Glutamate Receptors and Astrocytes

<p>NMDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EPSP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrograde</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permeability and concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs in regions of the axon that are wrapped with myelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saxitoxin (STX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It disrupts action potential propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CMT1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strychnine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mACHR</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Succinylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VMAT2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5HT3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibit 5HT release</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$Em = 61\log P_{K}[K^+]<em>{o} + P</em>{Na}[Na^+]<em>{o} + P</em>{Cl}[Cl^-]<em>{i} / P</em>{K}[K^+]<em>{i} + P</em>{Na}[Na^+]<em>{i} + P</em>{Cl}[Cl^-]_{o}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prolongs repolarization by blocking voltage sensitive K+ channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A critical number of Na+ channels open up, causing the membrane potential to become more positive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To insulate and provide metabolic support for axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VMAT2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Modulating mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, emesis/nausea and pain modulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrointestinal (GI) tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flunitrazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nonbenzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saxitoxin (STX)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple sclerosis (MS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CMT3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strychnine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Succinylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane by closing potassium channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a type of ionotropic glutamate receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to an influx of cations such as calcium, sodium, and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium flux through NMDARs is thought to play a critical role in synaptic plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phencyclidine (PCP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$E_m = 61\log(P_k[K^+]<em>o + P</em>{Na}[Na^+]<em>o + P</em>{Cl}[Cl^-]_i) - 61\log(P_k[K^+]<em>i + P</em>{Na}[Na^+]<em>i + P</em>{Cl}[Cl^-]_o)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prolongs the repolarization phase of the action potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voltage-sensitive Na+ channels open up, allowing an influx of Na+ ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the speed of action potential propagation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>V_m = rac{RT}{F} ln(rac{P_{K^+}[K^+]<em>{out} + P</em>{Na^+}[Na^+]<em>{out} + P</em>{Cl^-}[Cl^-]<em>{in}}{P</em>{K^+}[K^+]<em>{in} + P</em>{Na^+}[Na^+]<em>{in} + P</em>{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{out}})</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permeability of the membrane to a given ion and concentration gradient of that ion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Naltrexone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kainate receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phencyclidine (PCP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TCA's</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SNRI's</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bupropion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium thiopental</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate sleep and mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M1</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the speed of action potential propagation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levo-dopa (L-dopa)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atypical Antipsychotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an ionotropic glutamate receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a function of non-NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of glutamate alone</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>presynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>autoreceptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mu</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SERT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AMPA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pre-synaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>benzodiazepine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>presynaptic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>enkephalins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>sexual behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>metabotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>block</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>other</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5HT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine = Monoamines and Catecholamines Acetylcholine = Cholinergic GABA = Amino Acid Histamine = Monoamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABAA = An ionotropic chloride channel GABAB = A