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Questions and Answers
What is a common characteristic of narcotics derived from opium?
What is a common characteristic of narcotics derived from opium?
Which of the following drugs is classified as a hallucinogen?
Which of the following drugs is classified as a hallucinogen?
What is the primary psychoactive component found in marijuana?
What is the primary psychoactive component found in marijuana?
Which statement accurately describes the concept of a gateway drug?
Which statement accurately describes the concept of a gateway drug?
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What approach aims to minimize the negative impacts of high-risk behaviors?
What approach aims to minimize the negative impacts of high-risk behaviors?
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What does the concept of phenomenology in consciousness refer to?
What does the concept of phenomenology in consciousness refer to?
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Which principle of consciousness refers to its resistance to division?
Which principle of consciousness refers to its resistance to division?
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What is the 'rebound effect' in thought suppression?
What is the 'rebound effect' in thought suppression?
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What does the cognitive unconscious encompass?
What does the cognitive unconscious encompass?
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According to contemporary views, how are mental events related to brain events?
According to contemporary views, how are mental events related to brain events?
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What are dual process theories in cognitive processing?
What are dual process theories in cognitive processing?
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What does intentionality in consciousness refer to?
What does intentionality in consciousness refer to?
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What does the mind-body problem address?
What does the mind-body problem address?
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What is a characteristic of altered states of consciousness?
What is a characteristic of altered states of consciousness?
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Which level of consciousness is characterized by full awareness of thoughts and surroundings?
Which level of consciousness is characterized by full awareness of thoughts and surroundings?
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What is the primary focus of the restorative theory of sleep?
What is the primary focus of the restorative theory of sleep?
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In which stage of sleep does dreaming most commonly occur?
In which stage of sleep does dreaming most commonly occur?
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Which of the following best describes sleep apnea?
Which of the following best describes sleep apnea?
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What are the two components of Freud's view on dreams?
What are the two components of Freud's view on dreams?
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What is a characteristic symptom of narcolepsy?
What is a characteristic symptom of narcolepsy?
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What is the role of an electrooculograph (EOG)?
What is the role of an electrooculograph (EOG)?
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Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with dream consciousness?
Which of these characteristics is NOT associated with dream consciousness?
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What is the primary consequence of REM sleep deprivation?
What is the primary consequence of REM sleep deprivation?
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What does the expectancy theory suggest about alcohol effects?
What does the expectancy theory suggest about alcohol effects?
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Which of the following statements is true about depressants?
Which of the following statements is true about depressants?
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What type of drugs are barbiturates considered?
What type of drugs are barbiturates considered?
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What characterizes alcohol myopia?
What characterizes alcohol myopia?
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Which of the following substances is not classified as a stimulant?
Which of the following substances is not classified as a stimulant?
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What is a balanced placebo design used for?
What is a balanced placebo design used for?
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What distinguishes physical dependence from psychological dependence in substance use?
What distinguishes physical dependence from psychological dependence in substance use?
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Which type of psychoactive drug includes commonly abused substances like glue and gasoline?
Which type of psychoactive drug includes commonly abused substances like glue and gasoline?
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Study Notes
Consciousness
- Consciousness: a person's subjective experience of the world and their mind.
- Phenomenology: how things seem to a conscious person.
Mysteries of Consciousness
- The Problem of Other Minds: the fundamental difficulty in perceiving the consciousness of others.
- People judge minds based on capacity for experience and capacity for thought.
- The Mind-body Problem: how the mind is related to the brain and body.
- Descartes's view: mental events are tied to the pineal gland.
- Contemporary view: mental events are intimately connected to brain events.
Four Basic Principles of Consciousness
- Intentionality: being directed towards an object.
- Unity: resistance to division.
- Selectivity: the capacity to include some objects but not others.
- Transience: the tendency to change.
Levels of Consciousness
- Consciousness ranges from minimal, to full and self-consciousness.
Suppressing Thoughts
- Mental control: attempting to change conscious states of mind.
- Thought suppression: consciously avoiding a thought.
- Rebound effect of thought suppression: a thought is more likely to return to consciousness after being suppressed.
The Unconscious Mind
- Dynamic unconscious: an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, desires, and the inner struggle to control these.
- Freudian slips: found in speech.
- Repression: removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness, storing them in the unconscious.
