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Questions and Answers
What are the two main functions of the gallbladder?
What are the two main functions of the gallbladder?
Storage/filling of bile and concentration of bile.
When does the bile get stored in the gallbladder?
When does the bile get stored in the gallbladder?
The gallbladder secretes bile.
The gallbladder secretes bile.
False
The ______ is a thickening of smooth muscles that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum.
The ______ is a thickening of smooth muscles that controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum.
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Match each structure with its corresponding function:
Match each structure with its corresponding function:
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How does the gallbladder concentrate bile?
How does the gallbladder concentrate bile?
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The Sphincter of Oddi is relaxed during digestion.
The Sphincter of Oddi is relaxed during digestion.
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What happens to bile when the Sphincter of Oddi is closed?
What happens to bile when the Sphincter of Oddi is closed?
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The ______ is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts.
The ______ is formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts.
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What is the primary function of the cystic duct?
What is the primary function of the cystic duct?
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What is the main function of the gallbladder?
What is the main function of the gallbladder?
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The gallbladder is responsible for secreting bile directly into the intestines.
The gallbladder is responsible for secreting bile directly into the intestines.
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What happens to the bile produced in the liver after it moves through the common hepatic duct?
What happens to the bile produced in the liver after it moves through the common hepatic duct?
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The __________ sign indicates a palpable gallbladder and painless jaundice.
The __________ sign indicates a palpable gallbladder and painless jaundice.
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Match the following components of the biliary system with their functions:
Match the following components of the biliary system with their functions:
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What hormone triggers the contraction of the gallbladder during the postprandial period?
What hormone triggers the contraction of the gallbladder during the postprandial period?
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The Sphincter of Oddi constricts to allow bile to flow into the duodenum.
The Sphincter of Oddi constricts to allow bile to flow into the duodenum.
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What is the primary function of the bile salts in the small bowel?
What is the primary function of the bile salts in the small bowel?
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During the postprandial period, gallbladder contractions are mediated by ________ pathways.
During the postprandial period, gallbladder contractions are mediated by ________ pathways.
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Match the following hormones with their respective actions:
Match the following hormones with their respective actions:
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What begins the ejection of bile from the gallbladder after food ingestion?
What begins the ejection of bile from the gallbladder after food ingestion?
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The absorption of lipids completely depletes the bile salts from the body.
The absorption of lipids completely depletes the bile salts from the body.
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What is the role of hepatocytes in relation to bile acids?
What is the role of hepatocytes in relation to bile acids?
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What hormone is primarily responsible for the contraction of the gallbladder?
What hormone is primarily responsible for the contraction of the gallbladder?
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Cholecystokinin is released into the bloodstream by the A cells of the intestine.
Cholecystokinin is released into the bloodstream by the A cells of the intestine.
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What is the net result of gallbladder contraction?
What is the net result of gallbladder contraction?
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The relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi is caused by the binding of CCK to ________.
The relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi is caused by the binding of CCK to ________.
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Which of the following does NOT regulate the flow of bile?
Which of the following does NOT regulate the flow of bile?
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Bile is ejected into the duodenal lumen as a result of gallbladder contraction.
Bile is ejected into the duodenal lumen as a result of gallbladder contraction.
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What stimulates the release of Cholecystokinin?
What stimulates the release of Cholecystokinin?
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The gallbladder is primarily influenced by ________ and neural signals.
The gallbladder is primarily influenced by ________ and neural signals.
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Match the following actions with their corresponding effects:
Match the following actions with their corresponding effects:
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Where is Cholecystokinin released from?
Where is Cholecystokinin released from?
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What is the primary composition of bile?
What is the primary composition of bile?
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The pH of bile is typically acidic.
The pH of bile is typically acidic.
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What are the two main types of bile acids produced in the liver?
What are the two main types of bile acids produced in the liver?
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Bile is stored and concentrated in the ______.
Bile is stored and concentrated in the ______.
