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Questions and Answers
What is the main method by which Giardia trophozoites multiply in the host?
What is the main method by which Giardia trophozoites multiply in the host?
Which of the following treatments has the highest cure rate for Giardia infections?
Which of the following treatments has the highest cure rate for Giardia infections?
What is the most effective method to inactivate Giardia cysts in water?
What is the most effective method to inactivate Giardia cysts in water?
During unfavorable conditions, Giardia trophozoites undergo which process?
During unfavorable conditions, Giardia trophozoites undergo which process?
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What is the infective dose of Giardia cysts needed to cause an infection?
What is the infective dose of Giardia cysts needed to cause an infection?
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What is the primary habitat of Giardia lamblia in the human body?
What is the primary habitat of Giardia lamblia in the human body?
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What characteristic feature helps Giardia lamblia attach to the intestinal mucosa?
What characteristic feature helps Giardia lamblia attach to the intestinal mucosa?
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Which form of Giardia lamblia is considered the infective stage?
Which form of Giardia lamblia is considered the infective stage?
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What is a common outcome of infection with Giardia lamblia?
What is a common outcome of infection with Giardia lamblia?
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Which populations are more likely to develop giardiasis?
Which populations are more likely to develop giardiasis?
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What components are part of the trophozoite structure of Giardia lamblia?
What components are part of the trophozoite structure of Giardia lamblia?
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What is the primary method through which contaminated water contributes to giardiasis?
What is the primary method through which contaminated water contributes to giardiasis?
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Which feature of Giardia lamblia is important for its virulence?
Which feature of Giardia lamblia is important for its virulence?
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Giardia lamblia was first observed by Antonie von Leeuwenhoek in his own stools in 1681.
Giardia lamblia was first observed by Antonie von Leeuwenhoek in his own stools in 1681.
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The cyst form of Giardia lamblia measures 15 μm x 9 μm.
The cyst form of Giardia lamblia measures 15 μm x 9 μm.
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Enhanced susceptibility to giardiasis is associated with the blood group O.
Enhanced susceptibility to giardiasis is associated with the blood group O.
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The mode of transmission for Giardia lamblia is through contaminated air.
The mode of transmission for Giardia lamblia is through contaminated air.
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Giardia lamblia causes the stool to contain blood due to its pathogenicity.
Giardia lamblia causes the stool to contain blood due to its pathogenicity.
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Giardia lamblia is the only protozoan parasite found in the lumen of the human large intestine.
Giardia lamblia is the only protozoan parasite found in the lumen of the human large intestine.
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The trophozoite of Giardia lamblia has a pair of axostyles running along its midline.
The trophozoite of Giardia lamblia has a pair of axostyles running along its midline.
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Cysts of Giardia lamblia can only be found in contaminated plant foods.
Cysts of Giardia lamblia can only be found in contaminated plant foods.
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Giardia can survive in soil and water for several weeks due to its cyst form.
Giardia can survive in soil and water for several weeks due to its cyst form.
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The infectious dose for Giardia consists of 500–600 cysts.
The infectious dose for Giardia consists of 500–600 cysts.
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Treatment with tinidazole is less effective than treatment with metronidazole.
Treatment with tinidazole is less effective than treatment with metronidazole.
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Encystment of Giardia typically occurs in the duodenum.
Encystment of Giardia typically occurs in the duodenum.
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Proper disposal of wastewater and feces is a key method of prophylaxis against Giardia infections.
Proper disposal of wastewater and feces is a key method of prophylaxis against Giardia infections.
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What role do trophozoites play in the transmission of Giardia infection once they are ingested?
What role do trophozoites play in the transmission of Giardia infection once they are ingested?
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How does the encystment process benefit Giardia in unfavorable conditions?
How does the encystment process benefit Giardia in unfavorable conditions?
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What are the implications of having a high number of cysts passed per gram of feces on public health?
What are the implications of having a high number of cysts passed per gram of feces on public health?
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Discuss the benefits and limitations of using metronidazole as a treatment for giardiasis.
Discuss the benefits and limitations of using metronidazole as a treatment for giardiasis.
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What are critical components of effective prophylaxis against giardiasis, based on environmental factors?
What are critical components of effective prophylaxis against giardiasis, based on environmental factors?
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What significant role do variant specific surface proteins (VSSP) play in Giardia lamblia?
What significant role do variant specific surface proteins (VSSP) play in Giardia lamblia?
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Describe the symptoms associated with giardiasis caused by Giardia lamblia.
Describe the symptoms associated with giardiasis caused by Giardia lamblia.
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What are the dimensions of the Giardia lamblia cyst, and why is its structure significant?
What are the dimensions of the Giardia lamblia cyst, and why is its structure significant?
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Identify two environmental or health factors that enhance susceptibility to giardiasis.
Identify two environmental or health factors that enhance susceptibility to giardiasis.
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How do the trophozoites of Giardia lamblia move, and what does this resemble?
How do the trophozoites of Giardia lamblia move, and what does this resemble?
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Discuss how Giardia lamblia affects intestinal villous architecture.
Discuss how Giardia lamblia affects intestinal villous architecture.
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Explain the transmission route of Giardia lamblia infection in humans.
Explain the transmission route of Giardia lamblia infection in humans.
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What are the main structural components of the Giardia lamblia trophozoite?
What are the main structural components of the Giardia lamblia trophozoite?
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Giardia may colonize the gall bladder, causing biliary colic and ______.
Giardia may colonize the gall bladder, causing biliary colic and ______.
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The trophozoites of Giardia live in the duodenum and upper part of the ______.
The trophozoites of Giardia live in the duodenum and upper part of the ______.
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Cysts of Giardia can remain viable in soil and ______ for several weeks.
Cysts of Giardia can remain viable in soil and ______ for several weeks.
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Metronidazole can be administered at a dosage of ______ mg, thrice daily for 5-7 days.
Metronidazole can be administered at a dosage of ______ mg, thrice daily for 5-7 days.
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During adverse conditions, Giardia undergoes ______, forming a protective cyst.
During adverse conditions, Giardia undergoes ______, forming a protective cyst.
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Giardia lamblia was first observed by Dutch scientist Antonie von ______ in his own stools.
Giardia lamblia was first observed by Dutch scientist Antonie von ______ in his own stools.
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The infective form of Giardia lamblia is the ______.
The infective form of Giardia lamblia is the ______.
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Giardia lamblia causes abnormalities of villous architecture by cell ______ and increased lymphatic infiltration.
Giardia lamblia causes abnormalities of villous architecture by cell ______ and increased lymphatic infiltration.
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Giardia lamblia primarily lives in the ______ and upper jejunum of the human small intestine.
Giardia lamblia primarily lives in the ______ and upper jejunum of the human small intestine.
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A young cyst of Giardia lamblia contains ______ pair of nuclei.
A young cyst of Giardia lamblia contains ______ pair of nuclei.
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Enhanced susceptibility to giardiasis is associated with blood group ______.
Enhanced susceptibility to giardiasis is associated with blood group ______.
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The trophozoite of Giardia lamblia possesses ______ pairs of flagella.
The trophozoite of Giardia lamblia possesses ______ pairs of flagella.
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The stool of an individual infected with Giardia lamblia may contain excess mucus and ______, but no blood.
The stool of an individual infected with Giardia lamblia may contain excess mucus and ______, but no blood.
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Match the following Giardia lamblia life cycle phases with their characteristics:
Match the following Giardia lamblia life cycle phases with their characteristics:
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Match the following treatments for Giardia with their descriptions:
Match the following treatments for Giardia with their descriptions:
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Match the following aspects of Giardia lamblia infection with their implications:
Match the following aspects of Giardia lamblia infection with their implications:
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Match the following prevention methods for Giardia with their effectiveness:
Match the following prevention methods for Giardia with their effectiveness:
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Match the following characteristics of Giardia lamblia with their functions:
Match the following characteristics of Giardia lamblia with their functions:
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Match the following structures of Giardia lamblia with their descriptions:
Match the following structures of Giardia lamblia with their descriptions:
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Match the following terms related to giardiasis with their meanings:
Match the following terms related to giardiasis with their meanings:
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Match the following symptoms with their related conditions caused by Giardia lamblia:
Match the following symptoms with their related conditions caused by Giardia lamblia:
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Match the following transmission methods with their descriptions:
Match the following transmission methods with their descriptions:
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Match the following observations about Giardia lamblia to their historical context:
Match the following observations about Giardia lamblia to their historical context:
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Match the following Giardia lamblia characteristics to their roles:
Match the following Giardia lamblia characteristics to their roles:
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Match the following types of cells/structures with their roles or characteristics in Giardia lamblia:
Match the following types of cells/structures with their roles or characteristics in Giardia lamblia:
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Match the following factors to their association with giardiasis susceptibility:
Match the following factors to their association with giardiasis susceptibility:
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Study Notes
History and Distribution
- Giardia lamblia was first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1681.
- It's named after Professor Giard of Paris and Professor Lamble of Prague.
- Giardia is the most common protozoan pathogen worldwide.
- High endemism exists in areas with low sanitation, particularly tropics and subtropics.
- Travelers to these areas often develop giardiasis due to contaminated water.
Habitat
- Giardia lamblia resides in the duodenum and upper jejunum of the human small intestine.
Trophozoite
- It measures 15 μm x 9 μm wide and 4 μm thick.
- It has a convex dorsal side and a concave ventral side with a sucking disc for attachment to the intestinal mucosa.
- It's bilaterally symmetrical with:
- 1 pair of nuclei
- 4 pairs of flagella
- Blepharoplast
- 1 pair of axostyles
- 2 sausage-shaped parabasal or median bodies
- The trophozoite exhibits slow oscillatory movement, resembling a falling leaf.
Cyst
- It's the infective form of the parasite, measuring 12 μm x 8 μm.
- It's surrounded by a hyaline cyst wall.
- Internally, it contains 2 pairs of nuclei grouped at one end and a diagonally positioned axostyle.
- Young cysts contain 1 pair of nuclei and remnants of flagella and the sucking disc.
Mode of Transmission
- Humans acquire infection by ingesting cysts in contaminated water and food.
- Direct person-to-person transmission is also possible.
- Increased susceptibility to giardiasis is associated with blood group A, achlorhydria, cannabis use, chronic pancreatitis, malnutrition, and immune defects.
Pathogenicity
- Giardia can cause abnormalities of villous architecture through cell apoptosis and increased lymphatic infiltration of the lamina propria.
- Variant specific surface proteins (VSSP) contribute to virulence and infectivity.
- Giardia may lead to:
- Mucus diarrhea
- Fat malabsorption (steatorrhea)
- Dull epigastric pain
- Flatulence
- Stool contains excess mucus and fat but no blood.
- Children may experience:
- Chronic diarrhea
- Malabsorption of fat, vitamin A, and protein
- Weight loss
- Giardia can colonize the gallbladder, causing biliary colic and jaundice.
- Incubation period is generally about 2 weeks.
Life Cycle
- Upon ingestion, the cyst hatches into two trophozoites within half an hour.
- Trophozoites multiply by binary fission in the duodenum.
- They live in the duodenum and upper jejunum, feeding by pinocytosis.
- Encystment occurs in the colon under unfavorable conditions.
- Cysts are passed in stool and remain viable in soil and water for weeks.
- Feces may contain 200,000 cysts per gram.
- The infective dose is 10–100 cysts.
Treatment
- Metronidazole (250 mg, thrice daily for 5–7 days) and tinidazole (2 g single dose) are the preferred drugs.
- Metronidazole has a cure rate exceeding 90%.
- Tinidazole proves more effective than metronidazole.
- Furuzolidone and nitazoxamide are favored for children due to fewer side effects.
- Paromomycin, an oral aminoglycoside, is suitable for symptomatic pregnant women.
Prophylaxis
- Proper disposal of wastewater and feces.
- Personal hygiene practices like hand-washing before eating and proper diaper disposal.
- Prevention of food and water contamination.
- Community water chlorination is ineffective against cysts.
- Water boiling and filtration using membrane filters are necessary precautions.
History and Distribution
- Giardia lamblia was first observed in 1681
- Named after Professors Giard and Lamble
- Most common protozoan pathogen worldwide
- High endemicity in areas with low sanitation, especially in the tropics and subtropics
- Traveler's diarrhea is a common symptom of Giardia infection
Habitat
- Lives in the duodenum and upper jejunum of the small intestine
- The only protozoan parasite found in the lumen of the human small intestine
Trophozoite
- Measures 15 μm x 9 μm wide and 4 μm thick
- Dorsally convex, with a concave sucking disc ventrally for attachment to the intestinal mucosa
- Possesses 1 pair of nuclei, 4 pairs of flagella, blepharoplast, axostyles, and parabasal bodies
- Motile, with slow oscillation about its long axis
Cyst
- Infective form of the parasite
- Measures 12 μm x 8 μm
- Surrounded by a hyaline cyst wall
- Contains 2 pairs of nuclei grouped at one end
- Axostyle lies diagonally
- Remnants of flagella and sucking disc may be seen in the young cyst
Mode of Transmission
- Infection acquired by ingestion of contaminated water or food
- Direct person-to-person transmission is possible
- Enhanced susceptibility to giardiasis is associated with blood group A, achlorhydria, cannabis use, chronic pancreatitis, malnutrition, and immune defects
Pathogenicity
- May cause abnormalities of villous architecture by cell apoptosis and increased lymphatic infiltration
- Variant specific surface proteins (VSSP) play an important role in virulence and infectivity
- Can lead to mucus diarrhea, fat malabsorption (steatorrhea), dull epigastric pain, and flatulence
- Stool contains excess mucus and fat but no blood
- Children may develop chronic diarrhea, malabsorption of fat, vitamin A, protein, and weight loss
- May colonize the gallbladder, causing biliary colic and jaundice
- Incubation period is usually around 2 weeks
Life Cycle
- Within half an hour of ingestion, cysts hatch into two trophozoites
- Trophozoites multiply by binary fission and colonize the duodenum
- Trophozoites feed by pinocytosis
- Encystment occurs during unfavorable conditions, usually in the colon
- Cysts passed in stool and remain viable in soil and water for several weeks
- Up to 200,000 cysts may be passed per gram of feces
- Infective dose is 10–100 cysts
Treatment
- Metronidazole (250 mg, thrice daily for 5–7 days) and tinidazole (2 g single dose) are the drugs of choice
- Cure rates with metronidazole are more than 90%
- Tinidazole is more effective than metronidazole
- Furuzolidone and nitazoxamide are preferred for children due to fewer adverse effects
- Paromomycin, an oral aminoglycoside can be given to symptomatic pregnant females
Prophylaxis
- Proper disposal of waste water and feces
- Practice of personal hygiene, like hand-washing before eating and proper disposal of diapers
- Prevention of food and water contamination
- Community chlorination of water is not effective for inactivating cysts
- Boiling water and filtration by membrane filters are required
History and Distribution
- First observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1681
- Named after Professor Giard and Professor Lamble
- Most prevalent protozoan pathogen
- Worldwide distribution
- Highly endemic in areas with low sanitation, especially tropics and subtropics
- Causes traveler's diarrhea through contaminated water
Habitat
- Found in the duodenum and upper jejunum of the small intestine
- Only protozoan parasite found in the lumen of the human small intestine
Trophozoite
- Measures 15 μm x 9 μm wide and 4 μm thick
- Dorsally convex, ventrally concave with sucking disc for attachment to intestinal mucosa
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- Possesses one pair of nuclei, four pairs of flagella, a blepharoplast (origin of flagella), one pair of axostyles, two sausage-shaped parabasal bodies.
- Motile with slow oscillation, resembling a falling leaf
Cyst
- Infective form of the parasite
- Oval, measuring 12 μm x 8 μm
- Enclosed by a hyaline cyst wall
- Two pairs of nuclei grouped at one end
- Young cyst has one pair of nuclei
- Axostyle lies diagonally within the cyst wall
- Remnants of flagella and sucking disc may be visible
Mode of Transmission
- Ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food
- Direct transmission from person to person
- Enhanced susceptibility associated with blood group A, achlorhydria, cannabis use, chronic pancreatitis, malnutrition, and immune defects
Pathogenicity
- Can cause villous architecture abnormalities via cell apoptosis and increased lymphatic infiltration
- Variant specific surface proteins (VSSP) contribute to virulence and infectivity
- Causes mucus diarrhea, fat malabsorption (steatorrhea), dull epigastric pain, and flatulence
- Stool contains excess mucus and fat, but no blood
- In children, can lead to chronic diarrhea, malabsorption of fat, vitamin A, protein, and weight loss
- Can colonize the gallbladder, causing biliary colic and jaundice
- Incubation period typically around two weeks
Life Cycle
- Cysts hatch into two trophozoites within half an hour of ingestion
- Trophozoites multiply by binary fission and colonize the duodenum
- Trophozoites feed by pinocytosis in the duodenum and upper jejunum
- Encystment occurs in the colon under unfavorable conditions
- Cysts are passed in stool and remain viable in soil and water for several weeks
- Up to 200,000 cysts can be passed per gram of feces
- Infective dose is 10-100 cysts
Treatment
- Metronidazole (250 mg, thrice daily for 5-7 days) and tinidazole (2 g single dose) are the drugs of choice
- Metronidazole cure rate exceeds 90%
- Tinidazole more effective than metronidazole
- Furazolidone and nitazoxamide preferred in children due to fewer adverse effects
- Paromomycin, an oral aminoglycoside, can be given to symptomatic pregnant females
Prophylaxis
- Proper disposal of wastewater and feces
- Practice of personal hygiene like hand-washing before eating
- Proper disposal of diapers
- Prevention of food and water contamination
- Community chlorination of water is ineffective for inactivating cysts
- Boiling water and filtration by membrane filters are required
History and Distribution
- Giardia lamblia was first observed in 1681 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
- It is named after professors Giard and Lamble who described the parasite.
- It is the most common protozoan pathogen.
- Giardia lamblia is found worldwide with high endemism in areas with low sanitation, especially tropics and subtropics.
- Travelers to such places often develop traveler's diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia through contaminated water.
Habitat
- Giardia lamblia lives in the duodenum and the upper jejunum of the small intestine.
- It is the only protozoan parasite found in the lumen of the human small intestine.
Trophozoite
- The trophozoite measures 15 μm x 9 μm x 4 μm.
- It has a concave sucking disc on the ventral side which helps it attach to the intestinal mucosa.
- It is bilaterally symmetrical and possesses: 1 pair of nuclei, 4 pairs of flagella, blepharoplast, 1 pair of axostyles, and 2 parabasal bodies.
- The trophozoite is motile and oscillates about its long axis.
Cyst
- The cyst is the infective form of the parasite.
- Its size is 12 μm x 8 μm.
- It has a hyaline cyst wall and contains 2 pairs of nuclei grouped at one end, remnants of flagella and the sucking disc.
- The axostyle lies diagonally forming a dividing line within the cyst wall.
Mode of Transmission
- Infection occurs through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water and food.
- Direct transmission from person to person is also possible.
- Enhanced susceptibility to giardiasis is linked to blood group A, achlorhydria, cannabis use, chronic pancreatitis, malnutrition, and immune defects.
Pathogenicity
- Giardia lamblia can cause abnormalities in villous architecture by inducing cell apoptosis and increased lymphatic infiltration.
- Variant specific surface proteins (VSSP) play a critical role in virulence and infectivity.
- Symptoms include mucus diarrhea, fat malabsorption, epigastric pain, and flatulence.
- The stool contains excess mucus and fat but no blood.
- Children may develop chronic diarrhea, malabsorption of fat, vitamin A, protein, and weight loss.
- Giardia can colonize the gallbladder, causing biliary colic and jaundice.
- The incubation period is typically 2 weeks.
Life Cycle
- Within half an hour of ingestion, the cyst hatches into two trophozoites.
- These trophozoites multiply through binary fission in the duodenum.
- Trophozoites feed by pinocytosis.
- Encystment occurs in the colon during unfavorable conditions.
- Cysts are passed in stool and are viable in soil and water for several weeks.
- A gram of feces can contain 200,000 cysts.
- The infective dose is 10–100 cysts.
