Psychology Final Complete Terms PDF

lOMoARcPSD|31502042 Superego: Morality (perfect self) Behaviourist Model of Mind: Conditions leading to a response (environmental factors). Humans just react to condition so no good/evil. Williams James: Functionalism, Textbook: “principles of psych”, Founder of psychology Wilhelm Windt: Strucurali...

lOMoARcPSD|31502042 Superego: Morality (perfect self) Behaviourist Model of Mind: Conditions leading to a response (environmental factors). Humans just react to condition so no good/evil. Williams James: Functionalism, Textbook: “principles of psych”, Founder of psychology Wilhelm Windt: Strucuralism, Introspection, First research library John Watson: Behaviourism, classical conditioning (Little Albert experiment) Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis, unconscious mind Rene Descartes: Cartesian dualism Operant conditioning: positive/negative reinforcement 3: Consciousness Textbook: ch. 5 Short intro to consciousness Cartesian Dualism: mind controls body, but body can influence mind (ex: passion) Interaction Problem: How do mind and body interact? Monism - Idealists: only mind exists (physical objects come from mind) - Neutral Monists: neither mind nor body is the single substance of reality (same reality either way). - Materialists: consciousness is function of brain (nothing exists from physical world) The hard problem: How do we have conscious meaning in our life from brain/body activity. How can matter give rise to mind. Consciousness as a private experience: We cannot experience life from someone else’s POV Mind-Body problem: Understanding whether the mind and body are connected or if so, to what extent. Easy problem: perception, learning, memory, attention etc. Qualia: phenomenal private aspects of our mental lives (smell of freshly mown grass, colour of red mcgill sweater) Consciousness definition: Awareness to our existance/thought. Downloaded by bella boot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|31502042 Unconsciousness: Actions occur w/o awareness (catch ball coming at head, and changing hand shape for the object) Self-Awareness: capacity to become the object of one’s own attention. Self (self-concept, I vs me): I (self that experiences) & me (body that exists in space w/ beliefs and attitudes) EEG: recording electrical activity in the brain as it relates to levels of alertness. Electrooculograms: records electrical poetential b/w front/back of eye. Electromyograms: records electrical activity in muscles. Alpha waves: Physically and Mentally relaxed Beta waves: Active thinking REM sleep, Awake Theta waves: NREM (light sleep), daydreams, creativity, insight Delta waves: REM, slow wave sleep REM Sleep: Dreaming Sleep stages: 1-4 (none REM), 5(REM) - dreamss (whole cycle is 90 mins) Sleep stage 1: light sleep (5-10m/cycle) - A/T waves & halucinations Sleep stage 2: burts of sleep spindles (10-30m/cycle) - K-complexes (65% of sleep) Sleep stage 3/4: Deep sleep (15-30m/cycle) - Slow wave sleep(crucial for rest) - 25% of sleep Sleep stage 5: Extremely deep sleep (10-20m/cycle) - brain activity like being awake (vivid dreams). Hypnograms: graph representing stages of sleep. *Sleep Spindles: NREM sleep that helps with mem consolidation. Bursts of rapid brain-wave activity (look like spikes indicate light sleep) K-Complexes: suppress sleep disruption (light sleep). High amplitude waves(stage 2) Sleep functions: Restoration, Growth/cellular repair, rebuilds brain proteins, boosts # of immune cells(need 9 hours) Functions of Slow Wave sleep: memory consolidation, physically restorative Downloaded by bella boot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|31502042 Insomnia: difficulty maintaining or initiating restorative sleep Narcolepsy: Falling asleep with no control Sleep Apnea: brain stops remembering to breathe Sleepwalking: getting up and moving while brain is still “sleeping” Night terrors: awakening from sleep terrified RBD: REM sleep behaviourr disorder (dream enactment/ violent movement) Circadian Rythm: 24 hr Body clock regulated by suprachiamsatic nucleus (SCN) in hippocampus. Hypnosis: suggestions delivered to change perception and behaviour Hypnotic analgesia: reduced sensitivity to pain under hypnotic suggestion Dissociation: disconnect b/w thoughts and sense of self Selective attention: awareness to relevance, narrowing focus Innattentional blindness: not paying attention to things that aren’t focus (man in gorilla suit walks across other side of field) Change blindness: Failing to notice a change (talking to stranger who swaps out) Default mode network: brain regions active while person is not focused on outside world *Global workspace hypothesis: consciousness requires info processed from nonconscious parts of the brain which is broadcasted to the other parts of brain (global workspace). Mind wandering: escaping a boring situation (future/goal oriented) 4: Research Methods Textbook ch. 2 L04 lecture