36 Questions
Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?
In the cytoplasm
What is the function of inclusions in prokaryotic cells?
Storage of nutrients or metabolic end products
Under what conditions do prokaryotic cells form endospores?
Under high stress or adverse conditions
How do prokaryotic flagella differ from eukaryotic flagella?
Eukaryotic flagella are made of microtubules.
What is the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell flagella?
Presence of basal body
What is the primary function of flagella in cells?
Cellular movement
What is the primary function of flagella in bacteria?
Movement toward or away from stimuli
Which component of flagella distinguishes among different serovars of bacteria?
Proteins
What is the primary difference between flagella and axial filaments in bacterial motility?
Axial filaments cause a corkscrew-like movement, flagella do not
Which cellular appendage allows for attachment in bacterial cells?
Fimbriae
What is the structural composition of archaella, the motility structure in archaea?
Glycoproteins archaellins
Which prokaryotic structure is involved in long-term survival under adverse conditions?
Endospores
What is the function of flagella and cilia in cells?
Locomotion
How are flagella and cilia different in terms of length?
Flagella are long while cilia are short
What is the main component of eukaryotic flagella and cilia?
Protein tubulin
How are microtubules organized in eukaryotic flagella and cilia?
9 + 2 array
What is the key difference between the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?
Eukaryotic flagella have a 9 + 2 array organization while prokaryotic flagella do not
What allows flagella to move in a wavelike manner?
Microtubule arrangement as 9 pairs in a ring, plus 2 in the center (9 + 2 array)
What is the function of inclusions in prokaryotic cells?
Energy storage
Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?
Cytoplasm
Under what conditions do prokaryotic cells form endospores?
Adverse environmental conditions
How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella different?
Presence of microtubules
What is the primary function of flagella in cells?
Cell motility
Which component of flagella distinguishes among different serovars of bacteria?
H antigens
What is a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?
Prokaryotic flagella have a 9 + 2 microtubule arrangement, while eukaryotic flagella have a ring of 9 pairs of microtubules.
What is the primary function of inclusions in cells?
To store nutrients or metabolic by-products.
Under what conditions do prokaryotic cells form endospores?
During nutrient deprivation or harsh environmental conditions.
What is the main structural component of flagella in cells?
Microtubules made of tubulin
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ in terms of length and number?
Prokaryotic flagella are short and numerous, while eukaryotic flagella are long and few in number.
What is the primary function of flagella in cells?
To provide motility or movement.
Where is the DNA typically located in a prokaryotic cell?
In the cytoplasm as a single circular chromosome
Which of the following is a function of inclusions in prokaryotic cells?
Energy production through photosynthesis
Under what conditions do prokaryotic cells form endospores?
When facing harsh environmental conditions
How does the structure of prokaryotic flagella differ from eukaryotic flagella?
Prokaryotic flagella lack an axoneme structure found in eukaryotic flagella.
What is one of the main functions of flagella in cells?
Enable motility and movement
How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ in terms of their attachment to the cell?
Prokaryotic flagella attach to the cell wall, while eukaryotic flagella attach to organelles.
Study Notes
Flagella and Cilia
- Flagella are long projections used for locomotion or moving substances along the cell surface, found in few numbers.
- Cilia are short projections used for locomotion or moving substances along the cell surface, found in numerous numbers.
- Both flagella and cilia consist of microtubules made of the protein tubulin, organized as 9 pairs in a ring, plus 2 microtubules in the center (9 + 2 array), allowing them to move in a wavelike manner.
The Cell Wall and Glycocalyx
- Cell walls are found in plants, algae, and fungi, made of carbohydrates (cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and glucan and mannan in yeasts).
- Glycocalyx is found in animal cells, consisting of carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane.
Flagella in Bacteria
- Flagella in bacteria allow them to move toward or away from stimuli (taxis).
- Flagella rotate to “run” or “tumble”, and their proteins are H antigens that distinguish among serovars (e.g., Escherichia coli O157:H7).
Archaella
- Archaella are archaeal motility structures made of glycoproteins (archaellins), anchored to the cell, and rotate like flagella.
Axial Filaments
- Axial filaments are also called endoflagella, found in spirochetes, anchored at one end of a cell, and cause the cell to move like a corkscrew when rotated.
Fimbriae and Pili
- Fimbriae are hairlike appendages that allow for attachment.
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome, no histones, no organelles, and cell walls made of peptidoglycan (bacteria) or pseudomurein (archaea), and divide by binary fission.
- Eukaryotes have paired chromosomes in a nuclear membrane, histones, organelles, and cell walls made of polysaccharides when present, and divide by mitosis.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells have three basic shapes: bacilli (rod-shaped), cocci (spherical), and spirilla (spiral-shaped).
Test your knowledge on flagella and cilia projections used for locomotion and moving substances along the cell surface. Learn about the differences between flagella and cilia, their structures, and functions.
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