metabotropic receptor leading to opening of potassium channels and inhibition of voltage gated calcium channels GABAC = An ionotropic chloride channel, less common and less characterized</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diazepam (Valium) = Benzodiazepines Lorazepam (Ativan) = Benzodiazepines Alprazolam (Xanax) = Benzodiazepines Midazolam (Versed) = Benzodiazepines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Morphine = Interacts with the mu receptor Heroin = Interacts with the mu receptor Oxycodone = Interacts with the mu receptor Fentanyl = Interacts with the mu receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Naloxone = Used for heroin or other opioid overdoses Naltrexone = Used to reduce alcohol cravings and prevent euphoria from opioids in patients attempting sobriety Oxycodone = Opioid pain medication Fentanyl = Opioid used for severe pain management</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine = Neurotransmitter increased by inhibition of GABA release on dopaminergic neurons Mu receptor = Major opioid receptor in the CNS Metabotropic = Type of all opioid receptors Co-transmission = Release of multiple types of neurotransmitters from the same presynaptic terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NMDARs = Postsynaptic membranes AMPA receptors = Postsynaptic membranes Kainate receptors = Presynaptic membrane mGluRs = Both postsynaptic and presynaptic membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate = Inhibits glutamate release when binding to kainate receptors Serotonin (5HT) = Modulates mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, emesis/nausea, and pain modulation Calcium = Plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity Dopamine = Stimulated by Nitrous Oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phencyclidine (PCP) = Inhibits NMDA receptors Ketamine = Antagonist to NMDA R by binding to PCP sites Ethanol = Inhibits glutamate release and potentiates GABA activity SSRI’s = Inhibit SERT, increasing serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Huntington’s Disease = Excess number of NMDA receptors Alzheimer’s Disease = Over-activation of NMDA receptors Depression and anxiety = Low levels of 5HT Motor disturbances, cognitive decline, neuropsychiatric symptoms = Excess number of NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M2 = Cardiac tissue and smooth muscles M3 = Smooth muscle contraction M5 = CNS and smooth muscle of peripheral organs nAChR = Neuromuscular junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clostridium botulinum toxin = Prevents release of acetylcholine causing skeletal muscle paralysis Sarin gas = Inhibits acetylcholinesterase Curare = Functions as an antagonist for nACHR leading to skeletal muscle weakness or paralysis Atropine = Antagonist to all 5 mAChR subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AMPA receptor = Permeable to sodium and potassium, but not to calcium Kainate receptor = Permeable to calcium NMDA receptor = Nonselective to cations such as Calcium, Sodium and Potassium nAChR = Permeable to sodium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Succinylcholine = Agonist for nACHR, called a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Rocuronium = Antagonist for the nAChR, called a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Atropine = Antagonist to all 5 mAChR subtypes Scopolamine = Most M1 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imipramine (Tofranil) = TCA that inhibits 5HT and norepinephrine reuptake Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) = SNRI that is more specific to 5HT and norepinephrine Selegiline = Specific MAOI for MAO-B, elevates dopamine levels Bupropion (Wellbutrin) = Atypical Antidepressant, blocks reuptake of 5HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5HT = Inhibited by TCA's and SNRI's, increased by MDMA Norepinephrine = Undergoes reuptake via NET, degraded by MAO-A or COMT Dopamine = Undergoes reuptake via DAT, degraded by MAO-B, affected by D1-like and D2-like receptors Tyramine = Elevated levels can cause hypertension, broken down by MAO's</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha and Beta receptors = Norepinephrine D1-like and D2-like receptors = Dopamine 5HT receptors = Serotonin MAO-A and MAO-B = Monoamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MDMA = Can cause death, long term use can lead to memory problems, paranoia, and insomnia MAOI's = Patients have diet restrictions and have to avoid food high in the amino acid tyramine SNRI's = Newer drugs, more specific to 5HT and norepinephrine TCA's = Block the reuptake of other neurotransmitters, not used as much as other drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benzodiazepines = Used as hypnotics, muscle relaxants, antiepileptics, and for alcohol withdrawal Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) = A potent benzodiazepine used recreationally and has significant amnestic qualities Nonbenzodiazepines (Z drugs) = Used for sleep problems with less chance for dependence Barbiturates = Used in general anesthetics control of seizures and euthanizing small animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABAA receptor = Benzodiazepines bind to its binding sites and potentiate the opening of the chloride channel when GABA binds to it Glycine = An amino acid that is synthesized from serine and binds to a type of glutamate receptor Acetylcholine = Synthesized from acetyl-CoA and choline and broken down in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase nACHR and mACHR = Two major acetylcholine receptors with ionotropic and metabotropic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benzodiazepines = GABAA receptor Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) = GABAA receptor Nonbenzodiazepines (Z drugs) = GABAA receptor Barbiturates = GABAA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tetanus toxin = Blocks glycine and GABA release by interfering with the v-SNARES and t-SNARES, causing tetany of skeletal muscles Strychnine = Binds to GlyR blocking its function, leading to muscle spasm and tetany Acetylcholine = Broken down in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase into acetyl-CoA and choline Glycine = Removed from the synaptic cleft by reuptake transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levo-dopa (L-dopa) = Crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted to dopamine in the CNS Entacapone and Tolcapone = Inhibit COMT, elevating dopamine levels Pramipexole and Ropinirole = Dopamine D2-like agonists Selegiline = Specific for MAO-B, elevating dopamine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parkinson’s disease = Dopamine ADHD, addictive behavior, anxiety = Dopamine Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder = Dopamine Autism, borderline personality disorder, social anxiety disorder = Oxytocin and vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) = Causes hallucinations Haloperidol (Haldol) and Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) = Blocks D2-like receptors Olanzapine and clozapine = Fewer side effects compared to older antipsychotics Reserpine = Lowers dopamine release</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin = Plays a role in social interactions, maternal care, trust and cooperation Arginine vasopressin (AVP) = Plays a role in regulating blood pressure, social recognition, sexual behaviors and response to stress Endorphins = Involved in pain modulation and pleasure Enkephalins = Involved in pain modulation and pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine = Monoamines Epinephrine = Catecholamines Acetylcholine = Cholinergic GABA = Synthesized in the presynaptic terminal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABAA = An ionotropic chloride channel GABAB = A metabotropic receptor that can cause hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane and reduce calcium influx GABAC = An ionotropic chloride channel, not as common as A or B and less characterized</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diazepam = Valium Lorazepam = Ativan Alprazolam = Xanax Midazolam = Versed</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Naloxone = Used for heroin or other opioid overdoses Naltrexone = Used to reduce alcohol cravings and prevent euphoria from opioids in patients attempting sobriety Morphine = Interacts with the mu receptor Fentanyl = Interacts with the mu receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opioids = Inhibit GABA release on dopaminergic neurons thus disinhibition, increasing the release of dopamine GABA = Its release is inhibited by opioids Dopamine = Its release is increased by opioids ACH = Discovered/characterized by Sir Henry Dale</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mu receptor = Major opioid receptor, interacts with substances such as morphine, heroin, oxycodone and hydrocodone Opioid receptors = Metabotropic and found in the CNS GABAB receptors = Can function as autoreceptors NMDA receptors = Produce the major excitatory action of glutamate on motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>M2 = Cardiac tissue and smooth muscles M3 = Smooth muscle contraction M5 = CNS and smooth muscle of peripheral organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clostridium botulinum toxin = Prevents release of acetylcholine resulting in skeletal muscle paralysis Sarin gas = Inhibits acetylcholinesterase Alpha-neurotoxins in snake venom = Binds nACHR on skeletal muscle blocking its function Atropine = Antagonist to all 5 mAChR subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Succinylcholine = Agonist for nACHR, acts as a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent Rocuronium = Antagonist for nACHR, acts as a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NMDA receptor = Voltage-dependent activation, calcium, sodium and potassium ions can pass through Kainate receptor = Permeable to calcium AMPA receptor = Permeable to sodium and potassium, but not to calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NMDA receptors = Postsynaptic membranes AMPA receptors = Postsynaptic membranes Kainate receptors = Presynaptic membranes mGluRs = Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>NMDA receptors = Huntington’s Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Ketamine = Depression Serotonin (5HT) = Mood disorders, depression and anxiety Ethanol = Interference with all glutamate receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phencyclidine (PCP) = Inhibits NMDA receptors Ketamine = Antagonist to NMDA R by binding to PCP sites Ethanol = Inhibits glutamate release and potentiates GABA activity Sertraline (Zoloft) = Inhibits SERT, thereby increasing serotonin levels in the synaptic cleft</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5HT3 = When 5HT binds to this receptor, it opens, allowing sodium influx resulting in depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane NMDA receptors = Calcium flux through them is thought to play a critical role in synaptic plasticity Kainate receptors = High levels of glutamate binding to them actually inhibit glutamate release mGluRs = Can either have an EPSP or IPSP effect depending upon the subtype</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imipramine (Tofranil) = Inhibits 5HT and norepinephrine reuptake Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) = Inhibits 