Gastrointestinal Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What type of stimulation is associated with inhibitory effects in the GIT?

  • Parasympathetic stimulation
  • Sympathetic stimulation (correct)
  • Gastrin secretion
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK)

    • Spike potentials are only superimposed on the Basal Electrical Rhythm in the stomach.

    False

    What type of action potentials are associated with muscular tension during spike potentials?

    True action potentials

    ______ is released from G cells in the antrum and increases acid secretion.

    <p>Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the hormones with their function:

    <p>Gastrin = Increases acid secretion Cholecystokinin (CCK) = Inhibits gastric emptying Secretin = Inhibits acid secretion Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP) = Reduces gastric motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is known to stimulate pancreatic HCO3 secretion?

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of smooth muscle is found in the GIT?

    <p>Both multifiber smooth muscle and unitary smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscles are found in the upper esophageal sphincter?

    <p>Striated muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lower esophageal sphincter allows food to flow back into the esophagus from the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary peristaltic movement stimulated by?

    <p>Swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Improper chewing of food may cause the accumulation of _____ in the stomach.

    <p>gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to the esophagus with their definitions:

    <p>Upper esophageal sphincter = Controls the entry of food from the mouth to the esophagus Lower esophageal sphincter = Prevents food from returning to the esophagus from the stomach Peristalsis = Wave-like muscle contractions that move food down the GI tract Striated muscles = Muscles innervated by somatic nerves in the upper esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type in the gastric gland secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surface mucous cells secrete mucin in an alkaline fluid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of gastrin secreted by G cells?

    <p>To stimulate gastric acid secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The secretory product of chief cells includes pepsinogen and _____.

    <p>lipase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the gastric gland cell types with their respective secretory products:

    <p>Surface mucous cells = Mucin in an alkaline fluid Parietal cells = HCl and intrinsic factor Chief cells = Pepsinogen and lipase G cells = Gastrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a secretory product of the gastric gland?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mucous neck cells secrete mucin in an alkaline fluid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the cell type that secretes intrinsic factor.

    <p>Parietal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The S cells in the duodenum secrete _____ in response to acid, fat, or bile.

    <p>Secretin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the secretion of bicarbonate from gastric glands primarily do?

    <p>Neutralizes gastric acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of laxative is commonly used for constipation caused by dietary fiber deficiency?

    <p>Bulk-forming Laxatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stimulant laxatives work by increasing the bulk and moisture in the stool.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an osmotic laxative?

    <p>Lactulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bran is classified as a __________ laxative.

    <p>bulk-forming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of laxatives with their examples:

    <p>Osmotic Laxatives = Lactulose Bulk-forming Laxatives = Ispaghula husk Stimulant Laxatives = Senna Fecal Softeners = Docusate sodium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laxatives is not a stimulant laxative?

    <p>Magnesium sulfate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Liquid paraffin is used to bulk up the stool.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can osmotic laxatives help alleviate?

    <p>Constipation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The use of __________ laxatives is recommended for patients with fecal impaction.

    <p>stimulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laxative would be the best choice for a patient with lactose intolerance?

    <p>Methylcellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates the intrinsic defecation reflex?

    <p>Feces entering the rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Stretch receptors in the rectal wall are responsible for initiating the intrinsic defecation reflex.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle contracts in response to motor signals during the defecation reflex?

    <p>smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ waves propel feces towards the rectum during defecation.

    <p>peristaltic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the intrinsic defecation reflex with their roles:

    <p>Stimulus = Feces entering the rectum Receptors = Stretch receptors in the rectal wall Afferents = Sensory fibers in myenteric plexus Efferents = Motor signals to smooth muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain controls the intrinsic defecation reflex?

    <p>Myenteric plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relaxation of the internal anal sphincter occurs as a response in the intrinsic defecation reflex.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of the mass movements occurring in the intestines?

    <p>Move contents over long distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the rectum fills with fecal material, the __________ muscles contract to move it further along.

    <p>smooth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Regulation of Energy Homeostasis

    • Systems of food intake regulation prevent overeating during meals, involves signals from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and liver.
    • Long-term regulation maintains energy stores (fat) by controlling food intake and energy balance through insulin and leptin.

    Hunger and Appetite Hormones

    • Ghrelin and Leptin signal the hypothalamus to regulate appetite.
    • Ghrelin increases appetite, produced by stomach cells, increases when stomach is empty.
    • Leptin decreases appetite, produced by adipose tissue, decreases when stomach is full.

    Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)

    • GIT develops from 3 germ layers (mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm) during weeks 3-32 of gestation.
    • Embryological defects - such as atresia, esophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, jejunal and ileal atresia.
    • Functional anatomy includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus, plus accessory organs.

    GIT Motility

    • Types of movements: peristalsis (propulsive movement of food), segmentation (mixing movement), and haustral contractions (churning movements in large intestine), mass movements (moves contents toward rectum)
    • Mastication - the mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth.
    • Movements in the esophagus (primary and secondary peristalsis).

    Stomach

    • The stomach stores and churns food, mixes food with secretions, and moves food onward to the small intestine via the pyloric sphincter.
    • The presence of an oblique muscle layer facilitates churning.

    Intestines

    • Small intestine - completes digestion and absorption of nutrients.
    • Large intestine - absorbs remaining water and electrolytes, forms and stores feces.

    Control of Defecation

    • Intrinsic and integrated defecation reflexes.
    • Intrinsic defecation reflex occurs in the rectum when it is distended by feces.
    • Integrated defecation reflex is a combination of autonomic and voluntary muscle relaxation.

    Bristol Stool Chart

    • A tool for categorizing stool consistency.
    • Different types range from hard lumps (constipation) to liquid consistency (diarrhea).

    Secretion in the GIT

    • Various glands secrete substances that aid in digestion.
    • Salivary glands produce saliva, which moistens food and contains amylase for starch digestion.
    • Gastric glands produce gastric juice, containing enzymes for protein digestion.
    • Intestinal glands in the small intestines produce enzymes and bicarbonate to complete digestion.

    Other Important Information

    • Non-hypothalamic brain areas also influences food intake regulation.
    • Various gastrointestinal problems include reflux, bloating, nausea, and vomiting.
    • GIT disorders involve abnormal or impaired function of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the gastrointestinal (GIT) physiology, specifically focusing on electrical rhythms, hormones, and muscle types. This quiz covers essential concepts related to muscle tension, hormonal functions, and peristaltic movements in the digestive system.

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