Glutamate Receptors and Astrocytes
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Questions and Answers

Which type of glutamate receptor is responsible for the major excitatory action on motor neurons?

  • Kainate receptor (GluK)
  • NMDA receptor (GluN)
  • AMPA receptor (GluA)
  • More than 1 is correct (correct)

    • Which ion is AMPA receptor permeable to?

  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Potassium
  • Sodium (correct)

    • Which ion is Kainate receptor permeable to?

  • Magnesium
  • Calcium (correct)
  • Potassium
  • Sodium

    • What is the name of the agonist that binds specifically to NMDA receptors?

    <p>NMDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of postsynaptic potential moves the postsynaptic membrane closer to threshold?

    <p>EPSP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main types of neurotransmitters?

    <p>GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of GABA receptor is an ionotropic chloride channel?

    <p>GABAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs interacts with GABAA receptors and can be used as anxiolytics?

    <p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a component of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for myelination in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

    <p>Schwann cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of axonal transport is responsible for organelle degradation and uptake of factors at the presynaptic terminal?

    <p>Retrograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two factors that determine the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

    <p>Permeability and concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about saltatory conduction?

    <p>It occurs in regions of the axon that are wrapped with myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for paralytic shellfish poisoning?

    <p>Saxitoxin (STX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of demyelination on action potential propagation?

    <p>It disrupts action potential propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT)?

    <p>CMT1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is an antagonist for the glycine receptor (GlyR) and can cause muscle spasm and tetany?

    <p>Strychnine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is primarily found in cardiac tissue and smooth muscles?

    <p>mACHR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is synthesized from acetyl-CoA and choline?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is an agonist for the nAChR in the neuromuscular junction and is commonly used as a paralytic during deep anesthesia for surgery?

    <p>Succinylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT a monoamine mentioned in the text?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter is responsible for transporting monoamines into vesicles?

    <p>VMAT2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is NOT a metabotropic receptor for serotonin?

    <p>5HT3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is most of VMAT1 found?

    <p>Peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of 5HT autoreceptors?

    <p>Inhibit 5HT release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is 90% of serotonin (5HT) found in the body?

    <p>Gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the resting cell membrane potential (RMP) based on the Goldman Equation?

    <p>$Em = 61\log P_{K}[K^+]<em>{o} + P</em>{Na}[Na^+]<em>{o} + P</em>{Cl}[Cl^-]<em>{i} / P</em>{K}[K^+]<em>{i} + P</em>{Na}[Na^+]<em>{i} + P</em>{Cl}[Cl^-]_{o}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the voltage change profile of an action potential?

    <p>It prolongs repolarization by blocking voltage sensitive K+ channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during depolarization of an action potential?

    <p>A critical number of Na+ channels open up, causing the membrane potential to become more positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of myelin in axons?

    <p>To insulate and provide metabolic support for axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which transporter is responsible for transporting serotonin (5HT) into vesicles?

    <p>VMAT2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of serotonin (5HT) in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>Modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, emesis/nausea and pain modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is most of serotonin (5HT) found in the body?

    <p>Gastrointestinal (GI) tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is NOT a GABA receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>GABAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is NOT a benzodiazepine mentioned in the text?

    <p>Flunitrazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs interacts with the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor?

    <p>Nonbenzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT a monoamine mentioned in the text?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for the illness known as paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)?

    <p>Saxitoxin (STX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by demyelination of CNS axons?

    <p>Multiple sclerosis (MS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT)?

    <p>CMT3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a ligand-activated ion channel?

    <p>Ionotropic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is an antagonist for the GlyR and can cause muscle spasm and tetany?

    <p>Strychnine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly used as a paralytic during deep anesthesia for surgery and acts as an agonist for the nAChR in the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Succinylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the M1 receptor of the mAChR subtypes?

    <p>It depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane by closing potassium channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is the most common in the CNS and is synthesized from glutamine?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the NMDA receptor?

    <p>It is a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the opening of an NMDA receptor ion channel?

    <p>It leads to an influx of cations such as calcium, sodium, and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the role of calcium in synaptic plasticity?

    <p>Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to play a critical role in synaptic plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs inhibits NMDA receptors?

