Gen Bio 2 Page 16: Angiosperm Reproduction Summary
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Questions and Answers

What process produces haploid spores in angiosperms?

  • Fertilization
  • Meiosis (correct)
  • Mitosis
  • Gametogenesis

    • What is a gene?

  • A variation of a trait
  • An alternative form of a chromosome
  • A portion of DNA encoding a protein (correct)
  • A segment of RNA that encodes a protein

    • What are alleles?

  • Different types of proteins encoded by a gene
  • Segments of DNA associated with proteins
  • Variations of genes resulting from mutations (correct)
  • Specific physical characteristics determined by genes

    • What is the function of the tube cell in a pollen grain?

    <p>Forms the tube through the style to the ovary/ovule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many chromosomes do humans typically have?

    <p>23 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is responsible for generating the sperm nuclei cells in a pollen grain?

    <p>Generative Cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the genotype of an organism?

    <p>The combination of different alleles for a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process occurs inside the ovary to produce ovules in angiosperms?

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an abiotic vector for pollination in angiosperms?

    <p>Wind</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines an organism's physical appearance?

    <p>The genotype of the organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In angiosperms, what term refers to living vectors involved in pollination?

    <p>Bees, birds, insects, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tube cell during fertilization?

    <p>Create a tube through the ovary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which event characterizes double fertilization in plants?

    <p>One sperm fuses with the endosperm mother cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What components make up a seed?

    <p>Embryo, endosperm, and seed coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endosperm during embryo development?

    <p>Nourish the developing embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to seeds during the dormancy period?

    <p>Development is postponed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a fruit develop after fertilization?

    <p>Ovary transforms into a fruit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the villi in the small intestine?

    <p>Absorb products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive system stores food, mixes it with gastric juice, and turns it into Liquefied Chyme?

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the muscular sphincters play in the digestive system?

    <p>Control movement from one compartment to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main site of digestion and nutrient absorption in the digestive system?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ produces bile and emulsifies fat to aid in lipid digestion?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing?

    <p>Epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of progesterone and estrogen in the female body?

    <p>Regulating the menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of food necessary for all living beings?

    <p>Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs in terms of nutrition?

    <p>Autotrophs produce their own food, while heterotrophs rely on external sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is the primary site for photosynthesis in plants?

    <p>Chloroplast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis?

    <p>Carry electrons and store energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity describes 'propulsion' in the digestive system?

    <p>Moving food along the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Angiosperm Reproduction

    • Alternation of generation occurs between diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte generations
    • Meiosis in the diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores
    • Haploid spores give rise to the haploid gametophyte generation
    • Microspores undergo mitosis to produce pollen grains containing tube cells and generative cells
    • Tube cells produce the pollen tube, while generative cells produce two sperm nuclei
    • Pollen grains are the male gametophyte, while sperm nuclei are the male gamete
    • Megaspores undergo meiosis to produce one surviving megaspore, which becomes the female gametophyte
    • Egg cells are the female gamete

    Pollination

    • Abiotic vectors include non-living things like water and wind
    • Biotic vectors include living things like bees, birds, and insects

    Fertilization

    • Double fertilization event involves one sperm fusing with the egg to form a zygote, and another sperm fusing with the endosperm mother cell to form a triploid endosperm
    • Sperm + egg = zygote (2n)
    • Sperm + endosperm mother cell = endosperm (3n)

    Embryo and Seed Development

    • Seed consists of an embryo, endosperm, and seed coat
    • Endosperm nourishes the developing embryo
    • Embryo grows, producing one or two cotyledons

    Fruit Development

    • Non-essential flower parts fall off after fertilization
    • Hormones influence the ovary to develop into a fruit
    • Achene is a type of fruit where the seed is part of the fruit

    Classical Genetics

    • Gene is a portion of DNA that encodes a protein
    • Alleles are variations of a gene
    • Chromosomes are long strands of DNA associated with proteins
    • Chromosomes come in homologous pairs, with one set from each parent
    • Traits are determined by genes on the chromosomes
    • Genotype is the actual gene makeup, while phenotype is the physical appearance
    • Humans have 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs

    Human Digestive System

    • Peristalsis involves waves of contractions to move food along the digestive tract
    • Muscular sphincters control movement from one compartment to another
    • Digestion begins in the mouth with teeth breaking down food and salivary glands producing saliva
    • Epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea
    • Stomach stores food, mixes it with gastric juice, and turns it into liquefied chyme
    • Hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice kills microorganisms and denatures proteins
    • Small intestine is the main site of digestion and nutrient absorption
    • Villi and microvilli absorb products
    • Pancreas supplies enzymes to break down macromolecules
    • Liver produces bile to emulsify fat and aid in lipid digestion
    • Gall bladder stores and releases bile

    Large Intestine

    • Large intestine absorbs water and remaining nutrients
    • Material remaining after absorption in the small intestine passes to the large intestine

    Nutrition

    • Essential organic nutrients are required for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and repair
    • Components of food necessary for all living beings include carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals
    • Plants make their own food, while animals cannot
    • Autotrophs produce their own food, while heterotrophs obtain energy from outside sources

    Nutrition in Plants

    • Autotrophic nutrition involves producing their own food
    • Heterotrophic nutrition involves obtaining energy from outside sources
    • Photosynthesis is the process of making food using light energy

    Photosynthesis

    • Stages of photosynthesis include light-dependent and light-independent reactions
    • Light-dependent reactions occur in thylakoid membranes and convert solar energy to chemical energy
    • Light-independent reactions occur in the stroma and use ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to glucose
    • Oxygen is a byproduct of photosynthesis

    Animal Nutrition

    • Digestive system derives energy and raw materials from food
    • Activities of the digestive system include ingestion, propulsion, and digestion
    • Ingestion involves taking food into the alimentary tract
    • Propulsion moves the contents along the alimentary tract
    • Digestion involves mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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    Test your knowledge on the summary of angiosperm reproduction from page 16 of General Biology 2. Questions cover topics such as alternation of generations, production of spores, development of gametophyte generation, and pollen grain formation.

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