Consciousness Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of consciousness?

A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind.

What is phenomenology in the context of consciousness?

How things seem to the conscious person.

What is the problem of other minds?

The difficulty in perceiving others' consciousness.

What is the mind-body problem, and what did Descartes believe about it?

<p>The relationship between the mind, brain, and body. Descartes believed that the mind resided in the pineal gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four basic principles of consciousness?

<p>Intentionality, Unity, Selectivity, Transience</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intentionality in the context of consciousness?

<p>Being directed toward an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is unity in the context of consciousness?

<p>Resistance to division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is selectivity in the context of consciousness?

<p>The inclusion of some objects over others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transience in the context of consciousness?

<p>The tendency to change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different levels of consciousness?

<p>Minimal consciousness, Full consciousness, Self-consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mental control?

<p>Changing conscious states of mind.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thought suppression?

<p>Avoiding a thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the rebound effect?

<p>Suppressed thoughts return more frequently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what is the dynamic unconscious?

<p>Hidden memories, desires, and struggles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is repression in the context of the unconscious?

<p>Removing unacceptable thoughts from consciousness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive unconscious?

<p>Mental processes not consciously experienced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two systems in dual-process theories, and how do they differ?

<p>System 1 is fast, automatic, and unconscious. System 2 is slow, effortful, and conscious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are altered states of consciousness?

<p>Changes in thinking, time perception, control, emotions, self-image, and sensory distortions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main theories of sleep?

<p>Adaptive Theory, Restorative Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Adaptive Theory of sleep suggest?

<p>Sleep evolved as a survival mechanism to protect us from harm during vulnerable periods of darkness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Restorative Theory of sleep suggest?

<p>Sleep restores the brain and body and removes waste products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the circadian rhythm?

<p>A 24-hour biological cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of sleep stages?

<p>Non-REM and REM</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most harmful type of sleep deprivation?

<p>Deprivation of both REM sleep and slow-wave sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is insomnia?

<p>Difficulty falling or staying asleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sleep apnea?

<p>Breathing repeatedly stops briefly during sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is somnambulism?

<p>Sleepwalking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is narcolepsy?

<p>Sudden sleep attacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is sleep paralysis?

<p>Waking up unable to move.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are night terrors?

<p>Panic and emotional arousal during sleep.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of dreams?

<p>Intense emotion, illogical thought, meaningful sensation, uncritical acceptance, difficulty remembering</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main theories of dream interpretation?

<p>Freud's theory, Activation-Synthesis Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Freud, what do dreams represent?

<p>Hidden meanings (manifest vs. latent content)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Activation-Synthesis Theory of dreaming?

<p>The brain imposes meaning on random neural activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement involves adding a stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior?

<p>Positive Reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which schedule of reinforcement rewards after a fixed number of responses?

<p>Fixed Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

In observational learning, which experiment demonstrated the impact of observing aggressive behavior?

<p>Bobo Doll Experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes learning that occurs without immediate expression in behavior?

<p>Latent Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive strategy involves breaking down a goal into manageable steps?

<p>Means--Ends Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of punishment involves removing a stimulus to decrease behavior?

<p>Negative Punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bias refers to overestimating the likelihood of memorable events occurring?

<p>Availability Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates learning through social interaction and unconscious awareness?

<p>Implicit Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Broca's Area in language processing?

<p>Language production</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Prototype Theory suggest about categorization?

<p>It compares new objects to the most typical category member.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is primarily involved in recognizing exemplars in language processing?

<p>Right Hemisphere, Prefrontal Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the essence of non-associative learning?

<p>Learning that occurs without forming associations between different stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition must be met for a stimulus to be classified as a necessary condition for category membership?

<p>It must be true for membership.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'generalization' in classical conditioning refer to?

<p>The learned response occurring to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key symptom of category-specific deficit as observed by Warrington & Shallice (1984)?

<p>Deficits in recognizing living things and food</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates stimulants from depressants?

<p>They excite the central nervous system and increase arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response (CR)?

