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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about the interaction between host and organism is correct?
What is the primary method of transmission for vectorborne infections?
Which disinfectant is noted for being effective against a broad range of microorganisms but can cause damage to surfaces?
Which of the following routes of transmission involves a physical interaction between an infected person and a susceptible person?
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What is a key characteristic of glutaraldehyde as a disinfectant?
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Bactericidal antibiotics only suppress the growth of bacteria.
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Spores have an active, high metabolism, allowing them to thrive in harsh conditions.
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Viruses can survive and reproduce outside a host.
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Disinfection requires cleaning equipment as a first step before eliminating harmful microorganisms.
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Transmission routes of microorganisms can only occur through direct contact.
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Which statement about spores is correct?
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What is a primary method of transmission for pathogens through objects?
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Which of the following describes the characteristics of bacteriostatic agents?
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Which factor is NOT necessary for the spread of infection?
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Which disinfectant is mentioned as effective in the disinfection process?
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Which sterilization method is typically the least efficient for killing all microorganisms?
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What type of gas is used for a Helium-O2 blend that penetrates airways well?
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Which of the following organisms is classified as multi-drug resistant?
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Which type of precaution is specifically designed to prevent the spread of infections transmitted through large respiratory droplets?
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What is the color of the gas cylinder containing oxygen?
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What is the primary function of the Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) enzyme?
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Sterilization using hydrogen peroxide is guaranteed to eliminate all microorganisms.
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ESBL is an enzyme that some strains of bacteria produce, allowing them to resist many antibiotics.
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The gas cylinder color for oxygen is yellow.
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Neutropenia refers to the lack of a sufficient number of neutrophils in the body.
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MRSA is a type of organism that is resistant to vancomycin.
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What is the main difference between service pressure and working pressure for gas tanks?
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Which of the following statements about reducing valves is true?
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When calculating the duration for 'E' tanks, which formula is applied?
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Which method is used to determine the remaining liters in liquid tanks?
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What is a critical function of zone valves in gas and liquid systems?
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How long will an E cylinder last if it is supplying O2 at 4 L/min with a pressure of 1900 psig?
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With 5 full H cylinders supplying an average of 16 L/min, will the backup O2 system last for 24 hours?
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How many full E tanks should be provided if a patient is on an Oxymask at 8 L/min for a 50-minute trip?
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What is the primary purpose of safety systems designed by the Compressed Gas Association?
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Which tank colors correctly identify the gases involved?
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Study Notes
Factors Affecting the Spread of Infections
- Infectious agents include viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms that can cause diseases.
- Hosts are humans who may become infected; host characteristics can affect exposure and susceptibility to infections.
- Bacteria can survive outside a host and require one for reproduction, while viruses need a host to survive and may lead to the host’s death.
- Modes of transmission include:
- Direct Contact: Physical interaction between an infected and a susceptible person.
- Fomites: Inanimate objects like equipment and furniture that can harbor infectious agents.
- Aerosol: Spread through airborne particles, particularly from coughs or sneezes.
- Oral: Ingestion of contaminated food or water.
- Vectorborne: Transmission through living organisms, such as mosquitoes, which can carry diseases like malaria.
Disinfection
- Disinfection aims to eliminate or reduce harmful microorganisms.
- Different types of disinfectants include:
- Alcohol (70% concentration): Broad-spectrum effectiveness against various microorganisms.
- Acetic Acid: Effective against bacteria and fungi.
- Hydrogen Peroxide: Offers strong disinfectant properties; however, it may bleach or damage certain surfaces.
- Glutaraldehyde: A powerful disinfectant effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including spores; use with caution due to toxicity.
Bacterial Terms
- Bactericidal: Antibiotics that actively kill bacteria.
- Bacteriostatic: Antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth without killing them.
- Vegetative Organisms: Cells that are actively growing, reproducing, and functioning normally.
- Spores: Inactive structures formed by some bacteria to survive harsh conditions, exhibiting minimal metabolism.
Infection
- Source: Refers to pathogens such as viruses or bacteria that can cause infection; includes intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting susceptibility and response.