    <p>Phencyclidine (PCP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the resting cell membrane potential (RMP) based on the Goldman Equation?

    <p>$E_m = 61\log(P_k[K^+]<em>o + P</em>{Na}[Na^+]<em>o + P</em>{Cl}[Cl^-]_i) - 61\log(P_k[K^+]<em>i + P</em>{Na}[Na^+]<em>i + P</em>{Cl}[Cl^-]_o)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the voltage change profile of an action potential?

    <p>It prolongs the repolarization phase of the action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during depolarization of an action potential?

    <p>Voltage-sensitive Na+ channels open up, allowing an influx of Na+ ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of myelin in axons?

    <p>To increase the speed of action potential propagation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is responsible for myelination in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

    <p>Schwann cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for resting membrane potential (RMP) based on the Goldman Equation?

    <p>V_m = rac{RT}{F} ln( rac{P_{K^+}[K^+]<em>{out} + P</em>{Na^+}[Na^+]<em>{out} + P</em>{Cl^-}[Cl^-]<em>{in}}{P</em>{K^+}[K^+]<em>{in} + P</em>{Na^+}[Na^+]<em>{in} + P</em>{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{out}})</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two factors that determine the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

    <p>Permeability of the membrane to a given ion and concentration gradient of that ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opioid receptor is considered to be the major receptor in the CNS?

    <p>Mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly used to reduce alcohol cravings and prevent euphoria from opioids in patients attempting sobriety?

    <p>Naltrexone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is involved in the pleasure/euphoric sensation via opioids?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is primarily found on the presynaptic membrane and functions as an autoreceptor?

    <p>Kainate receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is thought to play major roles in anxiety and depression?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug inhibits NMDA receptors and is commonly known as Angel Dust?

    <p>Phencyclidine (PCP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs inhibits the reuptake transporter SERT and increases serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft?

    <p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antidepressants inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, as well as other neurotransmitters?

    <p>TCA's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter has a greater affinity for MAO-A?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antidepressants is specific for MAO-B and elevates dopamine levels?

    <p>SNRI's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug blocks the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine?

    <p>Bupropion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is commonly used as a paralytic during deep anesthesia for surgery and acts as an agonist for the nAChR in the neuromuscular junction?

    <p>Sodium thiopental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of serotonin (5HT) in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>To regulate sleep and mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is NOT a metabotropic receptor for serotonin?

    <p>M1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of myelin in axons?

    <p>To increase the speed of action potential propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease by supplying the CNS with exogenous dopamine?

    <p>Levo-dopa (L-dopa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is responsible for the sense of pleasure and can be simulated by certain drugs to engender a sense of pleasure/euphoria?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of drugs is commonly used to treat an array of psychiatric disorders by blocking D2-like receptors?

    <p>Atypical Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is involved in regulating complex social cognition and behavior, controlling labor and breastfeeding, and plays a significant role in social interactions and maternal care?

    <p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the NMDA receptor?

    <p>It is an ionotropic glutamate receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the major excitatory action of glutamate on motor neurons?

    <p>It is a function of non-NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which the NMDA receptor can be activated?

    <p>Presence of glutamate alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the Ca+2 concentration in the cell when the NMDA receptor is activated?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT considered a monoamine?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of GABA receptor mentioned in the text?

    <p>GABAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is NOT considered an anxiolytic that interacts with GABAA receptors?

