20 Questions
What is the consequence of adding G after CGA in the sequence GCG.CGA?
The sequence changes to GCG.CGA.GAA.UA and translates to Ala.Arg.Glu
What happens when any heavy chain associates with any light chain in the generation of diversity?
It creates further variability
When do the processes of random assortment of heavy and light chains occur?
Before the cell encounters antigen
What type of antibody is produced by the B cell progeny as its first antibody?
IgM
What mediates the process of somatic hypermutation?
IL-4
Which enzyme is involved in the process of isotype switch?
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)
What happens in the absence of AID?
High levels of serum IgM and low levels of other isotypes
What happens to the B cell if it possesses increased binding affinity due to somatic hypermutation?
It will be positively selected and the clone will proliferate
Which type of antigen does not require somatic hypermutation in the responding B cell?
T-independent antigen
What is the role of the enzymes RAG-1 and RAG-2 in the generation of diversity?
They function to separate, shuffle, and rejoin the VDJ genes
What is the difference between heavy chain genes and light chain genes?
Heavy chain genes have V, D, and J segments, while light chain genes have only V and J segments
Which enzymes are involved in the random recombination of VJ and VDJ gene segments?
RAG-1 and RAG-2
Which process involves DNA cleavage and the addition or deletion of nucleotides to create a joint?
Junctional Diversity
What is the function of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in junctional diversity?
It adds nucleotides randomly
What would happen if there is an absence of RAG-1 and RAG-2 enzymes?
Failure to generate immunoglobulins, BCRs or TCRs
What is the main factor contributing to the theoretical diversity of gene combinations?
The number of VDJ gene segments
What is the role of exonuclease in junctional diversity?
It deletes nucleotides randomly
What happens if there is an absence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) in junctional diversity?
Reduced junctional diversity
Which enzyme products are responsible for the separation, shuffling, and rejoining of VDJ genes?
RAG-1 and RAG-2
How does the generation of germline diversity occur?
Through random recombination of VJ and VDJ gene segments
Explore the concepts of germline diversity and combinatorial diversity in immunoglobulin genes. Understand how V, D, and J gene segments contribute to generating genetic diversity in heavy and light chain genes, as well as the role of RAG-1 enzymes in controlling the recombination process.
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