- Host: The individual (human) who can contract the disease; influenced by various internal factors which determine susceptibility to pathogens.
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Route: Transmission routes for microorganisms include:
- Direct Contact: Physical transfer of pathogens.
- Fomites: Inanimate objects that carry infectious agents (e.g., medical equipment, furniture).
- Aerosol: Airborne transmission of pathogens.
- Oral: Diseases spread through ingestion.
- Vectorborne: Pathogen transmission via vectors (e.g., insects).
Disinfection/Disinfectants
- Disinfection entails the process of removing or destroying harmful microorganisms to ensure safety.
- Cleaning is the preliminary step before disinfection.
- Effective disinfectants include:
- Alcohol: Minimum concentration of 70% is effective.
- Acetic Acid: Often used for its antimicrobial properties.
- Hydrogen Peroxide: Functions as a broad-spectrum disinfectant.
- Glutaraldehyde: A potent disinfectant commonly used in healthcare settings.
Types of Bacteria
- Bactericidal: Agents that kill bacteria directly.
- Bacteriostatic: Agents that inhibit bacterial growth without killing them.
- Vegetative Organisms: Active, functional, and reproducing cells that are in a normal growth phase.
- Spores: Inactive structures produced by some bacteria to survive extreme conditions, characterized by minimal metabolism.
Transmission of Infection
- Source: Infectious agents like viruses or bacteria that can initiate an infection.
- Host: An individual, typically human, who may become infected; various risk factors can influence susceptibility and response to pathogens.
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Bacteria vs. Viruses:
- Bacteria can survive outside a host.
- Viruses require a host for survival; they die if the host dies.
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Route of Transmission:
- Direct Contact: Physical interaction between infected and non-infected individuals.
- Fomites: Inanimate objects that can harbor infectious agents (e.g., furniture, medical equipment).
- Aerosol: Transmission through airborne particles.
- Oral: Infection through ingestion of contaminated substances.
- Vectorborne: Transmission via vectors, such as insects.
Disinfectants
- Disinfection is crucial for reducing harmful microorganisms; the first step is cleaning equipment.
- Effective disinfectants include:
- Alcohol: Concentrations greater than 70% are effective.
- Acetic Acid
- Hydrogen Peroxide
- Glutaraldehyde
Sterilization
- Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms to ensure safety in medical settings.
- Methods include:
- Heat (Steam): A common and effective method.
- Heat/Pressure (Autoclave): Uses high pressure and heat for thorough sterilization.
- Ethylene Oxide: A gas used to sterilize heat-sensitive instruments.
- Hydrogen Peroxide: Effective but has longer sterilization times and may not guarantee complete sterilization.
Types of Precautions
- Standard: General precautions applied to all patients to prevent infection.
- Contact: Used for infections that can spread through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or items.
- Airborne: Precautions taken to prevent spread through tiny droplets in the air.
- Droplet: Prevents transmission through respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes.
Virulent Organisms
- Refers to the severity and harm caused by specific microorganisms.
- Notable organisms include:
- MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of healthcare-associated infections.
- VRE: Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, resistant to standard antibiotics.
- ESBL: Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, an enzyme making bacteria resistant to many antibiotics.
- MDRO: Multi-Drug Resistant Organism, resistant to multiple antibiotics.
- Neutropenia: A condition defined by insufficient neutrophils, leading to increased infection risk.
Types of Gas Cylinders, Factors, Safety System
- Cylinder types include:
- "E" cylinder: Holds 0.28 m³; uses PISS (Pin Index Safety System) for connection.
- "H" cylinder: Holds 3.14 m³; uses ASSS (American Standard Safety System) for connection.
Tank Colors
- Gas cylinder color codes:
- O2 (Oxygen) - Green
- Air - Yellow
- Heliox (Helium-Oxygen blend) - Green/Brown
- Heliox is lightweight and penetrates airways effectively.
- Common blends include 70/30 or 80/20 Helium-O2.
- Heliox is beneficial for all patients, enhancing respiration and reducing airway resistance.
