Foundations of Psychology

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Questions and Answers

Which psychologist is associated with the concept of the superego?

Sigmund Freud (correct)

Wilhelm Windt

Rene Descartes

John Watson

Who is considered the founder of psychology?

William James (correct)

Wilhelm Windt

Sigmund Freud

John Watson

Which psychologist is known for his research on classical conditioning, including the famous Little Albert experiment?

Rene Descartes

Wilhelm Windt

Sigmund Freud

John Watson (correct)

Which philosopher is associated with Cartesian dualism?

Rene Descartes Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of functionalism, as mentioned in the text?

Functional aspects of the mind Signup and view all the answers

According to the behaviorist model of mind, how do humans respond to conditions?

Humans react based on environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

According to Williams James, what is the main focus of functionalism?

The study of consciousness Signup and view all the answers

According to the Cartesian dualism, how do the mind and body interact?

The mind controls the body, and the body can influence the mind. Signup and view all the answers

According to the interaction problem, which group believes that only the mind exists?

Idealists Signup and view all the answers

According to the concept of operant conditioning, what are positive and negative reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement is reward, and negative reinforcement is punishment. Signup and view all the answers

According to empiricism, how do we gain knowledge?

Through observation and experience Signup and view all the answers

According to monism, what is the relationship between the mind and the brain?

They are the same thing Signup and view all the answers

According to epiphenomenalism, what is the cause of mental events?

Biochemical events Signup and view all the answers

According to interactionalism, how do the mind and body relate to each other?

They are distinct but interact with each other Signup and view all the answers

According to structuralism, what makes up consciousness?

Sensations of independent elements Signup and view all the answers

According to functionalism, what is the purpose of thought?

To serve a specific purpose Signup and view all the answers

According to gestalt psychology, what is the relationship between the whole and its parts?

The whole is more than the sum of its parts Signup and view all the answers

According to behaviorism, what is the main focus of study?

Objective science and the study of behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychophysiological model of mind, what is the relationship between behavior and structures in the nervous system?

They are closely related Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychoanalytic theory, what is the main driving force behind behavior?

Motivation and desires stemming from tension and conflict Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychophysiological model of mind, what is the relationship between behavior and structures in the nervous system?

Behavior is influenced by structures in the nervous system. Signup and view all the answers

According to the behaviorist model of mind, how do humans respond to conditions?

Humans respond to conditions based on their learned associations. Signup and view all the answers

According to the behaviorist model of mind, how do humans react to conditions?

Humans have no control over their reactions to conditions Signup and view all the answers

According to Williams James, what is the main focus of functionalism?

The function and purpose of thought Signup and view all the answers

According to the interaction problem, which group believes that consciousness is a function of the brain?

Materialists Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves observing participants without their knowledge?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where being observed causes participants to change their behavior?

Hawthorne effect Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the variable that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment?

Independent variable Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the degree of spread in a distribution of data?

Variability Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is characterized by bursts of sleep spindles and K-complexes?

Stage 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Slow Wave sleep?

Memory consolidation Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep disorder is characterized by difficulty maintaining or initiating restorative sleep?

Insomnia Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Default Mode Network?

Active during mind wandering Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis proposes that modern humans evolved in Africa and spread without interbreeding with other homos?

Out of Africa hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of genetically similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring?

Species Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the unit of storing genetic information that codes for a specific trait?

Gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis?

Cross-over Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for another variable that cannot be separated from the independent variable and may affect the results?

Confounding variable Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the average distance of all data points around the mean?

Standard deviation Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget's theory of human development, what is the relationship between innate knowledge and experiences?

Experiences combine to form concepts of the world Signup and view all the answers

Which brain wave is associated with physically and mentally relaxed states?

Alpha waves Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is characterized by bursts of sleep spindles and K-complexes?

Sleep stage 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is crucial for rest and accounts for 25% of sleep?

Sleep stage 3/4 Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is characterized by brain activity similar to being awake and vivid dreams?

Sleep stage 5 Signup and view all the answers

According to the behaviorist model of mind, how do humans respond to conditions?

They react instinctively Signup and view all the answers

According to the concept of operant conditioning, what are positive and negative reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus to increase a behavior, while negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus to increase a behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychophysiological model of mind, what is the relationship between behavior and structures in the nervous system?

Behavior is influenced by external factors but also by structures in the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

Which hypothesis proposes that modern humans evolved in Africa and spread without interbreeding with other homos?

Out of Africa hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis?

Cross-over Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of evolution, what is the main driving force behind the adaptation of species to their environment?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the strength of genetic influences on certain phenotypic traits?

Heritability Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves observing participants without their knowledge?