    <p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: GABA is synthesized in the postsynaptic terminal.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: GABAA receptors are ionotropic chloride channels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: GABAB receptors inhibit voltage gated calcium channels.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter in the CNS.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    M2 inhibits contraction of smooth muscle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major excitatory action of glutamate on motor neurons is produced by NMDA receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The NMDA receptor is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate and glycine receptor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Calcium flux through NMDARs is believed to be involved in synaptic plasticity, a cellular mechanism for learning and memory.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Long Term Potentiation (LTP) can last from hours to days or weeks.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Ketamine is an antagonist to NMDA receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Ethanol inhibits glutamate release and potentiates GABA activity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Opioids increase the release of dopamine by inhibiting GABA release on dopaminergic neurons?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Naloxone is a long-acting mu antagonist?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Naltrexone is commonly used to reduce alcohol cravings and prevent euphoria from opioids?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Benzodiazepines cause the GABAA receptor to open when GABA binds to it by increasing the frequency of opening.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Barbiturates depress the activity of some glutamate receptors, lowering the release of glutamate.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Glycine is removed from the synaptic cleft by reuptake transporters called Gly-T.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Acetylcholine is broken down in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase into acetyl-CoA and choline.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: TCA's and SNRI's both inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, but TCA's also block the reuptake of other neurotransmitters.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: MAO-A has a greater affinity for dopamine, while MAO-B has a greater affinity for 5HT and norepinephrine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Atypical antidepressants like Bupropion block the reuptake of 5HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Serotonin syndrome can occur when two or more serotonergic drugs are used together or when there is an overdose of SSRI's.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Dopamine plays a critical role in movement and loss of dopamine neurons leads to Parkinson's disease?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Cocaine inhibits DAT, NET, and SERT, thereby increasing dopamine levels at the synapse, as well as serotonin and norepinephrine?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Atypical antipsychotics have some D2-like antagonistic activity but are more active on the 5HT2 receptor and have fewer side effects compared to older antipsychotics?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Oxytocin and vasopressin play a role in regulating complex social cognition and behavior, and they find applications in the treatment of mental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: GABA is synthesized in the presynaptic terminal in the presence of appropriate enzymes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: GABAB receptors can function as autoreceptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Benzodiazepines are considered anxiolytics that interact with GABAA receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: M2 receptors are found in cardiac tissue and smooth muscles, and inhibit contraction of smooth muscle.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: nAChR autoreceptors enhance the release of acetylcholine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Excessive glutamate in the synaptic cleft can lead to excitotoxicity causing neuronal death.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: The NMDA receptor is a specific type of ionotropic glutamate and glycine receptor.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Opioids increase the release of dopamine by inhibiting GABA release on dopaminergic neurons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All opioid receptors are ionotropic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naltrexone is a short-acting mu antagonist.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Calcium flux through NMDARs is not believed to be involved in synaptic plasticity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Kainate receptors are primarily located on the postsynaptic membrane.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Long Term Potentiation (LTP) can last for minutes or hours.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Ketamine is an agonist of NMDA receptors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: TCA's inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, as well as other neurotransmitters?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: SNRI's are newer drugs compared to TCA's?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: MAOI's increase monoamines release by blocking monoamines that have undergone reuptake?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Atypical antidepressants like bupropion can block the reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Autoreceptors are D2/D3 and they inhibit dopamine release.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Cocaine inhibits DAT, NET, and SERT, thereby increasing dopamine levels at the synapse as well as serotonin and norepinephrine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a D2-like agonist and serves as an agonist for many of the 5HTR's.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Benzodiazepines bind to benzodiazepine binding sites on GABAA receptors and cause the GABAA receptor to open when GABA binds to it by increasing the frequency of opening?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Barbiturates interact with GABAA receptors by increasing the length of time the GABAA receptor is open, and at higher doses, they can open the GABAA receptor on their own without GABA?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Nonbenzodiazepines interact at the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor and have a different molecular structure compared to benzodiazepines?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    True or false: Glycine is removed from the synaptic cleft by reuptake receptors (Gly-T) on both presynaptic terminals and astrocytes?

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    28 GABA is synthesized in the presynaptic terminal in the presence of appropriate ______.

    <p>enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    29 GABA receptors are found on the ______ terminals of motor neurons.

    <p>presynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    30 GABAB can function as an ______.

    <p>autoreceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major opioid receptor is ______.

    <p>mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naloxone is a short acting ______ antagonist.

    <p>mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Naltrexone is a long-acting ______ antagonist.

    <p>mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serotonin is thought to play a role in many behaviors such as ______, depression and anxiety.

    <p>mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory is that some mood disorders may involve low levels of ______.

    <p>5HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To address this some drugs function to elevate ______ in the CNS.

    <p>serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One class of drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's), inhibit ______, thereby increasing serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft.

    <p>SERT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activation of NMDA receptors results in the opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations such as ______, Sodium and Potassium.

    <p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The major excitatory action of glutamate on motor neurons is produced by Kainate and ______ receptors.