slides Readings: Statistical Primer, Research methods, Braitenberg vehicles Braitenberg vehicles: Simple robots given human characteristics when describing actions. Ockham’s razor: the simplest explanation for a phenomena is the best Downloaded by bella boot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|31502042 Reductionism and its limitations : simplest explanations are easier to falsift/test bc inconsistencies can’t be explained away. Reductionism can’t explain what can’t be described (behaviours may be unpredictable). Rationalism: Using reason & Logic (Observation may be misleading) Empiricism: Observation necessary to confirm theories. Scientific Method: Using controlled experiments to test hypotheses’ (Theory-data cycle) Inductivism: Observations used to induce theories (I have only seen brown bears therefore all bears are brown) Falsificationism: Tests designed to refute the predicted theory Scientific process according to Kuhn: Science does not evolve gradually, actually there comes a paradigm shift and new theory to explain an anomaly. (revolutions in knowledge) Observer effects: demand characteristics, representativeness, artificiality Experimenter bias: Female vs Male experimenters could affect outcome. Demand characteristics: Participant changes behaviour to please experimenter Milgram experiment: Testing obedience by delivering shocks to an actor at increasing intensity. Representativeness: WEIRD data not representing humanity in general Artificiality: Research happens in lab instead of in nature (to what extent does observed behav. Represent brain in natural situations) *Descriptive methods: Case study, surveys, longitudinal/cross-sectional research, naturalistic research. (focuses on one measured variable) Naturalistic observation: Observing participant without them knowing theu are being observed. Hawthorne effect: Being observed causes participants to change behaviour Hawthorne Experiment: observing efficiency of office workers. Reactivity: Changing behaviour knowing you are being observed. Experimenter expectancy effect and experiment: what the experimenter expects to happen influences the experiment. (stupid mice). Response bias: responding falsely/innacurately to survey questions (questiosn in surveys that influence response) Correlation and Correlational studies: How variables are related. (Not causal relationships/ third variable) Directionality and Directionality Problem: Which variable is the cause is not known so unsure if its a positive or negative correlation. (does less sleep cause stress or vice versa) Downloaded by bella boot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|31502042 Positive correlation: variables trend upwards together Negative correlation: Variables move in opposite directions (down) Zero correlation: random spread/no correlation Third variable: correlated variables dependant on third non measured variable. Sample: selected members of population of interest to participate in study Population: the group the study aims to research/target Sampling error: margin of error b/w the sample group results and the populations results Experimental Method: Hypothesis,IV/DV, Control group Cause and effect relationship: someone being the cause of a measured result. (Experimental) Hypothesis: the guessed answer to the proposed question. Independent variable: The variable that changes Dependent variable: the variables that keep everything else consistent Experimental group: the group that is subject to the treatment. Control group: The group receiving the placebo Confound/confounding variable: Another variable that can’t be separated from Independant variable that may affect the results. Internal validity: the soundness of results within controlled conditions External validity: the amount the study can be generalized to those outside the sample Descriptive statistics: used to organize/summarize sets of data (percentages, range, correlation, mean/median/mode) Frequency distribution: organized graph shoeing scale of measurement/ how many individuals are in each category. Central tendency: a single central score that represents the entire distribution (using mean/median/mode) Mode: The most frequently appearing number Median: the number exactly in the middle Mean (average): add them all up and divide by number Normal distribution: expected bell shaped curve Variability: degree of spread in the distribution. Downloaded by bella boot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|31502042 Standard deviation: average distance of all data points around the mean Logical empiricism: what truly exists can be measured by objective empirical observations (Bacon & Descartes) Statistical Significance: chance vs effect (diff b/w IV & DV bigger than could be attributed to chance) Empirical structuralism: the goal of science cannot be to verify/falsify a theory. (scientific work intends to increase knowledge of phenomena not refute claims) Epistemological consequences: scientific progress specific to a theory and where said theory can’t be applied. 