<p>A learned reaction that resembles the unconditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'morpheme' refer to in language structure?

<p>The smallest meaningful unit of language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory posits that language is learned through interaction between social experience and biological abilities?

<p>Interactionist Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychoactive substance is categorized as a narcotic?

<p>Heroin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of fast mapping in language development?

<p>Children acquire new words after a single exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug primarily impairs cognition and reduces anxiety?

<p>Depressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of human language sets it apart from other forms of communication?

<p>It represents intangible concepts and supports abstract thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a depressant?

<p>Cocaine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of consciousness involves awareness of self and the ability to reflect on one's thoughts?

<p>Self-consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon describes the return of suppressed thoughts more frequently than before?

<p>Rebound effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep disorder is characterized by sudden sleep attacks that can occur at any time?

<p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that sleep serves an evolutionary purpose of self-preservation?

<p>Adaptive Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between System 1 and System 2 in dual process theories?

<p>System 1 is fast and automatic, while System 2 is slow and effortful.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of consciousness indicates that conscious experience is typically focused on particular objects or thoughts?

<p>Selectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of unconscious mind encompasses hidden memories, desires, and internal conflicts?

<p>Dynamic unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is primarily associated with dreaming and muscle immobilization?

<p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of retrieval in memory?

<p>Bringing to mind previously encoded information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which encoding method involves relating new information to existing knowledge?

<p>Semantic Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes long-term memory (LTM) from short-term memory (STM)?

<p>LTM has no known capacity limits, while STM is limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the working memory model, which subsystem is responsible for maintaining visual information?

<p>Visio-spatial Sketchpad</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is retrograde amnesia characterized by?

<p>Loss of memories prior to a specific date</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of chunking in short-term memory?

<p>To group information into larger units for easier recall</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive process is primarily involved in the transformation of perceptions into enduring memories?

<p>Encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory briefly holds visual information and is characterized by rapid decay?

<p>Iconic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process requires previously recalled memories to be re-stabilized?

<p>Reconsolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the NMDA receptor play in memory?

<p>Influencing information flow and initiating LTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that a cue is most effective when it recreates the initial encoding context?

<p>Encoding Specificity Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory includes general knowledge and facts?

<p>Semantic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Decay Theory suggest about forgotten memories?

<p>They fade over time due to neglect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon occurs when old information disrupts the learning of new information?

<p>Proactive Interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the inability to retrieve stored information, such as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

<p>Blocking</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is exemplified by the gradual acquisition of skills through practice?

<p>Implicit Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase behavior?

<p>Negative Reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What scheduling of reinforcement delivers a reward after varying time intervals?

<p>Variable Interval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to learning that occurs without immediate behavioral expression?

<p>Latent Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which problem-solving strategy guarantees a solution through a defined procedure?

<p>Algorithms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of mirror neurons in observational learning?

<p>Facilitating physical imitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the belief in a higher personal likelihood of positive outcomes compared to others?

<p>Optimism Bias</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of a Cognitive Map?

<p>A mental layout of one's environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conditioning is emphasized in the Little Albert experiment?

<p>Fear Conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Broca's Area primarily responsible for?

<p>Language production</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Prototype Theory contribute to categorization?

<p>It involves comparing new objects to the most typical category member.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a necessary condition in categorization?

<p>It must be true for an item to belong to a category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during sensitization in non-associative learning?

<p>A persistent increase in response after stimulus presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is associated with category-specific deficit as noted by Warrington & Shallice (1984)?

<p>Recognition deficits of specific categories like living things.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic describes the resistance to division in consciousness?

<p>Unity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain area is primarily engaged with language comprehension?

<p>Wernicke's Area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?

<p>Facilitating dreaming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about thought suppression is accurate?

<p>It often leads to the rebound effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is generalization in classical conditioning?

<p>The extension of a learned response to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of consciousness is characterized by awareness of oneself as an individual?

<p>Self-consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the right hemisphere play in language processing?

