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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the gluteus medius and minimus during walking and running?

To stabilize the pelvis (correct)

To rotate the thigh externally

To extend the hip

To flex the knee

Which structure forms the base of the femoral triangle?

Inguinal ligament (correct)

Medial margin of adductor longus

Pectineus muscle

Lateral border of sartorius

Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the floor of the femoral triangle?

Adductor longus

Iliacus

Psoas major

Quadriceps femoris (correct)

The femoral sheath surrounds which of the following structures?

Femoral artery, vein, and lymphatics Signup and view all the answers

What does Trendelenburg's sign indicate?

Paralysis of gluteus medius and minimus Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of the gluteus maximus muscle?

Extension of the hip Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the gluteus medius muscle?

Superior gluteal nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the origin of the gluteus minimus muscle?

Ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is considered a key muscle in the gluteal region?

Piriformis Signup and view all the answers

What is the insertion point of the tensor fascia lata?

Lateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial tract Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with the weakening of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles?

Trendelenburg's sign Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles prevent the pelvis from dipping down on the unsupported side during walking?

Gluteus medius and minimus Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for the lateral rotation of the thigh?

Gluteus maximus Signup and view all the answers

What is the continuation of the external iliac artery?

Femoral artery Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is primarily supplied by the femoral nerve?

Rectus femoris Signup and view all the answers

Which artery does not branch from the femoral artery?

Inferior gluteal artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the position of the femoral vein in relation to the femoral artery?

Medial to the femoral artery Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is primarily associated with the psoas major muscle?

Flexion of the vertebral column on the thigh Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the hip and lateral rotation at the knee joint?

Sartorius Signup and view all the answers

What is the main action of the rectus femoris muscle?

Extension of leg at knee joint Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the sartorius muscle?

Femoral nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following muscles originates from the lateral part of the intertrochanteric line?

Vastus lateralis Signup and view all the answers

Which structure do all quadriceps muscles insert into?

Patella Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the hip joint?

It is a ball and socket synovial joint involving the head of the femur and the acetabulum. Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary muscles responsible for hip flexion?

Iliacus and Psoas major Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is associated with the acetabular notch?

Transverse acetabular ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following movements is primarily produced by the gluteus maximus?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the ligaments of the hip joint is correct?

The iliofemoral ligament is shaped like an inverted Y with connections to the ASIS. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Gluteal Region

The gluteal region comprises superficial and deep layers of muscles.
Superficial layer muscles include gluteus maximus, medius, and minimus.
Deep layer muscles comprise piriformis, superior & inferior gemellus, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris.
Gluteus maximus originates behind the posterior gluteal line of the ilium, inserts into the iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of the femur, and is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve.
Gluteus medius originates between the anterior and posterior gluteal lines of the ilium, inserts into the lateral surface of the greater trochanter, and is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.
Gluteus minimus originates between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines of the ilium, inserts into the front of the greater trochanter, and is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.
Tensor fascia lata (iliotibial tract) originates from the outer lip of the iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), inserts into the lateral condyle of the tibia via iliotibial tract, and is innervated by the superior gluteal nerve.
The gluteal muscles work together to abduct, extend and rotate the hip and stabilize the knee.
The piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, and quadratus femoris are deep gluteal muscles, responsible for lateral rotation of the thigh.

Trendelenburg's Sign

Trendelenburg's sign indicates weakness or paralysis of the gluteus medius and minimus muscles.
In this sign, the unsupported side of the pelvis dips during walking or running.

Femoral Triangle & Anterior Aspect of Thigh

The femoral triangle is a triangular depression in the upper anterior thigh.
Its boundaries include the inguinal ligament (base), medial border of the adductor longus muscle (medial border), and medial border of the sartorius muscle (lateral border).
The floor of the triangle is formed by the adductor longus, pectineus, psoas major, and iliacus muscles.
The apex of the triangle is the meeting point of the sartorius and adductor longus muscles.
The roof is formed by the skin, superficial fascia, and fascia lata.
Contents of the femoral triangle (from lateral to medial) are: femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, and femoral lymph nodes.
The femoral sheath is a funnel-shaped sleeve of fascia that encompasses the femoral artery, vein, and lymphatics.
It is 3–4 cm long with a shorter medial wall compared to its lateral wall.
It has three compartments:
- Lateral: femoral artery and femoral branch
- Intermediate: femoral vein
- Medial: femoral canal (contains lymph nodes)
The femoral artery, a continuation of the external iliac artery, passes under the inguinal ligament.
It traverses the femoral triangle and the adductor hiatus in the adductor magnus muscle.
The artery continues as the popliteal artery at the posterior aspect of the knee.
Branches of the femoral artery include: superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial external pudendal, deep external pudendal, profunda femoris, medial circumflex femoral, lateral circumflex femoral.
Profunda femoris supplies muscles in the thigh, providing perforating arteries to the adductor magnus and hamstring muscles.
Femoral vein receives blood from the deep veins (profunda femoris) and great saphenous vein.
It returns to the external iliac vein beneath the inguinal ligament.
The femoral nerve originates from the lumbar plexus, passes beneath the inguinal ligament,enters the femoral triangle, and divides into anterior and posterior divisions supplying the quadriceps muscles.

Hip Joint

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket type synovial joint.
The articulating bones are the head of the femur and the acetabulum.
The acetabular labrum is a fibrocartilaginous rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum and helps deepen the socket.
The ligamentum teres attaches to the fovea on the head of the femur and blends with the transverse acetabular ligament.
Iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, and pubofemoral ligaments are important for structural stability and support, preventing hyperextension, and controlling abduction and adduction.
Muscles that produce flexion are the iliopsoas muscle.
Muscles that produce extension are the gluteus maximus and hamstrings.
Muscles that produce abduction include gluteus maximus, medius, minimus, and tensor fascia lata.
Muscles that produce adduction are the adductor magnus, brevis, longus, gracilis, and pectineus.
Muscles that produce medial rotation are the gluteus medius, minimus and tensor fascia lata.
Muscles that produce lateral rotation are the gluteus maximus and all the deep muscles.

Femoral Necrosis

Femoral necrosis can result from fractures, dislocations, and congenital causes.
The blood supply to the head and neck of the femur is from branches of the obturator, lateral femoral circumflex, and medial femoral circumflex arteries.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the gluteal region. This quiz covers the superficial and deep layer muscles, including their origins, insertions, and innervations. Perfect for students studying human anatomy and physiology.

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