    <p>AMPA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    mAChR autoreceptors are found on the ______ membrane and can inhibit neurotransmitter release if amount of ACh in the synaptic cleft reaches a certain level.

    <p>pre-synaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The NMDA receptor (NMDAR), a glutamate receptor, is the predominant molecular device for controlling synaptic plasticity and ______ function.

    <p>memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The benzodiazepines bind to benzodiazepine binding sites on the GABAA receptor and potentiate the opening of the ______ channel when GABA binds to it.

    <p>chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nonbenzodiazepines, commonly known as Z drugs, interact at the ______ binding site of the GABAA receptor.

    <p>benzodiazepine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Barbiturates interact with the GABAA receptor by potentiating the action of GABA and increasing the length of time the ______ receptor is open.

    <p>GABAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetanus toxin blocks the release of ______ and GABA by interfering with the v-SNARES and t-SNARES.

    <p>glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuropeptide neurotransmitters are synthesized in the neuronal soma and transported down to the ______ terminal.

    <p>presynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Examples of neuropeptides include oxytocin, arginine vasopressin (AVP), endorphins, and ______.

    <p>enkephalins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Oxytocin and vasopressin play a role in regulating complex social cognition and behavior, including social interactions, maternal care, trust and cooperation, and ______.

    <p>sexual behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All oxytocin and vasopressin receptors are ______.

    <p>metabotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TCAs tend not to be used as much as other drugs because they ______ the reuptake of other neurotransmitters.

    <p>block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SNRIs are more specific to 5HT and norepinephrine, whereas TCAs also block the reuptake of ______ neurotransmitters.

    <p>other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    MAO-A has a greater affinity for ______ and norepinephrine, while MAO-B has a greater affinity for dopamine.

    <p>5HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Atypical Antidepressants like Bupropion (Wellbutrin) block the reuptake of 5HT, norepinephrine, and ______.

    <p>dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters with their categories:

    <p>Dopamine = Monoamines and Catecholamines Acetylcholine = Cholinergic GABA = Amino Acid Histamine = Monoamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of GABA receptors with their characteristics:

    <p>GABAA = An ionotropic chloride channel GABAB = A metabotropic receptor leading to opening of potassium channels and inhibition of voltage gated calcium channels GABAC = An ionotropic chloride channel, less common and less characterized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with the GABAA receptors they interact with:

    <p>Diazepam (Valium) = Benzodiazepines Lorazepam (Ativan) = Benzodiazepines Alprazolam (Xanax) = Benzodiazepines Midazolam (Versed) = Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following opioids with their receptor interaction:

    <p>Morphine = Interacts with the mu receptor Heroin = Interacts with the mu receptor Oxycodone = Interacts with the mu receptor Fentanyl = Interacts with the mu receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary usage:

    <p>Naloxone = Used for heroin or other opioid overdoses Naltrexone = Used to reduce alcohol cravings and prevent euphoria from opioids in patients attempting sobriety Oxycodone = Opioid pain medication Fentanyl = Opioid used for severe pain management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Dopamine = Neurotransmitter increased by inhibition of GABA release on dopaminergic neurons Mu receptor = Major opioid receptor in the CNS Metabotropic = Type of all opioid receptors Co-transmission = Release of multiple types of neurotransmitters from the same presynaptic terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitter receptors with their primary location:

    <p>NMDARs = Postsynaptic membranes AMPA receptors = Postsynaptic membranes Kainate receptors = Presynaptic membrane mGluRs = Both postsynaptic and presynaptic membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters with their primary roles:

    <p>Glutamate = Inhibits glutamate release when binding to kainate receptors Serotonin (5HT) = Modulates mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, emesis/nausea, and pain modulation Calcium = Plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity Dopamine = Stimulated by Nitrous Oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary function:

    <p>Phencyclidine (PCP) = Inhibits NMDA receptors Ketamine = Antagonist to NMDA R by binding to PCP sites Ethanol = Inhibits glutamate release and potentiates GABA activity SSRI’s = Inhibit SERT, increasing serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders with their related neurotransmitter receptors:

    <p>Huntington’s Disease = Excess number of NMDA receptors Alzheimer’s Disease = Over-activation of NMDA receptors Depression and anxiety = Low levels of 5HT Motor disturbances, cognitive decline, neuropsychiatric symptoms = Excess number of NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptors with their primary locations:

    <p>M2 = Cardiac tissue and smooth muscles M3 = Smooth muscle contraction M5 = CNS and smooth muscle of peripheral organs nAChR = Neuromuscular junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects on acetylcholine:

    <p>Clostridium botulinum toxin = Prevents release of acetylcholine causing skeletal muscle paralysis Sarin gas = Inhibits acetylcholinesterase Curare = Functions as an antagonist for nACHR leading to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis Atropine = Antagonist to all 5 mAChR subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptors with their permeability:

    <p>AMPA receptor = Permeable to sodium and potassium, but not to calcium Kainate receptor = Permeable to calcium NMDA receptor = Nonselective to cations such as Calcium, Sodium and Potassium nAChR = Permeable to sodium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their effects on nAChR in neuromuscular junction during anesthesia for surgery:

    <p>Succinylcholine = Agonist for nACHR, called a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Rocuronium = Antagonist for the nAChR, called a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Atropine = Antagonist to all 5 mAChR subtypes Scopolamine = Most M1 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary actions:

    <p>Imipramine (Tofranil) = TCA that inhibits 5HT and norepinephrine reuptake Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) = SNRI that is more specific to 5HT and norepinephrine Selegiline = Specific MAOI for MAO-B, elevates dopamine levels Bupropion (Wellbutrin) = Atypical Antidepressant, blocks reuptake of 5HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters with their actions:

    <p>5HT = Inhibited by TCA's and SNRI's, increased by MDMA Norepinephrine = Undergoes reuptake via NET, degraded by MAO-A or COMT Dopamine = Undergoes reuptake via DAT, degraded by MAO-B, affected by D1-like and D2-like receptors Tyramine = Elevated levels can cause hypertension, broken down by MAO's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptors with their neurotransmitters:

    <p>Alpha and Beta receptors = Norepinephrine D1-like and D2-like receptors = Dopamine 5HT receptors = Serotonin MAO-A and MAO-B = Monoamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their side effects:

    <p>MDMA = Can cause death, long term use can lead to memory problems, paranoia, and insomnia MAOI's = Patients have diet restrictions and have to avoid food high in the amino acid tyramine SNRI's = Newer drugs, more specific to 5HT and norepinephrine TCA's = Block the reuptake of other neurotransmitters, not used as much as other drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary usage or effects:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = Used as hypnotics, muscle relaxants, antiepileptics, and for alcohol withdrawal Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) = A potent benzodiazepine used recreationally and has significant amnestic qualities Nonbenzodiazepines (Z drugs) = Used for sleep problems with less chance for dependence Barbiturates = Used in general anesthetics control of seizures and euthanizing small animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters or receptors with their main characteristics:

    <p>GABAA receptor = Benzodiazepines bind to its binding sites and potentiate the opening of the chloride channel when GABA binds to it Glycine = An amino acid that is synthesized from serine and binds to a type of glutamate receptor Acetylcholine = Synthesized from acetyl-CoA and choline and broken down in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase nACHR and mACHR = Two major acetylcholine receptors with ionotropic and metabotropic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with the receptors they interact with:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = GABAA receptor Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) = GABAA receptor Nonbenzodiazepines (Z drugs) = GABAA receptor Barbiturates = GABAA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects or associated conditions:

    <p>Tetanus toxin = Blocks glycine and GABA release by interfering with the v-SNARES and t-SNARES, causing tetany of skeletal muscles Strychnine = Binds to GlyR blocking its function, leading to muscle spasm and tetany Acetylcholine = Broken down in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase into acetyl-CoA and choline Glycine = Removed from the synaptic cleft by reuptake transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary mechanisms of action:

    <p>Levo-dopa (L-dopa) = Crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted to dopamine in the CNS Entacapone and Tolcapone = Inhibit COMT, elevating dopamine levels Pramipexole and Ropinirole = Dopamine D2-like agonists Selegiline = Specific for MAO-B, elevating dopamine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following disorders with the neurotransmitter that plays a major role in them:

    <p>Parkinson’s disease = Dopamine ADHD, addictive behavior, anxiety = Dopamine Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder = Dopamine Autism, borderline personality disorder, social anxiety disorder = Oxytocin and vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary effects:

    <p>Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) = Causes hallucinations Haloperidol (Haldol) and Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) = Blocks D2-like receptors Olanzapine and clozapine = Fewer side effects compared to older antipsychotics Reserpine = Lowers dopamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neuropeptides with their primary functions:

    <p>Oxytocin = Plays a role in social interactions, maternal care, trust and cooperation Arginine vasopressin (AVP) = Plays a role in regulating blood pressure, social recognition, sexual behaviors and response to stress Endorphins = Involved in pain modulation and pleasure Enkephalins = Involved in pain modulation and pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters with their categories:

    <p>Dopamine = Monoamines Epinephrine = Catecholamines Acetylcholine = Cholinergic GABA = Synthesized in the presynaptic terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following GABA receptors with their characteristics:

    <p>GABAA = An ionotropic chloride channel GABAB = A metabotropic receptor that can cause hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane and reduce calcium influx GABAC = An ionotropic chloride channel, not as common as A or B and less characterized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following benzodiazepines with their generic names:

    <p>Diazepam = Valium Lorazepam = Ativan Alprazolam = Xanax Midazolam = Versed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary usage:

    <p>Naloxone = Used for heroin or other opioid overdoses Naltrexone = Used to reduce alcohol cravings and prevent euphoria from opioids in patients attempting sobriety Morphine = Interacts with the mu receptor Fentanyl = Interacts with the mu receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their description:

    <p>Opioids = Inhibit GABA release on dopaminergic neurons thus disinhibition, increasing the release of dopamine GABA = Its release is inhibited by opioids Dopamine = Its release is increased by opioids ACH = Discovered/characterized by Sir Henry Dale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptors with their characteristics:

    <p>Mu receptor = Major opioid receptor, interacts with substances such as morphine, heroin, oxycodone and hydrocodone Opioid receptors = Metabotropic and found in the CNS GABAB receptors = Can function as autoreceptors NMDA receptors = Produce the major excitatory action of glutamate on motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mAChR subtypes with their locations:

    <p>M2 = Cardiac tissue and smooth muscles M3 = Smooth muscle contraction M5 = CNS and smooth muscle of peripheral organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following toxins and drugs with their effects on acetylcholine:

    <p>Clostridium botulinum toxin = Prevents release of acetylcholine resulting in skeletal muscle paralysis Sarin gas = Inhibits acetylcholinesterase Alpha-neurotoxins in snake venom = Binds nACHR on skeletal muscle blocking its function Atropine = Antagonist to all 5 mAChR subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their effects on AChR in neuromuscular junction:

    <p>Succinylcholine = Agonist for nACHR, acts as a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Rocuronium = Antagonist for nACHR, acts as a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Glutamate receptors with their characteristics:

    <p>NMDA receptor = Voltage-dependent activation, calcium, sodium and potassium ions can pass through Kainate receptor = Permeable to calcium AMPA receptor = Permeable to sodium and potassium, but not to calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptors with their locations:

    <p>NMDA receptors = Postsynaptic membranes AMPA receptors = Postsynaptic membranes Kainate receptors = Presynaptic membranes mGluRs = Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters and receptors with their associated diseases or disorders:

    <p>NMDA receptors = Huntington’s Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Ketamine = Depression Serotonin (5HT) = Mood disorders, depression and anxiety Ethanol = Interference with all glutamate receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary effects:

    <p>Phencyclidine (PCP) = Inhibits NMDA receptors Ketamine = Antagonist to NMDA R by binding to PCP sites Ethanol = Inhibits glutamate release and potentiates GABA activity Sertraline (Zoloft) = Inhibits SERT, thereby increasing serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following receptors with their associated effects:

    <p>5HT3 = When 5HT binds to this receptor, it opens, allowing sodium influx resulting in depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane NMDA receptors = Calcium flux through them is thought to play a critical role in synaptic plasticity Kainate receptors = High levels of glutamate binding to them actually inhibit glutamate release mGluRs = Can either have an EPSP or IPSP effect depending upon the subtype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their mechanism of action:

    <p>Imipramine (Tofranil) = Inhibits 5HT and norepinephrine reuptake Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) = Inhibits 5HT and norepinephrine reuptake Selegiline = Blocks MAO-B, elevates dopamine levels Bupropion (Wellbutrin) = Blocks the reuptake of 5HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neurotransmitters with their associated receptors:

    <p>Norepinephrine = Alpha and Beta receptors Dopamine = D1-like and D2-like receptors 5HT (Serotonin) = 5HT receptors MDMA = SERT, NET, DAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their type:

    <p>Imipramine (Tofranil) = TCA Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) = SNRI Selegiline = MAOI specific for MAO-B Bupropion (Wellbutrin) = Atypical Antidepressant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their associated neurotransmitters:

    <p>Imipramine (Tofranil) = 5HT and norepinephrine Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) = 5HT and norepinephrine Selegiline = Dopamine Bupropion (Wellbutrin) = 5HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary usage or effects:

    <p>Levo-dopa (L-dopa) = Given orally to Parkinson’s patients as it can cross the blood brain barrier Pramipexole and Ropinirole = Dopamine D2-like agonist given for Parkinson’s Entacapone and Tolcapone = Inhibit COMT thereby elevating dopamine Selegiline = Specific for MAO-B, therefore, elevates dopamine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following antipsychotics with their characteristics:

    <p>Haloperidol (Haldol) and Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) = Blocks D2-like receptors, common side effect is Tardive Dyskinesia Olanzapine and Clozapine = Atypical neuroleptics with some D2-like antagonistic activity but are more active on the 5HT2 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects on dopamine:

    <p>Cocaine = Inhibits DAT, NET and SERT thereby increasing dopamine levels at the synapse Reserpine = A VMAT2 inhibitor, keeping dopamine from being put in vesicles thereby lowering dopamine release Amphetamines = Raises the levels of monoamines by several mechanisms, including blocking VMAT2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following neuropeptides with their roles:

    <p>Oxytocin = Regulates complex social cognition and behavior, plays a role in social interactions, maternal care, trust and cooperation Arginine vasopressin (AVP) = Regulates blood pressure, social recognition, sexual behaviors and stress response Endorphins and Enkephalins = Involved in pain modulation and pleasure/euphoric feels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their primary usage:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = Used as hypnotics, muscle relaxants, antiepileptics, alcohol withdrawal Nonbenzodiazepines = Used for sleep problems Flunitrazepam = Used as a recreational drug Barbiturates = Used in general anesthetics control of seizures and euthanizing small animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with the receptors they interact with:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = Benzodiazepine binding sites on GABAA receptor Nonbenzodiazepines = Benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor Barbiturates = GABAA receptor Baclofen = GABAB receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following drugs with their effects on the GABAA receptor:

    <p>Benzodiazepines = Potentiate the opening of the chloride channel when GABA binds to it Nonbenzodiazepines = Interact at the benzodiazepine binding site Barbiturates = Potentiate the action of GABA by increasing the length of time the GABAA receptor is open Flunitrazepam = Has significant amnesic qualities and is used as a 'date rape' drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects:

    <p>Glycine = Synthesized from the amino acid serine in the presynaptic terminal Tetanus toxin = Blocks glycine and GABA release by interfering with the v-SNARES and t-SNARES Strychnine = Binds to GlyR blocking its function (glycine antagonist), leading to muscle spasm and tetany Acetylcholine = Broken down in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase into to acetyl-CoA and choline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for coordinating and controlling voluntary movements?

    <p>Central Nervous System (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells produce myelin in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

    <p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two factors that determine the resting membrane potential?

    <p>Permeability of the membrane and concentration gradient of ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the Goldman Equation, also known as the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation?

    <p>$E = 61mV \cdot log \left( \frac{P_{K^+}[K^+]<em>{out} + P</em>{Na^+}[Na^+]<em>{out} + P</em>{Cl^-}[Cl^-]<em>{in}},{P</em>{K^+}[K^+]<em>{in} + P</em>{Na^+}[Na^+]<em>{in} + P</em>{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{out}} \right)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resting membrane potential (RMP) of the cell described in the text?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of tetraethylammonium (TEA) on the voltage change profile of an action potential?

    <p>It would shorten the repolarization phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism for synaptic release of neurotransmitters from vesicles at the presynaptic terminal?