A Modern View of the Cognitive Unconscious
- Cognitive unconscious: all mental processes that give rise to a person's thoughts, choices, and emotions.
- Dual process theories: the brain uses two different systems to process information: a fast, automatic, and unconscious system and a slow, effortful, and conscious system..
- Kahneman (2001): described Systems 1 and 2.
Sleep and Dreaming
- Altered state of consciousness: differs from the normal experience of the world and the mind.
- Accompanied by changes in thinking, disturbances in the sense of time, feelings of loss of control, or changes in emotional expression.
- Altered body image, sense of self, or perceptual distortions; changes in meaning or significance.
Sleep
- Adaptive theory of sleep: sleep is the evolutionary outcome of self-preservation.
- Restorative theory of sleep: sleep allows the brain and body to restore depleted chemical resources and eliminate waste.
Sleep Cycle
- Circadian rhythm: a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle.
- EEG changes in brain waves (beta, alpha, theta, and delta) are observed during the sleep cycle.
- 5 stages of sleep: Stages 1 through 4 and REM sleep.
- REM sleep: characterized by rapid eye movements and high brain activity; dreaming often occurs during this stage.
- The body is usually immobilized during REM sleep.
Sleep Needs and Deprivation
- Across a lifetime, approximately an hour of sleep is required for every two hours of waking time.
- Memories deteriorate without adequate sleep.
- REM sleep deprivation has the most detrimental effect.
- Slow-wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) deprivation also has a large impact.
Sleep Disorders
- Insomnia: difficulty falling or staying asleep.
- Sleep apnea: person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep.
- Somnambulism (sleepwalking): occurs when a person arises and walks around during sleep.
- Narcolepsy: disorder involving sudden sleep attacks during waking activity.
- Sleep paralysis: the experience of waking up unable to move.
- Night terrors (sleep terrors): abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal.
Dreams
- Dream consciousness: distinguishes dreaming from waking consciousness.
- Major characteristics: intense emotion, illogical thinking, meaningful sensations, uncritical acceptance, and difficult remembering on waking.
Dream Theories
- Freud's view: dreams hold meaning.
- Manifest content: surface topic, or superficial meaning of dreams.
- Latent content: true/underlying meaning of dreams.
- Activation-synthesis model: the brain imposes meaning on random neural activity.
Drugs and Consciousness
- Levels of involvement: substance use, intoxication, abuse, dependence, tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction.
- Addiction is characterized by physical or psychological dependence.
Depressants
- Slow down or curb central nervous system activity.
- Reduce tension and anxiety, slow movement, and impair cognition; high doses can arrest vital functions and cause death.
- Alcohol is the "king" of depressants.
- Expectancy theory: alcohol's effects result from people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them.
- Balanced placebo design: studies designed to test the influence of expectancy on behaviour, in relation to a placebo.
- Alcohol myopia: attention is hampered by alcohol, leading a person to deal with complex situations in simple ways.
- Barbiturates: used in sleeping aids and surgical anesthetics; less popular than alcohol but still abused.
- Benzodiazepines: minor tranquilizers used to treat anxiety; includes Valium and Xanax.
Stimulants
- Stimulants excite the central nervous system, and increase arousal and activity levels.
- Includes caffeine, amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine, modafinil, and Ecstacy (MDMA, X, E).
- Stimulants elicit euphoria and feelings of confidence and motivation.
Narcotics
- Narcotics (opiates): highly addictive drugs derived from opium; relieve pain.
- Including heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine.
- Drug properties closely related to endorphins.
Hallucinogens
- Hallucinogens: alter sensation and perception.
- Often cause visual and/or auditory hallucinations.
- Include LSD (acid), mescaline, psilocybin, PCP, and ketamine.
- Effects are dramatic and unpredictable.
Marijuana
- Marijuana: contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
- Produces a mild hallucinogenic intoxication, impacting judgement, short-term memory, motor skills, and coordination.
- Medicinal uses are controversial.
- Considered a gateway drug, along with alcohol and tobacco.
- Harm reduction approach: aims to minimize harm resulting from high-risk behaviours.
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Description
Explore the complexities of consciousness in this quiz, which covers key concepts such as phenomenology, the problem of other minds, and the mind-body problem. Dive into the four principles of consciousness and understand the different levels, from minimal to self-consciousness. Test your knowledge on how thoughts can be suppressed and the implications of mental control.
