General Biology 2: St. Mark Reviewer Plants Quiz

Plant Characteristics

• Eukaryotic cells with cell walls
• Make their own energy through photosynthesis

Plant Requirements

• Sunlight
• Water
• CO2
• Oxygen
• Nutrients

Types of Plants

• Seedless Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes):
  • Lack tissue to move water and sap
  • Small, short plants that mostly live in moist environments
  • Examples: mosses, liverworts, hornworts
• Vascular Plants (3 Subdivisions):
  • Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns, Horsetails, Clubmosses):
    • Sperm travels in water to reach egg
  • Seed Bearing Vascular Plants:
    • Gymnosperms (Conifers, Cycads, Ginkgos):
      • Male cones release pollen in the spring
      • Female cones release sticky fluid to capture pollen
      • Pollen burrows into female cone's ovule to fertilize egg
    • Angiosperms (Flowering Plants, Grasses, Deciduous Trees):
      • Monocotyledons (seeds with 1 leaf when sprouting)
      • Dicotyledons (seeds with 2 leaves when sprouting)

Gymnosperm Reproduction

• Male cones usually found at the highest parts of the tree
• Male cones have pollen that is carried by wind to female cones
• Female cones usually found lower on the tree than male cones
• Female cones open to take in pollen, then close tightly for germination
• Female cones open again to release the seeds

Flowering Plants

• Monocot Characteristics:
  • Single Cotyledon
  • Leaves with parallel veins
  • Flower parts in multiples of three
  • Vascular tissue throughout the stem
  • Fiberous root system
  • Examples: corn, bamboo, sugar cane, and grass
• Dicot Characteristics:
  • Two Cotyledons
  • Leaves with branched veins
  • Flower parts in multiples of four or five
  • Vascular tissue in a ring in the stem
  • Tap root systems
  • Examples: most trees, roses, daisies

Fruits

• In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants
• Formed from the ovary after flowering
• Means by which angiosperms disseminate seeds
• Edible fruits have propagated with human and animal movements

Epiphytes and Legumes

• Epiphytes:
  • Plants that grow harmlessly upon another plant
  • Derive moisture and nutrients from air, rain, and debris
  • Differ from parasites in that they do not negatively affect the host
• Legumes:
  • Plants that bear their fruit in pods
  • Very healthy food due to low fat and high protein content
  • High in fiber and other nutrients

Plant Parts

• Roots:
  • System for absorbing dissolved nutrients and water
  • Anchoring
• Stems:
  • Structure used to support the body of the plant
  • Store sugar
• Leaves:
  • Main photosynthetic region of the plant

Plant Transport

• Xylem Tissue:
  • Cells that make hollow tubes that are water-proof
  • Allow water to rise in a plant through capillary action
• Phloem Tissue:
  • Cells that form tubes that allow foods and minerals to move in the plant

Plant Growth

• Meristematic Tissue:
  • Tissue that allows the plant to grow up, down, or out
• Apical Meristem:
  • Meristematic tissue that allows growth at the tips of the root and the tips of the branch
• Vascular Cambium:
  • Meristematic tissue in the outer layer of the stem/trunk that allows growth outward (thicker)