Sterilization
- Sterilization eliminates all microorganisms through various methods.
- Methods include heat (steam) and pressure via an autoclave, ethylene oxide gas, and hydrogen peroxide, which may have longer sterilization times and incomplete effectiveness.
Types of Precautions
- Standard precautions address droplet transmission, indicated by signs outside healthcare rooms.
- Contact precautions focus on airborne droplets, also signposted for awareness.
- Precautions are classified into categories such as airborne, droplet, and contact.
Virulent Organisms
- Virulence measures the severity, harm, or destructiveness of an organism.
MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus)
- MRSA is a specific strain of bacteria resistant to methicillin, posing treatment challenges.
VRE (Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus)
- VRE refers to Enterococcus strains that exhibit resistance to vancomycin, complicating infection control.
ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase)
- ESBL is an enzyme produced by some bacterial strains that render them resistant to many antibiotics, making infections harder to treat.
MDRO (Multi-Drug Resistant Organism)
- MDROs are organisms resistant to multiple antibiotics, presenting significant challenges in healthcare settings.
Neutropenia
- Neutropenia is characterized by an insufficient level of neutrophils, increasing susceptibility to infections.
Types of Gas Cylinders and Safety Systems
- Gas cylinders include size E (0.28 psi) identified by PISS and size H (3.14 psi) identified by ASSS, ensuring proper handling and usage.
Tank Colors
- Oxygen tanks are marked green, air tanks are yellow, and heliox tanks are green/brown.
Helium
- Helium is a lightweight gas that effectively penetrates airways.
- Helium-Oxygen blends are commonly used in ratios of 70/30 or 80/20, suitable for various patient conditions.
- The formula Psi x factor / flow can be used to calculate the duration or flow capabilities of gas tanks.
Working Pressure vs Service Pressure
- Service pressure is the pressure marked on gas tanks and is crucial for tank calculations, including hydro test pressure.
- Working pressure is typically equal to service pressure; however, it may exceed service pressure when the tank has an allowed overfill stamp, permitting a 10% increase.
Reducing Valves
- Can be classified as single stage or multi-stage.
- All reducing valves are designed to lower pressure to 50 psi.
Other Information
- Regulators control the gas flow and pressure in a system.
- Zone valves manage the flow of gases in different sections of a facility.
- It’s important to calculate tank duration for different tank types:
- "E" tanks
- "H" tanks
- Liquid oxygen tanks.
- Understanding proper storage techniques for tanks is essential for safety and efficiency.
- Familiarity with tank markings is necessary for safe operation and compliance.
Gas Tanks
- The gas flow can be determined using the formula: (Pressure x Factor) / Flow.
Liquid Tanks
- To calculate remaining liquid in tanks:
- Step 1: Use the formula (Weight x 860) / 2.5 to determine liters remaining.
- Step 2: Divide liters remaining by flow rate to find duration.
Oxygen Cylinder Calculations
- An E cylinder with a pressure of 1900 psig delivers oxygen at a flow rate of 4 L/min, lasting approximately 3.6 hours before depletion.
- A hospital's backup O2 system consisting of 5 full H cylinders can sustain an average flow of 16 L/min for over 24 hours, with a surplus of 35 minutes.
- For patient transport using an Oxymask at 8 L/min, providing two full E tanks is recommended to allow for reserve, each tank supplying around 1 hour of oxygen.
Safety and Identifying Tank Colors
- The Compressed Gas Association designed safety systems to avoid gas delivery errors by implementing different connection profiles.
- Recognized tank colors: Oxygen is indicated by green (I), while Helium/Oxygen mix is represented by brown/green (IV).
Pressure Definitions
- Working pressure for oxygen tanks is established at 2200 psig, ensuring safe operational levels during use.
- Service pressure for storage is maintained at 50 psig, indicating the pressure at which a cylinder is filled.
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Description
Explore the various factors that contribute to the spread of infections, focusing on the roles of infectious agents and hosts. This quiz delves into the interactions between different microorganisms and human hosts, highlighting susceptibility and exposure dynamics.
