Giardia and Protozoan Parasites Quiz
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Giardia and Protozoan Parasites Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following species of Giardia is known to infect mammals, including humans?

  • Giardia intestinalis (correct)
  • Giardia muris
  • Giardia agilis
  • Giardia duodenalis (correct)

    • Which of the following statements regarding protozoan parasites is true?

  • All protozoans flourish in the presence of diarrhea.
  • Only a small percentage of protozoa are associated with disease. (correct)
  • Protozoans do not occur naturally in the environment.
  • All protozoans are pathogenic to humans.

    • Which protozoan is classified as a flagellate?

  • Balantidium coli
  • Eimeria spp.
  • Tritrichomonas foetus (correct)
  • Entamoeba histolytica

    • What is the main habitat of Giardia spp.?

    <p>Free-living and parasitic in mammals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following Giardia species is known to infect rodents and birds?

    <p>Giardia muris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transplacental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in cats?

    <p>Via tachyzoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Toxoplasma gondii is most commonly responsible for clinical signs in infected individuals?

    <p>Tachyzoites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long is the prepatent period for bradyzoites in tissues for Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>3 to 10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes the enteroepithelial cycle from the extraintestinal cycle of Toxoplasma gondii?

    <p>Leads to sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the survival of sporulated oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii in the environment?

    <p>They can survive for years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is essential to accurately diagnose Giardia infection when initial fecal examinations are negative?

    <p>Three consecutive negative fecal tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is preferable for diagnosing Giardia cysts in fecal samples?

    <p>Standard flotation technique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might Lugol’s iodine be used when examining for trophozoites?

    <p>To help visualize but eliminate motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of transmission for Giardia spp.?

    <p>Fecal/oral contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment options are available for Giardia infection in pets?

    <p>Metronidazole and Fenbendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding cysts of Giardia is true?

    <p>Cysts are small, non-motile oval organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following surfaces is most easily treated to inhibit Giardia cyst survival indoors?

    <p>Clean, dry kennels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can fecal samples be stored in the refrigerator before testing for Giardia antigen using an ELISA test?

    <p>7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of intestinal infections caused by E. coli?

    <p>Chronic diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes amoebic dysentery?

    <p>Intestinal inflammation with abdominal pain and frequent diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic technique is most important for identifying trophozoites?

    <p>Direct smear under oil-immersion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for infections caused by Entamoeba histolytica?

    <p>Metronidazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the transmission of amoebic dysentery be prevented?

    <p>Sanitation and disinfection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding Balantidium coli?

    <p>May be contracted by humans working with certain animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes coccidia from other protozoan parasites?

    <p>Obligate intracellular parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which tissue do intestinal coccidia primarily parasitize?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a positive titer with detectable IgM level indicate about a cat's potential threat to humans?

    <p>The cat is a current threat to humans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to oocysts previously shed by a cat over time?

    <p>They can persist in the environment for years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a cat has a negative titer, which of the following is a potential outcome upon exposure?

    <p>The cat will shed large numbers of oocysts if exposed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended prevention strategy for T.gondii in cats?

    <p>Feed commercial diets only and keep them indoors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is commonly included in the treatment of clinically ill cats infected with T.gondii?

    <p>Clindamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape are trophozoites and how are they characterized?

    <p>Teardrop-shaped and binucleate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Giardia spp.?

    <p>Ingestion of infected food or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do trophozoites affect the cells in the small intestine?

    <p>They attach and damage cellular structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a clinical sign associated with Giardia infection?

    <p>Small bowel diarrhea with excessive gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cysts in the Giardia life cycle?

    <p>They are the transmission stage from one host to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly observed in Giardia-infected animals during the incubation period?

    <p>Normal stools despite infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of immature cysts?

    <p>They contain two nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stool may indicate Giardia infection?

    <p>Pale and excessive in volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Protozoans

    • Single-celled organisms
    • Mostly free-living
    • Some are parasitic in mammals
    • A small percentage are pathogenic
    • Some flourish during diarrhea, often mistaken as cause

    Flagellates

    • Giardia spp.
    • Tritrichomonas foetus
    • Balantidium coli

    Amoebae

    • Entamoeba histolytica
    • Entamoeba invadens
    • Entamoeba muris

    Coccidia

    • Eimeria spp.
    • Cystoisospora spp.
    • Sarcocystis spp.
    • Cryptosporidium spp.
    • Toxoplasma gondii

    Giardia spp.