Treatment
- Metronidazole (250 mg, thrice daily for 5-7 days) and tinidazole (2 gm single dose) are the drugs of choice.
- Metronidazole has over 90% cure rate.
- Tinidazole is more effective than metronidazole.
- Furuzolidone and nitazoxamide are preferred in children due to fewer side effects.
- Parmomycin can be given to pregnant females.
Prophylaxis
- Proper disposal of wastewater and feces is essential.
- Practice good personal hygiene such as handwashing before eating and proper diaper disposal.
- Prevent food and water contamination.
- Community chlorination of water is ineffective for inactivating cysts.
- Boiling water and using membrane filters are necessary.
Giardia Lamblia
- Discovery: First observed by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in 1681. Named after Professors Giard (Paris) and Lamble (Prague).
- Distribution: Most common protozoan pathogen found worldwide. High endemism in low sanitation areas like the tropics and subtropics.
- Habitat: Lives in the duodenum and upper jejunum of the human small intestine. It is the only protozoan parasite found in the lumen of this area.
Trophozoite
- Size: Measures 15 μm x 9 μm wide and 4 μm thick.
- Structure: Bilaterally symmetrical with a concave sucking disc ventrally for attachment. Contains one pair of nuclei, four pairs of flagella arising from the blepharoplast, one pair of axostyles, and two sausage-shaped parabasal bodies.
- Motility: Moves with a slow oscillation about its long axis, resembling a falling leaf.
Cyst
- Infective form: Small oval-shaped, measuring 12 μm x 8 μm. Surrounded by a hyaline cyst wall.
- Structure: Contains two pairs of nuclei (young cysts contain one), axostyle lies diagonally, remnants of flagella and sucking disc may be present.
Mode of Transmission
- Ingestion of cysts: Occurs through contaminated water and food.
- Direct Person-to-Person Transmission: Possible.
- Enhanced Susceptibility: Associated with blood group A, achlorhydria, cannabis use, chronic pancreatitis, malnutrition, and immune defects.
Pathogenicity
- Villous Architecture: May cause abnormalities by cell apoptosis and increased lymphatic infiltration of the lamina propria.
- Variant Specific Surface Proteins (VSSP): Play a significant role in parasite virulence and infectivity.
- Symptoms: Mucus diarrhea, fat malabsorption (steatorrhea), dull epigastric pain, flatulence. Stools contain excess mucus and fat but no blood.
- Children: May develop chronic diarrhea, malabsorption of fat, vitamin A, protein, and weight loss.
- Gall Bladder: Giardia can colonize the gall bladder, causing biliary colic and jaundice.
- Incubation Period: Usually about 2 weeks.
Life Cycle
- Cyst Ingestion: Cysts hatch into two trophozoites within half an hour of ingestion.
- Multiplication: Trophozoites multiply by binary fission and colonize the duodenum.
- Feeding: Trophozoites feed by pinocytosis.
- Encystment: Encystment occurs in the colon during unfavorable conditions.
- Excretion: Cysts are passed in feces and remain viable in soil and water for weeks.
- Infective Dose: Requires 10-100 cysts.
Treatment
- Drugs of Choice: Metronidazole (250 mg, thrice daily for 5-7 days) and tinidazole (2g single dose).
- Cure Rates: Metronidazole has a cure rate of over 90%. Tinidazole is more effective than metronidazole.
- Children: Furuzolidone and nitazoxamide are preferred due to fewer adverse effects.
- Pregnant Females: Paromomycin, an oral aminoglycoside, is used for symptomatic pregnant females.
Prophylaxis
- Waste Disposal: Proper disposal of wastewater and feces.
- Personal Hygiene: Hand washing before eating and proper disposal of diapers.
- Food and Water Contamination: Prevention.
- Water Chlorination: Community chlorination is ineffective for inactivating cysts. Boiling water and filtration using membrane filters are required.
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Description
This quiz covers the biology and distribution of Giardia lamblia, highlighting its discovery, habitat, and morphology. Explore the characteristics of its trophozoite and cyst forms, as well as the implications for public health, especially in areas with low sanitation. Test your knowledge about this common protozoan pathogen.