Cell Biology: Cilia, Flagella & Microtubules

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of flagella?

Facilitate cell division

Propel cells through liquid (correct)

Move material across the surface of cells

Transport nutrients within cells

Cilia are primarily responsible for propulsion of cells through liquid.

False

What are the three distinct classes of microtubules found in mitotic spindles?

Kinetochore microtubules, astral microtubules, and interpolar microtubules.

During mitosis, the ______ envelope breaks down to allow chromosome alignment.

nuclear Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their roles in cell movement and division:

Cilia = Move material across cell surfaces Flagella = Propel cells through liquid Centrioles = Nucleate microtubules Kinetochore = Attach spindles to chromosomes Signup and view all the answers

What enhances microtubule dynamics during mitosis?

Cyclin Dependent Kinase activity Signup and view all the answers

Non-motile primary cilia are common in interphase cells.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of basal bodies in the structure of cilia and flagella?

Basal bodies serve as nucleation points for the growth of cilia and flagella. Signup and view all the answers

What role do spindle checkpoint proteins play in cell division?

They prevent premature chromatid separation Signup and view all the answers

Cytokinesis is primarily driven by microtubule contraction.

False Signup and view all the answers

Name one condition associated with mutations in spindle checkpoint proteins.

Gastric cancer or premature chromatid separation syndrome. Signup and view all the answers

The kinetochore must maintain attachment to the ______ while allowing for microtubule growth and shrinkage.

microtubules Signup and view all the answers

Match the following spindle checkpoint proteins with their effects on cancer:

Mad 2 = Mutated in gastric cancers BubR1 = Increased tumor predisposition Bub3 = Aneuploidy without tumor predisposition Mad 1 = Associated with premature chromatid separation Signup and view all the answers

What is a key requirement for chromatid separation during cell division?

Sufficient levels of spindle checkpoint proteins Signup and view all the answers

What drives the process of anaphase B during cell division?

Spindle elongation Signup and view all the answers

Cytoplasmic organelles segregate randomly during cell division.

False Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Shape and Movement: Cilia, Flagella & Mitosis

Microtubule Structure and Function is the focus.
Cilia are hair-like structures that move materials across cell surfaces.
Flagella are tail-like structures that propel cells through liquid.
Sperm and Chlamydomonas are examples of cells with flagella.
Ciliated epithelium is tissue with cilia.
Microtubules are protein structures found in cilia and flagella.
The image shows a cross-section of a cilium.
Shows the arrangement of the microtubules (doublets and triplets).
Diagrams depict the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules in cilia and flagella.
Images show the structure of a cilia and flagella.
Basal bodies are structures at the base of cilia and flagella.
Dynein arms are proteins that create movements in cilia and flagella.
Radial spokes are structures that connect the central microtubule to the outer doublet microtubules.
Nexin is a protein connecting outer doublet microtubules.
Microtubule structure shows the $\alpha$ and $\beta$ tubulin molecules.
Trypsinized axoneme is an image of microtubule movement.
Cells move using a power stroke and recovery stroke (sequential bending).

Mitosis

Mitosis is cell division.
Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm.
Mitosis in tissue-cultured lung cells is recorded with a microscope (Pol-scope)
Different stages of mitosis are shown in the images, including interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
The diagrams show the progression of the cell cycle.
Checkpoints in the cell cycle ensure DNA replication and environment favorability.
Spindle checkpoints are involved in regulation of the cell's success in division.

Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK)

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) control cell cycle progression.
The video shows different checkpoints (G1, S, G2, M checkpoint).
Regulation of whether the cell enters G1 or continues to S phase depends on the type of signals given by the environment.
Various cyclins and CDKs regulate the cell cycle.

Centrosome Duplication

Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers.
Regulation of the cell cycle through centrosome duplication is shown.
Centrioles are duplicated during interphase.
Different stages of centrosome duplication/separation are represented by the images.
The cell cycle ensures the duplication of centrosomes.

Organelle Inheritance

Organelles are distributed during cell division.
Cytoskeletal filaments distribute organelles between daughter cells.
Specific types of organelles need to be segregated in distinct ways to ensure that daughter cells obtain the correct number and type of organelle.
Mitochondrial inheritance is addressed.
Bundled actin filament inheritance is addressed.

Chromosome Movement and Spindle Pole Separation

Chromosome movement is addressed during anaphase.
Spindle pole separation during anaphase is shown in figures including pulling and pushing forces.
Microtubule motors drive chromosome movement and spindle elongation.

Microtubule Organising Centres

Microtubule organizing centres (MTOCs) such as centrosomes organize microtubules.
Duplication of centrosomes and their movement are essential in proper cell division.
Microtubules elongate and shorten to contribute to movement of chromatids.

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Description

Explore the complex structures and functions of cilia and flagella, including their microtubule compositions. This quiz covers important cellular components like dynein arms and basal bodies, essential for movement and function in various cells. Test your understanding of these fascinating cellular structures and their roles in biology.