<p>It processes verbal meaning and aids in overall comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phenomenon of dynamic unconscious refer to in Freud's theory?

<p>Concealed memories and desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep disorder involves breathing cessation during sleep?

<p>Sleep Apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes selective attention?

<p>Inclusion of certain objects over others in conscious thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of night terrors?

<p>They include panic and emotional arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of depressants?

<p>Slow central nervous system activity and reduce anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that language is learned through social interaction and innate biological abilities?

<p>Interactionist</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of THC in marijuana?

<p>It impairs judgment and memory while inducing mild hallucinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is not associated with the idea of fast mapping in language development?

<p>Experiencing frequent errors during language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between stimulants and depressants?

<p>Stimulants excite the CNS and elicit feelings of euphoria, while depressants slow CNS activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a primary risk associated with regular marijuana use?

<p>Impacts on judgment and memory, often debated for medicinal use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which elements are included in the structural components of language?

<p>Morphemes, phonemes, and syntactical rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the nativist theory of language development?

<p>Language is an innate capability that utilizes universal grammar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of retrieval in the memory process?

<p>Bringing to mind information previously encoded and stored</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following encoding methods involves creating mental images?

<p>Visual imagery encoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is described as having no known capacity limits?

<p>Long-Term Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a person with anterograde amnesia?

<p>They cannot form new long-term memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following strategies helps maintain information in short-term memory?

<p>Chunking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two subsystems of the working memory model?

<p>Visio-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory functioning?

<p>Transferring new information to long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory retains sensory information briefly, such as sights and sounds?

<p>Iconic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)?

<p>It strengthens connections across synapses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that a retrieval cue is most effective when it recreates the original encoding context?

<p>Encoding Specificity Principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory involves the conscious retrieval of personal experiences tied to specific times and places?

<p>Episodic Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason for forgetting according to the decay theory?

<p>Unrecalled information loses strength over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is proactive interference in the context of memory?

<p>Old information disrupts the learning of new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does retrieval have on subsequent memory according to the consequences of retrieval?

<p>It can potentially change the original memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes misattribution in memory failures?

<p>Attributing a memory to the wrong source.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect called when exposure to a stimulus increases the likelihood of recalling related stimuli?

<p>Priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Consciousness

  • Definition: A person's subjective experience of the world and their mind.
  • Phenomenology: How things seem to a conscious person.
  • Mysteries of Consciousness
    • Problem of Other Minds: Difficulty in perceiving others' consciousness. Judgement based on capacity for experience and agency.
    • Mind-Body Problem: The relationship between the mind, brain, and body. Descartes believed the pineal gland was the connection; modern views link mental events to brain events.
  • Four Basic Principles
    • Intentionality: Directed at an object.
    • Unity: Resistance to division.
    • Selectivity: Attention to certain objects.
    • Transience: Tendency to change.
  • Levels of Consciousness
    • Range: Minimal, full, and self-consciousness.
  • Suppressing Thoughts
    • Mental Control: Changing conscious states of mind.
    • Thought Suppression: Avoiding a thought.
    • Rebound Effect: Suppressed thoughts return more frequently.
  • The Unconscious Mind
    • Dynamic Unconscious (Freud): Hidden memories, desires, and struggles.
    • Repression: Removing unacceptable thoughts from consciousness.
    • Cognitive Unconscious: Mental processes not consciously experienced.
    • Dual Process Theories:
      • System 1: Fast, automatic, and unconscious.

