Entamoeba Histolytica and Giardia Lambalia Overview

Entamoeba Histolytica

• Sarcodina: Amoeba-like movement in the intestines
• Trophozoite: Active feeding stage
  • Nucleus: Single, spherical shape
    • Karyosome: Central, concentrated area of DNA
    • Chromatin: Peripherally located DNA material
  • Cytoplasm: Has a distinct structure
    • Ectoplasm: Clear outer layer
    • Endoplasm: Granular inner layer
  • Pseudopodia: Extensions for movement
  • Food Vacuoles: Ingest red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and tissues

Entamoeba Histolytica Cyst

• Infective Stage: Responsible for amebic dysentery (severe diarrhoea)
• Morphology: 4 nuclei (quatri nucleated cyst)
  • Cytoplasm: Contains a chromatid bar (a dark structure) and glycogen (stored energy)
  • Refractile membrane: Rounded structure acting as a protective layer

Giardia Lambalia

• Trophozoite: Responsible for diarrhoea
  • Morphology: Pear-shaped with 4 pairs of flagella (hair-like structures for movement)
• Binucleated: Has two nuclei
  • Flagella: 2 anterior, 2 posterior, 2 ventral, and 2 caudal
  • Adhesive disc: Anterior structures, unknown function
  • Median bodies: Unknown function

Trypanosoma Brucei

• Sleeping Sickness: A fatal disease affecting the nervous system
• Morphology: Elongated and tapered shape
  • Cell membrane (Pellicle): Protective outer layer
  • Kinetoplast: Compact mitochondrial DNA structure
  • Flagella: One attached flagella
  • Basal body: Anchoring point for the flagella, forms an undulating membrane
  • Free flagella: Protrudes from the cell

Plasmodium Malaríae

• Ring shape: Typical stage in red blood cells, visible under microscope
  • Cytoplasm: Outer layer of the parasite cell
  • Chromatin: Dense area of DNA
  • Band: A darker ring around the cell
• 3 forms
  • Amoid: Amoeba-like stage
  • Gametocytes: Sexual stage of the parasite