Animal Breeding & Parturition.2

54 Questions

What is the primary concern with breeding a purebred dog within a closed gene pool?

The offspring may have a higher likelihood of heritable disorders

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon of a popular dog being bred extensively, leading to a narrower gene pool?

Popular sire syndrome

Why is genetic diversity important in a healthy species?

To decrease the likelihood of heritable disorders

What is the term used to describe the physical expression of an allele?

Phenotype

What is the term used to describe a stronger allele that masks the effect of a weaker allele?

Dominant

What is the combination of alleles from both parents that determines an individual's genotype?

Genotype

What is likely to occur when a popular dog with a faulty gene is bred extensively?

The faulty gene is spread to the offspring

What determines the physical expression of a trait in an individual?

The combination of alleles from both parents

What is the result of line-breeding within a closed gene pool?

A narrower gene pool

Why do healthy species tend to have a lower incidence of heritable disorders?

Because they have a wider gene pool

What is the term used to describe the stronger allele that is expressed in an individual's phenotype?

Dominant

What is the relationship between the genotype and phenotype of an individual?

The genotype determines the phenotype

Line-breeding within a closed gene pool increases genetic diversity in a species.

False

A recessive allele will always be expressed in an individual's phenotype.

False

The genotype of an individual determines their phenotype.

True

Breeding from popular dogs can lead to the spread of faulty or disease-causing genes within a species.

True

A dominant allele is always stronger than a recessive allele in determining an individual's phenotype.

True

Genetic diversity is not important in maintaining the health of a species.

False

A species with a high degree of genetic diversity is more likely to have a higher incidence of heritable disorders.

False

Breeding from popular dogs can lead to an increase in genetic diversity within a species.

False

The expression of alleles is determined by the combination of alleles from only one parent.

False

A recessive allele is always stronger than a dominant allele in determining an individual's phenotype.

False

Line-breeding within a closed gene pool can lead to the spread of faulty or disease-causing genes within a species.

True

The genotype of an individual does not determine their phenotype.

False

What is the primary goal of inbreeding in animal breeding?

To produce a desirable homozygous trait

What is the difference between inbreeding and line breeding?

Line breeding reduces the chance of passing on undesirable characteristics

What is the effect of depression in breeding?

A decline in birth weights or litter size

What is the result of breeding brothers and sisters?

An increase in the chance of a desirable homozygous trait

Why is line breeding considered a better option than inbreeding?

It reduces the chance of passing on undesirable characteristics

What is the main reason for inbreeding in animal breeding?

To increase the chances of a desirable homozygous trait being carried

What is the difference between inbreeding and line breeding?

Inbreeding involves breeding between brothers and sisters, while line breeding involves cousins

What is a potential consequence of breeding related individuals over multiple generations?

Depression and decline in birth weights or litter size

What is a benefit of line breeding compared to inbreeding?

Reduced chance of passing on undesirable characteristics

What is a characteristic of some strains of pedigree animals?

They show mild forms of depression

What is the primary benefit of outbreeding in animals?

To produce offspring with stronger and healthier traits

What can be inferred from the physical appearance of a dog?

The dog's ancestry and dominant traits

Why are purebreds often bred to generate mongrels?

To increase genetic diversity

What is the result of breeding unrelated individuals?

Hybrid vigour and healthier offspring

What is a characteristic of inbred lines?

A range of inherited disorders

What is the main advantage of outbreeding in animals?

It produces offspring that are stronger and healthier.

What can be inferred about a dog's ancestry from its physical appearance?

The dominant and recessive traits of the dog's parents.

What is the purpose of breeding purebreds to generate mongrels?

To increase the genetic diversity of a particular breed.

What is a characteristic of inbred lines?

They are more prone to inherited disorders.

What is the result of breeding unrelated individuals?

An increase in genetic diversity.

Outbreeding increases the risk of inherited disorders in a population.

False

Inbred lines are stronger and healthier than outbred lines.

False

The genotype of an individual determines their phenotype.

True

Line-breeding within a closed gene pool increases genetic diversity in a species.

False

Purebreds are bred to preserve genetic diversity.

False

What is the primary benefit of outbreeding in animals, when compared to inbreeding or line breeding?

Improved health and longevity

What is the consequence of breeding a popular dog with a faulty or disease-causing gene?

Spread of the faulty gene within the offspring

What can be inferred about a dog's ancestry from its physical appearance?

The dominant and recessive traits

What is the effect of line-breeding within a closed gene pool?

Narrower gene pool

Why are healthy species more likely to have genetic diversity?

To reduce the risk of inherited disorders

Study Notes

Line-Breeding and Genetic Diversity

To breed a purebred dog, a closed gene pool is required, which can lead to a narrower gene pool over time.
The "Popular Sire Syndrome" occurs when breeders focus on breeding from champion dogs, further reducing genetic diversity.

Problems with Line-Breeding

When a popular dog carrying faulty or disease-causing genes (mutations) is bred, these genes can spread to the offspring.
The offspring can inherit and express the faulty genes, leading to heritable disorders.

Genetic Diversity and Heritable Disorders

Healthy species have genetic diversity, which decreases the likelihood of offspring having heritable disorders.
Genetic diversity helps to reduce the expression of faulty genes.

Genes and Traits

Genes are the instructions passed from parent to child.
Traits, or phenotypes, are the physical expression of genes.
Genotype is the combination of alleles (part of the gene from each parent) that make up an individual's genes.

Alleles and Trait Expression

Alleles are the different forms of a gene that are inherited from each parent.
In the expression of alleles, one trait can be stronger (dominant) than the other (recessive).
Dominant traits will be expressed over recessive traits, as seen in the example of eye color.

Line-Breeding and Genetic Diversity

To breed a purebred dog, a closed gene pool is required, which can lead to a narrower gene pool over time.
The "Popular Sire Syndrome" occurs when breeders focus on breeding from champion dogs, further reducing genetic diversity.

Problems with Line-Breeding

When a popular dog carrying faulty or disease-causing genes (mutations) is bred, these genes can spread to the offspring.
The offspring can inherit and express the faulty genes, leading to heritable disorders.

Genetic Diversity and Heritable Disorders

Healthy species have genetic diversity, which decreases the likelihood of offspring having heritable disorders.
Genetic diversity helps to reduce the expression of faulty genes.

Genes and Traits

Genes are the instructions passed from parent to child.
Traits, or phenotypes, are the physical expression of genes.
Genotype is the combination of alleles (part of the gene from each parent) that make up an individual's genes.

Alleles and Trait Expression

Alleles are the different forms of a gene that are inherited from each parent.
In the expression of alleles, one trait can be stronger (dominant) than the other (recessive).
Dominant traits will be expressed over recessive traits, as seen in the example of eye color.

Line-Breeding and Genetic Diversity

To breed a purebred dog, a closed gene pool is required, which can lead to a narrower gene pool over time.
The "Popular Sire Syndrome" occurs when breeders focus on breeding from champion dogs, further reducing genetic diversity.

Problems with Line-Breeding

When a popular dog carrying faulty or disease-causing genes (mutations) is bred, these genes can spread to the offspring.
The offspring can inherit and express the faulty genes, leading to heritable disorders.

Genetic Diversity and Heritable Disorders

Healthy species have genetic diversity, which decreases the likelihood of offspring having heritable disorders.
Genetic diversity helps to reduce the expression of faulty genes.

Genes and Traits

Genes are the instructions passed from parent to child.
Traits, or phenotypes, are the physical expression of genes.
Genotype is the combination of alleles (part of the gene from each parent) that make up an individual's genes.

Alleles and Trait Expression

Alleles are the different forms of a gene that are inherited from each parent.
In the expression of alleles, one trait can be stronger (dominant) than the other (recessive).
Dominant traits will be expressed over recessive traits, as seen in the example of eye color.

Line-Breeding and Genetic Diversity

To breed a purebred dog, a closed gene pool is required, which can lead to a narrower gene pool over time.
The "Popular Sire Syndrome" occurs when breeders focus on breeding from champion dogs, further reducing genetic diversity.

Problems with Line-Breeding

When a popular dog carrying faulty or disease-causing genes (mutations) is bred, these genes can spread to the offspring.
The offspring can inherit and express the faulty genes, leading to heritable disorders.

Genetic Diversity and Heritable Disorders

Healthy species have genetic diversity, which decreases the likelihood of offspring having heritable disorders.
Genetic diversity helps to reduce the expression of faulty genes.

Genes and Traits

Genes are the instructions passed from parent to child.
Traits, or phenotypes, are the physical expression of genes.
Genotype is the combination of alleles (part of the gene from each parent) that make up an individual's genes.

Alleles and Trait Expression

Alleles are the different forms of a gene that are inherited from each parent.
In the expression of alleles, one trait can be stronger (dominant) than the other (recessive).
Dominant traits will be expressed over recessive traits, as seen in the example of eye color.

Breeding Methods

Inbreeding: Breeding between family members (e.g., brothers and sisters) to increase the likelihood of a desirable homozygous trait being carried, resulting in consistent characteristics (appearance and behavior)
Risk: Increases the chance of passing on undesirable characteristics too

Alternative to Inbreeding

Line Breeding: Breeding between more distantly related individuals (e.g., cousins) to reduce the risk of passing on undesirable characteristics (though not eliminating it completely)

Breeding Consequences

Depression: A gradual decline in fertility and health when related individuals are constantly bred together, resulting in:
- Decline in birth weights
- Reduction in litter size
Pedigree Animal Strains: Some strains may exhibit mild forms of depression, making them more 'delicate'

Breeding Methods

Inbreeding: Breeding between family members (e.g., brothers and sisters) to increase the likelihood of a desirable homozygous trait being carried, resulting in consistent characteristics (appearance and behavior)
Risk: Increases the chance of passing on undesirable characteristics too

Alternative to Inbreeding

Line Breeding: Breeding between more distantly related individuals (e.g., cousins) to reduce the risk of passing on undesirable characteristics (though not eliminating it completely)

Breeding Consequences

Depression: A gradual decline in fertility and health when related individuals are constantly bred together, resulting in:
- Decline in birth weights
- Reduction in litter size
Pedigree Animal Strains: Some strains may exhibit mild forms of depression, making them more 'delicate'

Outbreeding

Outbreeding involves breeding unrelated individuals to increase diversity in a population.
This technique leads to hybrid vigour, resulting in offspring that are often stronger and healthier.
Outbreeding improves health and longevity by reducing the risk of inherited disorders.

Inbreeding

Inbred lines are prone to a range of inherited disorders.
Purebreds are often bred to generate mongrels, indicating the potential drawbacks of inbreeding.

Genetics and Phenotype

By observing the phenotype of a dog (its physical appearance), we can make educated guesses about its parents and the dominance or recessiveness of certain traits.

Outbreeding

Outbreeding involves breeding unrelated individuals to increase diversity in a population.
This technique leads to hybrid vigour, resulting in offspring that are often stronger and healthier.
Outbreeding improves health and longevity by reducing the risk of inherited disorders.

Inbreeding

Inbred lines are prone to a range of inherited disorders.
Purebreds are often bred to generate mongrels, indicating the potential drawbacks of inbreeding.

Genetics and Phenotype

By observing the phenotype of a dog (its physical appearance), we can make educated guesses about its parents and the dominance or recessiveness of certain traits.

Outbreeding

Outbreeding involves breeding unrelated individuals to increase diversity in a population.
This technique leads to hybrid vigour, resulting in offspring that are often stronger and healthier.
Outbreeding improves health and longevity by reducing the risk of inherited disorders.

Inbreeding

Inbred lines are prone to a range of inherited disorders.
Purebreds are often bred to generate mongrels, indicating the potential drawbacks of inbreeding.

Genetics and Phenotype

By observing the phenotype of a dog (its physical appearance), we can make educated guesses about its parents and the dominance or recessiveness of certain traits.

Outbreeding and Hybrid Vigour

Outbreeding involves breeding unrelated individuals to increase diversity in a population.
Hybrid vigour results in offspring that are often stronger and healthier.
Outbreeding improves health and longevity in a population.

Inbreeding and Line-Breeding

Inbreeding can lead to a range of inherited disorders in a population.
Purebreds are bred to generate mongrels, and their phenotype can be used to predict their parents and dominant/recessive traits.
Line-breeding, necessary to breed purebred dogs, involves breeding within a closed gene pool.
Breeding from 'champion' dogs can lead to a phenomenon called 'popular sire syndrome', where the gene pool becomes narrower.
When a popular dog carries faulty or disease-causing genes, these mutations can spread within the offspring.
The offspring are bred, and the dam and sire both carry the gene, which is expressed in the offspring.

Importance of Genetic Diversity

Healthy species have genetic diversity to decrease the likelihood of offspring having a heritable disorder.
Genetic diversity helps to prevent the spread of faulty or disease-causing genes in a population.

The quiz explores the consequences of line-breeding in purebred dogs, where a closed gene pool leads to a narrower gene pool, increasing the risk of spreading faulty or disease-causing genes to offspring. Learn about the impact of popular sire syndrome and the importance of genetic diversity.

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