Naturalistic observation Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the average distance of all data points around the mean?

Standard deviation Signup and view all the answers

According to the cognitive revolution, what are some consequences of the increase in brain size?

Increased time spent looking for food Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the variable that is manipulated by the researcher in an experiment?

Independent variable Signup and view all the answers

According to the nature versus nurture debate, what determines behavior?

Both genes and environment Signup and view all the answers

Which theory of human development suggests that we have some innate knowledge and that experiences combine to form concepts of the world?

Piaget's theory Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis?

Crossing over Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to a group of related similar species?

Genus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a distinguishing quality?

Trait Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the strength of genetic influences on certain phenotypic traits?

Heritability Signup and view all the answers

According to the theory of evolution, what is the main driving force behind the adaptation of species to their environment?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process in which organisms better adapted to the environment have a better chance of surviving?

Natural selection Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the unit of storing genetic information that codes for a specific trait?

Gene Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a group of genetically similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring?

Species Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis?

Cross-over Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the average distance of all data points around the mean?

Variation Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is characterized by bursts of sleep spindles and K-complexes?

Stage 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the brain regions that are active when a person is not focused on the outside world?

Default mode network Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the 24-hour body clock regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hippocampus?

Circadian rhythm Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where participants do not pay attention to things that are not the focus of their attention?

Inattentional blindness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the capacity to become the object of one's own attention?

Self-awareness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the recording of electrical activity in the brain as it relates to levels of alertness?

EEG Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sleep disorder characterized by falling asleep with no control?

Narcolepsy Signup and view all the answers

According to the behaviorist model of mind, what is the main focus of study?

Environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

According to the psychophysiological model of mind, what is the relationship between behavior and structures in the nervous system?

Behavior is determined by structures in the nervous system Signup and view all the answers

According to monism, what is the relationship between the mind and the body?

The mind and body are connected Signup and view all the answers

According to the concept of operant conditioning, what are positive and negative reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement increases behavior, negative reinforcement decreases behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to the interaction problem, which group believes that consciousness is a function of the brain?

Materialists Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is characterized by brain activity similar to being awake and vivid dreams?

Stage 1 Signup and view all the answers

According to Williams James, what is the main focus of functionalism?

Environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is characterized by the highest brain activity resembling wakefulness and vivid dreams?

Sleep stage 5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the recording of electrical activity in the brain as it relates to levels of alertness?

EEG Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud's psychoanalysis, what does unconscious meaning refer to in relation to behavior?

The hidden motives and desires that influence behavior Signup and view all the answers

According to the humanistic model of the mind, which part of the mind is associated with morality and the perfect self?

Superego Signup and view all the answers

According to Cartesian dualism, how does the mind control the body?

The mind controls the body through reason and self control Signup and view all the answers

According to the global workspace hypothesis, what is required for consciousness?

Consciousness requires information processed from nonconscious parts of the brain that is broadcasted to the other parts of the brain Signup and view all the answers

According to Ockham's razor, what is the principle for choosing the best explanation for a phenomena?

The simplest explanation is the best Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Psychology and Consciousness

Psychology is the study of the human mind and behavior, based on empirical observation and experience.
There are different theories regarding the relationship between the mind and the body, such as monism, dualism, epiphenomenalism, and interactionalism.
Structuralism, founded by Wilhelm Wundt, focuses on the sensations of independent elements that make up consciousness.
Functionalism, developed by William James, explores the purpose of thought and the stream of consciousness.
Behaviorism, led by John Watson, is a biological approach that aims to control behavior through the study of animals and classical conditioning.
The psychodynamic model, proposed by Sigmund Freud, suggests that all behavior stems from drives and reflexes, and that unconscious desires and conflicts play a role in shaping behavior.
The mind-body problem refers to the question of how the mind and body interact, and different theories exist, including monism, neutral monism, and materialism.
Consciousness is defined as awareness of our existence and thoughts, and it is a private experience that cannot be fully understood from another person's perspective.
Unconsciousness refers to actions that occur without awareness, while self-awareness is the capacity to become the object of one's own attention.
Different brain waves, such as alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves, are associated with different levels of alertness and sleep stages.
Sleep stages include light sleep, deep sleep, and REM sleep, with each stage serving different functions, such as memory consolidation and physical restoration.
Sleep disorders, such as insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, sleepwalking, night terrors, and REM sleep behavior disorder, can disrupt sleep patterns and impact overall well-being.

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Test your knowledge on key figures and concepts in psychology, including the Superego, Behaviourist Model of Mind, Functionalism, and more. Explore the foundations of psychology and understand how these ideas have shaped the field.