    • Giardia intestinalis/Giardia duodenalis (formerly known as G. lamblia)
    • Infects mammals (including humans) birds and reptiles
    • Giardia muris infects rodents and birds
    • Giardia agilis (formerly ranae) infects frogs
    • Zoonotic (can infect humans and animals)
    • Likely species in other animals
    • All animals susceptible (mammals, reptiles, birds, frogs)

    Life Cycles

    • Giardia spp.
      • Direct transmission (oral ingestion)
      • Ingesting contaminated food or water
      • Trophozoites in the small intestine
      • Cysts in the colon
    • Two life stages
      • Trophozoites: Active, parasitic form, found in the small intestine
      • Cysts: Dormant, infective form, found in feces

    Clinical Signs

    • Giardia spp
      • Acute or chronic
      • Normal or abnormal stools
      • Small bowel diarrhea (pale, large volume)
      • Steatorrhea (excess fat in feces; caused by malabsorption)
      • Weight loss and /or failure to gain weight
      • Incubation Period ~5 days,
      • Prepatent period ~ 2 weeks

    Diagnosis

    • Giardia spp.:
      • Cysts and trophozoites by microscopic examination, looking at fluid or stool samples.
      • Floats or centrifugal techniques may be used
      • Using ELISA test

    Treatment

    • Giardia spp.
      • Metronidazole (Flagyl)
      • Fenbendazole (Panacur)

    Prevention

    • Sanitation and disinfection to minimize transmission of Giardia spp.
    • Avoid contaminated food and water supplies

    Tritrichomonas spp and Trichomonas spp.

    • Tritrichomonas foetus: Venereal disease in cattle
    • Trichomonas vaginalis: Venereal disease in humans.
    • Trichomonas gallinae: Oral lesions in birds
    • Life cycle is direct; transmission via sexual exchange of seminal fluids (cattle and humans)
    • Cattle (vaginitis, placentitis, abortions)
    • Bulls (Infection subclinical)

    Diagnosis

    • Sample collection for culture and identification of organisms from preputial washes, uterine or vaginal discharges, or fluids from aborted fetuses.

    Treatment

    • Metronidazole

    Prevention

    • Sanitation, disinfect surfaces, isolate infected animals

    Coccidia

    • Eimeria, Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora, Sarcocystis, Toxoplasma
    • Intestine (primarily)
    • Obligate intracellular parasites - Multiply inside cells
    • Host-specific (exception is Cryptosporidium)
    • Asexual reproduction occurs inside host cells
    • Homoxenous and heteroxenous cycles
    • Toxoplasma requires an intermediate host

    Life Cycles

    • Various, depending on the species.
    • Some require more than one host
      • Homoxenous (direct cycle): One host
      • Heteroxenous (indirect cycle): Multiple hosts

    Clinical Signs

    • Coccidia
      • Often subclinical, especially in adult animals
      • Severe outbreaks more common in young animals living in crowded conditions.
      • Concurrent diseases
      • Loss of Appetite
      • Poor Condition
      • Weight loss
      • Diarrhea
      • Dehydration

    Diagnosis

    • Coccidia
      • Microscopic examination of fecal samples for oocysts.
      • Serologic testing (blood test) for antibodies.

    Prevention

    • Sanitation and disinfection to prevent spreading in certain environments.

    Toxoplasma gondii

    • Zoonotic
    • Obligatory heteroxenous - require intermediate host for development
    • Cats are the definitive host.
    • Life cycle:
      • Cats (definitive host) ingest oocysts and sexually reproduce in their intestines.
      • Oocysts (resistant, infective form) are shed in their feces
      • Intermediate hosts (like humans, birds, and mammals) ingest oocysts. Sporozoites invade tissues.
      • Multiply asexually (tachyzoites), forming cysts.
      • Can be transmitted via transplacental transmission.
    • Clinical signs:
      • Often subclinical; can be more severe in immune-compromised individuals.
      • More severe in young animals kept in crowded, unsanitary conditions.

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    Related Documents

    CP Exam 4 Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge about Giardia and its impact on mammals, including humans. This quiz explores various aspects of protozoan parasites, including their classification and habitats. Challenge yourself with questions on the characteristics and species of Giardia.

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