30 Questions
What is the primary function of the stem in a plant?
To provide support and structure to the plant
What are the two main parts of a plant's stem that are characterized by the presence of nodes and internodes?
Above-ground and below-ground stems
What is the function of the apical meristem located at the tip of the shoot?
To produce new leaves and flowers
What is the purpose of the axillary buds found in the area between the base of a leaf and the stem?
To give rise to a branch or a flower
Which of the following is NOT a function of the plant stem?
Serving as the site of photosynthesis
What is the purpose of the terminal buds at the tip of the stem?
To remain undeveloped or develop into a shoot
What type of fruit develops from a single matured ovary in a single flower?
Simple fruit
Which of the following is an example of an aggregate fruit?
Blackberry
What is the term used for the individual ovaries that make up an aggregate fruit?
Fruitlets
Composite fruits develop from:
A complete inflorescence
Which plant organ system has small branching thread-like roots with no primary root?
Fibrous root system
Which part of the leaf is the wide, flat part?
Lamina
What is the main function of the shoot system in plants?
Transporting products of photosynthesis
Which of the following statements is true about the root system of seed plants?
It anchors the plant to the soil and absorbs water and minerals.
What distinguishes a taproot system from a fibrous root system?
Taproot system has one thick primary root that penetrates deep into the soil.
Which organ system in plants is responsible for storing the products of photosynthesis?
Root system
In what way do different types of tissues form an organ in plants?
By having similar functions
Why does the shoot system generally grow above ground in plants?
To absorb light needed for photosynthesis
What are the four basic parts of a complete flower?
Stamen, Pistil, Sepals, and Roots
What are the primary functions of fruits?
Seed protection and seed dispersal
Why are fruits rich in nutrients and carbohydrates?
To prevent desiccation of seeds
Animals like civet cats eat ripe coffee berries primarily to:
Disperse seeds through defecation
How do some fruits facilitate seed dispersal?
By exploding to scatter seeds
How are fruits classified based on fruit formation?
Simple Fruits and Compound Fruits
What is the main function of a taproot system?
Preventing the plant from being easily uprooted
Which plant root system has many small branching roots but lacks a primary root?
Fibrous root system
What is the main disadvantage of fibrous root systems compared to taproot systems?
Inability to anchor plants securely in the ground
Which type of root is adapted for sugar/starch storage?
Tap roots
What evolutionary purpose do bulbous roots serve?
Storing sugar and starch
Why can taproot systems help plants survive extreme conditions like droughts?
By reaching sources of water deep underground
Study Notes
Plant Organ Systems and Their Functions
- Plant organ systems consist of similar cells working together to form a tissue, and different types of tissues work together to perform a unique function, forming an organ; organs working together form organ systems.
Vascular Plants
- Vascular plants have two distinct organ systems: a shoot system and a root system.
Shoot System
- The shoot system grows above ground, where it absorbs light needed for photosynthesis.
- It consists of reproductive and vegetative (non-reproductive) parts of plants, including stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
- Stems serve as conduits for water, minerals, and sugars, providing support to the plant and connecting roots to leaves.
- Stem varieties include organdy, woody, and succulent stems.
Stem Characteristics
- Stems have nodes (points of attachment for leaves and flowers) and internodes (regions between nodes).
- The tip of the shoot contains the apical meristem within the apical bud.
- Axillary buds are found between the base of a leaf and the stem, where they can give rise to a branch or flower.
Flowers
- Flowers are organs that allow plants to reproduce sexually and asexually.
- A complete flower has four basic parts: stamen, pistil, sepals, and petals.
- Flowers are connected to the stem through a specialized stem called a pedicel.
Fruits
- Fruits are the outcomes of reproduction in angiosperms.
- Fruits have two primary functions: seed protection and seed dispersal.
- Fruits are a source of nutrients and carbohydrates, making them a part of the diet of animals, which helps disperse seeds.
Fruit Classifications
- Fruits are classified into three major groups: simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and composite fruits.
- Simple fruits develop from a single matured ovary in a single flower (e.g., apple, banana).
- Aggregate fruits develop from a number of matured ovaries formed in a single flower (e.g., blackberry, raspberry).
- Composite fruits develop from a complete inflorescence (e.g., pineapple).
Root System
- The root system grows underground, anchoring the plant to the soil.
- Roots have three major functions: anchoring the plant, absorbing water and minerals, and transporting them upwards and storing products of photosynthesis.
Types of Root Systems
- Taproot systems have a prominent, thick primary root that penetrates deep into the soil, with secondary roots growing to the sides.
- Fibrous root systems have many small, branching roots with no primary root, increasing the surface area for absorption.
Root Structures
- Root structures are evolutionarily adapted for specific purposes, such as:
- Bulbous roots for starch storage
- Aerial roots and prop roots for additional support
- Tap roots for sugar/starch storage (e.g., carrots, turnips, beets)
Test your knowledge on plant organ systems and their functions with this quiz. Questions cover topics like differentiating roots and shoots, comparing plant tissues, and identifying parts of organ systems in plants.
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