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Match each type of bile acid with its categorization.
Match each type of bile acid with its categorization.
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What function does bile primarily serve in the digestive system?
What function does bile primarily serve in the digestive system?
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The gallbladder secretes bile directly into the small intestine.
The gallbladder secretes bile directly into the small intestine.
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What substance is produced by hepatocytes that plays a key role in fat digestion?
What substance is produced by hepatocytes that plays a key role in fat digestion?
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The primary bile acids are acted upon by bacteria in the intestines to form ______.
The primary bile acids are acted upon by bacteria in the intestines to form ______.
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Which of the following bile acids is considered a third secondary bile acid?
Which of the following bile acids is considered a third secondary bile acid?
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Study Notes
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
- Liver Anatomy: The liver is the largest organ in the body, approximately 2% of body weight, located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It has a wedge-shaped structure, with the base on the right and apex on the left. It consists of a right and left lobe, separated by the falciform ligament.
Liver Blood Supply
- Dual Blood Supply: The liver receives blood from the hepatic artery (25%) and the portal vein (75%). The hepatic artery supplies oxygenated, but nutrient-poor, blood. The portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive system, spleen, stomach, and pancreas.
Liver Acinus
- Functional Unit: The liver acinus is considered the true functional unit, roughly diamond-shaped, containing cells in zones 1, 2, and 3, from the arterial end to the central vein respectively.
- Zone 1: Cells in this zone are most active in detoxificaton, receiving the most oxygen and nutrients.
- Zone 2: Zone of transition between zones 1 and 3.
- Zone 3: Receives the least oxygen and nutrients, most active in bile acid synthesis.
Liver Functions
- Metabolic: Glucose metabolism (gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis), lipid metabolism (beta-oxidation, lipoprotein synthesis), and protein metabolism (non-essential amino acid synthesis, deamination).
- Protective: Detoxification of harmful substances, phagocytosis of bacteria and foreign bodies by Kupffer cells.
- Excretory: Bile production and secretion, excretion of waste products.
Liver Histology
- Hepatocytes: The most numerous liver cells, arranged in plates around a central canal. Cells are connected by tight junctions.
- Stellate Cells: Located in the space of Disse, a part of the liver containing interstitial fluid, these cells store vitamin A and play a role in liver fibrosis.
- Kupffer Cells: Resident macrophages in the liver sinusoids. These crucial cells play a role in host defense.
Gallbladder
- Structure and Function: Pear-shaped organ, located behind the liver, that stores and concentrates bile between meals. It has a fundus, body, and neck. It concentrates bile by absorbing water, and electrolytes.
Pancreas
- General Structure: Located posterior to the stomach, with a head, body, and tail. It is part of the exocrine system.
Pancreatic secretion (exocrine)
- Endocrine Function: Pancreas secretes hormones (e.g., insulin and glucagon) that regulate blood glucose levels into the bloodstream.
- Exocrine Functions: Produces digestive enzymes for fats (lipase, and other pancreatic precursors), carbohydrates (amylase), and proteins (proteases) secreted in the pancreatic duct. It also secretes alkaline fluid that neutralizes the acidic chyme from the stomach.
Pancreatic Enzymes
- Precursors: Secreted in an inactive form (zymogen) to prevent self-digestion.
- Action: Activated in the duodenum, where they break down dietary nutrients.
- Types: Proteases (trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen), amylase, and lipase.
Regulation of Pancreatic Secretion
- Phases: Cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases.
- Cephalic: Initial response to smell, sight, or taste of food.
- Gastric: Initiated by the distention of stomach.
- Intestinal: Most important phase; stimulated by chyme arriving in the duodenum (e.g. secretin, CCK).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the gallbladder's functions, anatomy, and its role in digestion. This quiz covers important terms and processes related to bile storage and secretion, including key structures like the Sphincter of Oddi and cystic duct. Perfect for students studying human biology or anatomy.