Sleep and Dreaming

  • Altered States: Changes in thinking, time perception, emotions, and sensory distortions.
  • Theories of Sleep
    • Adaptive Theory: Evolutionary self-preservation.
    • Restorative Theory: Restores brain/body functions.
  • Sleep Cycle
    • Circadian Rhythm: A 24-hour biological cycle.
    • Stages: 1-4 (non-REM) and REM (dreaming, body immobilized.)
    • Sleep Needs: Important for memory consolidation. REM and slow-wave deprivation are harmful.
  • Sleep Disorders
    • Insomnia: Difficulty falling or staying asleep.
    • Sleep Apnea: Breathing stops briefly.
    • Somnambulism: Sleepwalking.
    • Narcolepsy: Sudden sleep attacks.
    • Sleep Paralysis: Waking up unable to move.
    • Night Terrors: Panic and arousal during sleep.
  • Dreams
    • Characteristics: Intense emotion, illogical thought, meaningful sensations, and accepting the dream without criticism.
    • Theories
      • Freud: Dreams hold meaning (manifest vs. latent content).
      • Activation-Synthesis: Brain imposes meaning on random neural activity.

Drugs and Consciousness

  • Addiction: Physical or psychological dependence.
  • Depressants: Slow CNS activity, reduce anxiety, and impair judgment.

Language and Communication

  • Language: A system for communication using signals with a grammar for conveying meaning.
  • Grammar: Rules for combining units to form messages.
  • Human Language: More complex than other forms of communication (represents intangible concepts and facilitates abstract thinking).
  • Structure of Language: ~4,000 languages with basic sounds and rules.
    • Phoneme: Smallest sound units recognized as speech.

Language Development

  • Children:
    • Learn language rapidly.
    • Make few errors.
    • Develop passive mastery faster than active mastery.
    • Fast Mapping: Learning new words after a single exposure.
  • Theories of Language Development
    • Behaviourist: Language learned through operant conditioning and imitation.
    • Nativist: Language is innate; universal grammar facilitates learning.
    • Interactionist: Language develops through interactions between social experience and biological abilities.

The Brain and Language

  • Broca's Area: Left frontal cortex; involved in language production.
  • Wernicke's Area: Left temporal cortex; involved in language comprehension.
  • Right Hemisphere: Processes verbal meaning and active during language tasks.

Concepts and Categories

  • Concepts: Mental representations grouping shared features of related stimuli.
    • Necessary Condition: Must be true for a category member.
    • Sufficient Condition: Proves category membership if true.
  • Theories
    • Prototype Theory: Comparing new items to the most typical category member.
    • Exemplar Theory: Judging by comparing new instances to stored memories of other category examples.

Brain Areas

  • Left Hemisphere & Visual Cortex: Forming prototypes.
  • Right Hemisphere, Prefrontal Cortex, Basal Ganglia: Recognizing exemplars.
  • Category-Specific Deficit: Neurologial syndrome affecting the recognition of specific categories while sparing others.

What is Learning?

  • Learning: Acquiring knowledge, skills, or responses from experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in behavior or understanding.
  • Non-Associative Learning
    • Habituation: Gradual reduction in response after repeated exposure.
    • Sensitization: Increased response following a stimulus.
  • Associative Learning
    • Classical Conditioning: Behavior controlled by external stimuli.
      • Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Naturally evokes a response.
      • Unconditioned Response (UR): Reflexive response to the US.
      • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Natural stimulus that evokes a learned response.
      • Conditioned Response (CR): Learned reaction to the CS resembling the UR.
    • Classical Conditioning Processes: Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, second order.
      • Generalization: CR occurs with stimuli similar to the CS.
      • Discrimination: Differentiating between similar stimuli.
    • Fear Conditioning: Amygdala involvement in associating stimuli with fear.

Operant Conditioning

  • Operant Conditioning: Behavior is influenced by its consequences.
  • Law of Effect: Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are repeated; negative outcomes decrease behavior likelihood.
  • Reinforcement:
    • Positive Reinforcement: Adding a stimulus to increase behavior.
    • Negative Reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to increase behavior.
  • Punishment:
    • Positive Punishment: Adding a stimulus to decrease behavior.
    • Negative Punishment: Removing a stimulus to decrease behavior.
  • Schedules of Reinforcement
    • Fixed interval
    • Variable interval
    • Fixed ratio
    • Variable ratio
  • Cognitive Elements of Operant Conditioning:
    • Latent Learning
    • Cognitive Map
  • Neural Elements: Brain pathways and structures deliver rewards, reinforcing learned behaviors.
  • Observational Learning (Bandura)
    • Definition: Learning by observing others.
    • Bobo Doll Experiment
    • Diffusion Chain
    • Mirror Neurons
  • Implicit Learning: Learning without conscious awareness.