    <p>Depolarization of the membrane potential opens up voltage sensitive Ca+2 channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for myelinating multiple axons in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>Oligodendrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

    <p>Regulates involuntary bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two factors that determine the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

    <p>Permeability of the membrane and concentration gradient of potassium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the Nernst Equation for calculating electrical potential?

    <p>$E = z [X]<em>{\text{outside}} \log [X]</em>{\text{inside}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following equations represents the Chord conduction equation for calculating the membrane potential (Em)?

    <p>$Em = gKEK gNaENa gClECl + + Sg Sg Sg Sg = (gK +gNa + gCl)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated resting cell membrane potential (RMP) based on the given information?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tetraethylammonium (TEA) affect the voltage change profile of an action potential?

    <p>It prolongs the repolarization phase, causing the membrane potential to become more negative than the resting potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is responsible for myelination in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

    <p>Oligodendrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two factors that determine the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

    <p>Permeability and concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport is responsible for retrograde axon transport?

    <p>Dynein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which equation represents the Goldman Equation, also known as the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz Equation, used to calculate the resting membrane potential of a cell?

    <p>$Em = 61log Pk[K+]o + PNa[Na+]o + PCl[Cl-]i Pk[K+]i + PNa[Na+]i + PCl[Cl-]o$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated resting cell membrane potential (RMP) if only Na+ channels open up and remain open, assuming ENa = +60 mV?

    <p>60 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated resting cell membrane potential (RMP) if only K+ channels open up and remain open, assuming EK = -88 mV?

    <p>-88 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated resting cell membrane potential (RMP) if both Na+ and K+ channels open up at the same time and remain open?

    <p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An estimate of the resting cell membrane potential (RMP) Chord conduction equation: Em = gKEK gN aEN a gC lEC l + + Sg Sg Sg Sg = (gK +gNa + gCl) Normally the cell membrane is most permeable to potassium, so potassium concentration gradient has the most influence on RMP.

    <p>Em = gKEK gNaENa gClECl + + Sg Sg Sg Sg = (gK +gNa + gCl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If only Na+ channels open up and remain open. Assume ENa= +______.

    <p>60 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If only K+ channels open up and remain open. Assume EK = ______

    <p>-88 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If both Na+ and K+ channels open up at the same time and remain open.

    <p>0 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Ganglion – group of neuronal cell bodies with similar function, located outside the CNS. Can be either sensory or motor. Nucleus – group of neuronal cell bodies with similar function, located within the CNS. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – 1) sympathetic, 2) parasympathetic

    <p>Central Nervous System (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three basic types of _______.

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myelin (lipids and proteins): made by Schwann cell in the PNS and oligodendrocytes in the CNS. Schwann cells myelinate one axon. Oligodendrocytes can myelinate multiple axons. Myelin components different between PNS and CNS.

    <p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fiber types ________.

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ transport Anterograde, aka orthograde: Kinesin ATPase – fast, dense core vesicles (contains neuropeptides), mitochondria Slow, unknown mechanism. Neurofilaments, microtubules components, e.g., tubulin Retrograde: Dynein ATPase: organelle degradation, e.g., mitochondria, factors taken up at presynaptic terminal, normal, e.g., growth factors, e.g. nerve growth factor (NGF), pathological, e.g., rabies virus, bacterium Clostridium.

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) 2 factors determine resting membrane potential. 1) permeability (sorta like conductance [conductance is the inverse of resistance for ______]) of the membrane to a given ion. 2) concentration gradient of that ion.

    <p>movement of charged particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anterograde, aka orthograde: Kinesin ATPase – fast, dense core vesicles (contains neuropeptides), mitochondria Slow, unknown mechanism. Neurofilaments, microtubules components, e.g., tubulin Retrograde: ________ ATPase: organelle degradation, e.g., mitochondria, factors taken up at presynaptic terminal, normal, e.g., growth factors, e.g. nerve growth factor (NGF), pathological, e.g., rabies virus, bacterium Clostridium.

    <p>Dynein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) 2 factors determine resting membrane potential. 1) ________ (sorta like conductance [conductance is the inverse of resistance for movement of charged particles]) of the membrane to a given ion. 2) concentration gradient of that ion.

    <p>permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

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