5: Genetics & Evolution Norton ch. 3.18 & 3.19 - HGE Reading Cognitive (R)evolution: dramatic increase in brain size (2.5% of bodyweight, and 25% energy) change in how we think/operate Consequences of cognitive revolution: less muscle, more time spent looking for food, premature birth, cooking/language, commication & coordination) Nature: Genes determine behaviour Nurture: environment determines behaviour Interactionism: There is genetic component but also learned behaviours (most accurate) Piaget theory of human development: We have some innate knowledge, experiences are combined to concepts of world. (Equilibrium, Assimilation, Accommodation) Nativism: everything is inborn Empiricism: Everything is learned Proximate causation: Close factors (hormonal state, enviro) influencing behaviour (How) Ultimate causation: evolutionary causes of behaviour (Why) Species: group of genetically similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. Genus: group of related similar species. homo erectus: species of human genus (upright man). homo neanderthalensis: Neanderthals homo sapiens: what we are (Sapien Sapiens) Downloaded by bella boot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|31502042 out of Africa hypothesis: Modern humans evolved in Africa and spread without interbreeding (killed and replaced other homos) multiregional hypothesis: modern humans evolved as result of interbreeding after migrating from Africa to eurasia. agricultural revolution (change from hunter-gatherer, domestication and its consequences): 8k years ago. Consequences of Agricultural Rev.: ownership, villages > family, diet change causing disease, less knowledge of surrounding, more time spent working on food. scientific revolution: developmen of sci method & controlling nature Anthropocene: proposed new geological epoch (defined by negative impact on climate) Gene: Unit of storing genetic information (codes for a specific trait) Genotype: all gathered genes (how much melanin can be produced) Phenotype: What is made out of these genes - observable genes (how dark is our skin) **Evolution always operates on phenotype Chromosome: gene carrying structure found in nucleus diploid set: complete set of chromosomes haploid set: half set of chromosomes (given by each parents during conception) Nucleus: DNA containing organelle in eukaryotic cell. DNA: Carrier of genetic information Allele: different forms of the same gene (blue/ brown eyes) Homozygous: alleles code for same phenotype Heterozygous: alleles code for different phenotype Innate behaviours of humans: Baby schema, Pilorection, seeking cover, social mehaviour, inborn reflexes Baby scheme/Kindchenschema: round/cute facial features promotes a caretaking behaviour. Piloerection: goosebumps/hair standing up on body (makes you appear bigger/keeps you warmer) Preference for cover: unconsciously sitting in corners/against walls & building structures to hide in. Innate social behaviours: handshakes (initiation of touch to create trust) - might come from social grooming in monkeys Downloaded by bella boot ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|31502042 Grasping reflex: Infant’s clinging response to a touch on the palm. Laughing/Crying: innate behaviour that promotes survival Trait: a distinguishing quality Twin studies on intelligence: enviro & genetics both responsible for IQ (Identical twins in same enviro have closer IQ than frat. twins that did)(If Identical twins grew up apart they have more differences) Heritability: strengths of genetic influences on certain phenotypic traits. dizygotic twins: Fraternal (two sperm and two eggs in one womb) monozygotic twins: Identical (One egg splits) natural selection: organisms better adapted to environment have a better chance of surviving (survival of the fittest) Prokariotic cell: early unicellular cells. No nucleus Eukaryotic cell: more complex. Mitochondria and nucleus Symbiotic process: cooperation not competition. (prokaryotic -> eukaryotic) Endosymbiotic theory/Theory of symbiogenesis: Organism absorbed another who gained abilities of both (living inside eachother). Spontaneous mutation: random DNA replication error resulting in a mutation Cross-over: homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. Darwin’s theory of evolution: The organisms best adapted to the environment will have the best chance of surviving and reproducing. Rapid multiplication: produce more offspring than can survive (random mutations in genes) limited resources: competition created with high number of individuals Competition: struggle for existence Variation & adaptation: mutation within a species that allow them to adapt to the environment. Survival of the fittest: organism that is best adapted to the environment will have higher reproductive succcess (more organisms with stronger traits) Downloaded by bella boot ([email protected])