of the profunda supply?
The posterior thigh
The medial circumflex artery may branch from the femoral artery 20% of the time
True
Which branch is part of the medial circumflex femoral branch?
A & B
What are the branches of the lateral circumflex femoral artery?
Ascending branch (trochanteric anastomosis), transverse branch (cruciate anastomosis), descending branch (genicular anastomosis)
Match each medial thigh muscle to its origin
Pectineus = Superior pubic ramus (pectin pubis) Adductor Longus = Pubis (inferior to the pubic crest) Adductor brevis = Pubis (inferior ramus) Adductor magnus = Ischial tuberosity
Match each muscle to its insertion site
Pectineus = Linea aspera (pectineal line) Adductor longus = Middle 1/3 of linea aspera Adductor brevis = Linea aspera (pectineal line) Adductor magnus = Adductor tubercle and Linea aspera
Which muscle is most commonly involved in groin injuries?
Adductor magnus
The superior gluteal, inferior gluteal and posterior cutaneous femoral nerves are part of the posterior division of the sacral plexus
True
Study Notes
Gluteal Muscles
- Gluteus maximus: origin - gluteal surface of ilium, lumbar fascia, and sacrum; insertion - gluteal tuberosity of femur
- Gluteus medius: origin - gluteal surface of ilium; insertion - greater trochanter of femur
- Gluteus minimus: origin - gluteal surface of ilium; insertion - greater trochanter of femur
- Piriformis: origin - sacrum and gluteal surface of ilium; insertion - superior border of greater trochanter of femur
- Superior gemellus: origin - ischial spine; insertion - medial border of greater trochanter of femur
- Obturator internus: origin - internal surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone; insertion - medial border of greater trochanter of femur
- Inferior gemellus: origin - ischial tuberosity; insertion - medial border of greater trochanter of femur
Actions of Gluteal Muscles
- Gluteus maximus: extends and laterally rotates the thigh
- Gluteus medius: abducts and medially rotates the thigh
- Gluteus minimus: abducts and medially rotates the thigh
- Piriformis: laterally rotates the thigh
- Superior gemellus, obturator internus, and inferior gemellus: adduct and laterally rotate the thigh
Deep Gluteal Muscles
- Superior gemellus, obturator internus, and inferior gemellus: known as the triceps coxae
- Origin: superior gemellus - ischial spine; obturator internus - internal surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bone; inferior gemellus - ischial tuberosity
- Insertion: superior gemellus, obturator internus, and inferior gemellus - medial border of greater trochanter of femur
Innervation
- Gluteus maximus: innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve
- Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus: innervated by the superior gluteal nerve
- Piriformis: innervated by the nerve to piriformis
Functional Importance
- Gluteus medius and minimus: steady the pelvis when the contralateral leg is off the ground
- A positive Trendelenburg test displays weak gluteus medius and minimus
Other Muscles and Structures
- Anterior thigh muscle (Flexor of the thigh/hip joint): iliopsoas muscle; origin - lumbar vertebrae and iliac fossa
- Anterior thigh muscle (Extensor of the leg and knee joint): quadriceps muscle; origin - femur and tibia
- Muscle exiting through the greater trochanter: piriformis
- Muscle exiting through the lesser sciatic foramen: tendon of obturator internus
- Nerve compressed in Piriformis syndrome: sciatic nerve
- Pudendal nerve: exits through the lesser sciatic foramen to reenter through the greater sciatic foramen
Blood Supply
- Superior gluteal artery: part of the trochanteric anastomosis
- Medial circumflex branch of profunda: posterior to the femur
- Lateral circumflex branch of profunda: deep to rectus femoris
- Profunda femoris artery: lies in the posterolateral surface of the femoral artery
- Termination of profunda femoris: terminates around the level of the femoral shaft
- Perforating arteries of the profunda: supply the surrounding muscles and fascia
Adductor Canal
- Anterior obturator branch travels deep to: adductor longus and brevis muscles
- Muscle not innervated by the anterior branch of the obturator nerve: gracilis
- Posterior division of the obturator nerve travels posterior to: adductor magnus muscle
- Muscle not innervated by the posterior branch of the obturator nerve: pectineus
Other
- Medial thigh muscle: adductor magnus; origin - ischial tuberosity and inferior pubic ramus
- Muscle most commonly involved in groin injuries: adductor longus
Test your knowledge of gluteal muscles by matching each muscle to its origin. This quiz will help you learn about the anatomy of the gluteal region.
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