Rational Decision-Making

  • Rational Decision-Making: Based on probabilities and value judgments.
  • Availability Bias: Overestimating the likelihood of memorable events.
  • Heuristics: Quick strategies (don't guarantee a solution).
  • Optimism Bias: Belief in higher personal likelihoods of positive outcomes.
  • Problem-Solving Strategies: Means-Ends Analysis (breaking down goals).
  • Algorithms: Defined procedures (guarantee a solution).

Memory Defined

  • Memory: The ability to store and retrieve information over time.
  • Three Key Functions
    • Encoding: Transforming perceptions into lasting memories.
    • Storage: Maintaining information over time.
    • Retrieval: Accessing encoded and stored information.
  • Encoding: Transforming Perceptions into Memories
    • Memories are constructed by combining existing knowledge with new information.
    • Three Major Encoding Methods:
      • Semantic Encoding: Relates new information meaningfully to existing knowledge.
      • Visual Imagery Encoding: Stores information by converting it into mental pictures.
      • Organizational Encoding: Categorizing information by relationships among items.
  • Encoding of Survival-Related Information: Evolutionary theories suggest memory mechanisms enhance survival.

Storage

  • Sensory Storage:
    • Iconic Memory: Fast-decaying store of visual information.
    • Echoic Memory: Fast-decaying store of auditory information.
  • Short-Term Memory (STM)
    • Non-sensory information for a short duration (seconds to minutes).
    • Limited capacity (approximately 7 items).
    • Rehearsal: Keeps information in STM.
    • Chunking: Groups small bits of information into larger units.
    • Working Memory: Active maintenance and manipulation of information.
  • Working Memory Model
    • Limited-capacity system with two subsystems (episodic buffer)
      • Visio-spatial Sketchpad
      • Phonological Loop
  • Long-Term Memory (LTM)
    • Stores information for extended durations.
    • No known capacity limits.
  • Hippocampus and Memory: Crucial for transferring information to LTM but also retrograde and anterograde amnesia.

Retrieving Memories

  • Retrieval Cues: External information triggers retrieval of stored memories.
  • Encoding Specificity Principle: Cues are effective if they recreate the initial encoding context.
  • State-Dependent Retrieval: Information is better recalled in the same state as encoding.
  • Transfer-Appropriate Processing: Effective memory transfer occurs when contexts match between encoding and retrieval.
  • Consequences of Retrieval: Strengthening or weakening subsequent memories.
  • Types of Long-Term Memory
    • Explicit Memory: Conscious retrieval of past experiences
      • Semantic Memory: General knowledge and facts.
      • Episodic Memory: Personal experiences tied to specific times and places.
    • Implicit Memory: Influence of past experience on behavior without conscious awareness
      • Procedural Memory: Gradual acquisition of skills through practice.
      • Priming: Enhanced ability to recall stimuli after recent exposure (perceptual and conceptual priming).

Forgetting and Memory Failures

  • Decay Theory: Neglected memories fade over time.
  • Interference: Old information disrupts new learning (Proactive and Retroactive Interference).
  • Seven Types of Memory Failures:
    • Transience: Forgetting over time.
    • Absentmindedness: Lapses in attention.
    • Blocking: Inability to retrieve information (Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon).
    • Misattribution: Assigning memory to the wrong source.
    • Suggestibility: Incorporating misleading information.
    • Bias: Current knowledge distorts past recollection.
    • Persistence: Unwanted recollection of traumatic events.

Memory and Emotion

  • Amygdala's role in memory: Enhances recall of emotional events; distinguishing emotional from non-emotional memories.
  • Adaptive Nature of Memory: The seven memory sins reflect the trade-offs for a memory system optimized for general accuracy and adaptability.

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