Genetic Diversity in Immunoglobulin Genes

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What is the consequence of adding G after CGA in the sequence GCG.CGA?

The sequence changes to GCG.CGA.UAA and translates to Ala.Arg.Stop

The sequence changes to GCG.CGA.GAA.UA and translates to Ala.Arg.Glu (correct)

The sequence changes to GCG.CGA.AUA and translates to Ala.Arg.Ile

The sequence changes to GCG.CGA.CAA.UA and translates to Ala.Arg.Gln

What happens when any heavy chain associates with any light chain in the generation of diversity?

It creates further variability (correct)

It results in identical antibody production

It leads to a decrease in the number of different heavy and light chains

It reduces the antibody diversity

When do the processes of random assortment of heavy and light chains occur?

Before the cell encounters antigen (correct)

During somatic hypermutation

After the B cell undergoes isotype switching

After the B cell encounters antigen

What type of antibody is produced by the B cell progeny as its first antibody?

IgM Signup and view all the answers

What mediates the process of somatic hypermutation?

IL-4 Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is involved in the process of isotype switch?

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) Signup and view all the answers

What happens in the absence of AID?

High levels of serum IgM and low levels of other isotypes Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the B cell if it possesses increased binding affinity due to somatic hypermutation?

It will be positively selected and the clone will proliferate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antigen does not require somatic hypermutation in the responding B cell?

T-independent antigen Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the enzymes RAG-1 and RAG-2 in the generation of diversity?

They function to separate, shuffle, and rejoin the VDJ genes Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between heavy chain genes and light chain genes?

Heavy chain genes have V, D, and J segments, while light chain genes have only V and J segments Signup and view all the answers

Which enzymes are involved in the random recombination of VJ and VDJ gene segments?

RAG-1 and RAG-2 Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves DNA cleavage and the addition or deletion of nucleotides to create a joint?

Junctional Diversity Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in junctional diversity?

It adds nucleotides randomly Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if there is an absence of RAG-1 and RAG-2 enzymes?

Failure to generate immunoglobulins, BCRs or TCRs Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor contributing to the theoretical diversity of gene combinations?

The number of VDJ gene segments Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of exonuclease in junctional diversity?

It deletes nucleotides randomly Signup and view all the answers

What happens if there is an absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in junctional diversity?

Reduced junctional diversity Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme products are responsible for the separation, shuffling, and rejoining of VDJ genes?

RAG-1 and RAG-2 Signup and view all the answers

How does the generation of germline diversity occur?

Through random recombination of VJ and VDJ gene segments Signup and view all the answers