5HT and norepinephrine reuptake Selegiline = Blocks MAO-B, elevates dopamine levels Bupropion (Wellbutrin) = Blocks the reuptake of 5HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine = Alpha and Beta receptors Dopamine = D1-like and D2-like receptors 5HT (Serotonin) = 5HT receptors MDMA = SERT, NET, DAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imipramine (Tofranil) = TCA Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) = SNRI Selegiline = MAOI specific for MAO-B Bupropion (Wellbutrin) = Atypical Antidepressant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Imipramine (Tofranil) = 5HT and norepinephrine Venlafaxine (Effexor XR) = 5HT and norepinephrine Selegiline = Dopamine Bupropion (Wellbutrin) = 5HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Levo-dopa (L-dopa) = Given orally to Parkinson’s patients as it can cross the blood brain barrier Pramipexole and Ropinirole = Dopamine D2-like agonist given for Parkinson’s Entacapone and Tolcapone = Inhibit COMT thereby elevating dopamine Selegiline = Specific for MAO-B, therefore, elevates dopamine levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Haloperidol (Haldol) and Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) = Blocks D2-like receptors, common side effect is Tardive Dyskinesia Olanzapine and Clozapine = Atypical neuroleptics with some D2-like antagonistic activity but are more active on the 5HT2 receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cocaine = Inhibits DAT, NET and SERT thereby increasing dopamine levels at the synapse Reserpine = A VMAT2 inhibitor, keeping dopamine from being put in vesicles thereby lowering dopamine release Amphetamines = Raises the levels of monoamines by several mechanisms, including blocking VMAT2</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin = Regulates complex social cognition and behavior, plays a role in social interactions, maternal care, trust and cooperation Arginine vasopressin (AVP) = Regulates blood pressure, social recognition, sexual behaviors and stress response Endorphins and Enkephalins = Involved in pain modulation and pleasure/euphoric feels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benzodiazepines = Used as hypnotics, muscle relaxants, antiepileptics, alcohol withdrawal Nonbenzodiazepines = Used for sleep problems Flunitrazepam = Used as a recreational drug Barbiturates = Used in general anesthetics control of seizures and euthanizing small animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benzodiazepines = Benzodiazepine binding sites on GABAA receptor Nonbenzodiazepines = Benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor Barbiturates = GABAA receptor Baclofen = GABAB receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benzodiazepines = Potentiate the opening of the chloride channel when GABA binds to it Nonbenzodiazepines = Interact at the benzodiazepine binding site Barbiturates = Potentiate the action of GABA by increasing the length of time the GABAA receptor is open Flunitrazepam = Has significant amnesic qualities and is used as a 'date rape' drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycine = Synthesized from the amino acid serine in the presynaptic terminal Tetanus toxin = Blocks glycine and GABA release by interfering with the v-SNARES and t-SNARES Strychnine = Binds to GlyR blocking its function (glycine antagonist), leading to muscle spasm and tetany Acetylcholine = Broken down in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase into to acetyl-CoA and choline</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central Nervous System (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permeability of the membrane and concentration gradient of ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$E = 61mV \cdot log \left( \frac{P_{K^+}[K^+]<em>{out} + P</em>{Na^+}[Na^+]<em>{out} + P</em>{Cl^-}[Cl^-]<em>{in}},{P</em>{K^+}[K^+]<em>{in} + P</em>{Na^+}[Na^+]<em>{in} + P</em>{Cl^-}[Cl^-]_{out}} \right)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It would shorten the repolarization phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Depolarization of the membrane potential opens up voltage sensitive Ca+2 channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligodendrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates involuntary bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permeability of the membrane and concentration gradient of potassium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$E = z [X]<em>{\text{outside}} \log [X]</em>{\text{inside}}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$Em = gKEK gNaENa gClECl + + Sg Sg Sg Sg = (gK +gNa + gCl)$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prolongs the repolarization phase, causing the membrane potential to become more negative than the resting potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oligodendrocyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permeability and concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$Em = 61log Pk[K+]o + PNa[Na+]o + PCl[Cl-]i Pk[K+]i + PNa[Na+]i + PCl[Cl-]o$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-88 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-70 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Em = gKEK gNaENa gClECl + + Sg Sg Sg Sg = (gK +gNa + gCl)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-88 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0 mV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central Nervous System (CNS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>movement of charged particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dynein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers