Chapter 16 : Eyes

Ptosis = Drooping Exophthalmos = Eyeballs protrude and eyelids retract; associated with Graves and hyperthyroidism Entropion = Inward lower lid Ectropion = Outward lower lid

Ptosis = Drooping Exophthalmos = Graves and hyperthyroidism Entropion = Inward lower lid Ectropion = Outward lower lid

drooping

<p>protrude</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>inward</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>outward</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blepharitis = Staph infection of eyelid Conjunctivitis = Inflammation of conjunctiva; AKA pink eye Hordeolum = Stye Diffuse episcleritis = Inflammation of sclera</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staph infection of eyelid = Blepharitis Inflammation of conjunctiva = Conjunctivitis Stye = Hordeolum Inflammation of sclera = Diffuse episcleritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blepharitis = This condition is caused by a staph infection of the eyelid Conjunctivitis = This condition is characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva, also known as pink eye Hordeolum = This condition is commonly referred to as a stye Diffuse episcleritis = This condition involves inflammation of the sclera</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blepharitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>conjunctiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>stye</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gradual = Aging, diabetes, HTN, neuro disorders Sudden = Acute problems (head trauma, or increased ICP) Floaters = Myopia (nearsightedness), 40+ Usually not a problem and no intervention required Blind spots = Scotoma (blind spot surrounded by normal or slightly diminished peripheral vision)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intermittent blind spots = Associated with vascular spasms (ophthalmic migraine) or pressure on optic nerve Consistent blind spots = Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aging, diabetes, HTN, neuro disorders = Gradual Acute problems (head trauma, or increased ICP) = Sudden Myopia (nearsightedness), 40+ Usually not a problem and no intervention required = Floaters Scotoma (blind spot surrounded by normal or slightly diminished peripheral vision) = Blind spots</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ophthalmic migraine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open angle glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Throbbing, stabbing, deep aching</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irritant exposure or systemic response</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Halos or rings around lights = Narrow angle glaucoma Trouble seeing at night = Optic atrophy, glaucoma, vit A deficiency Diplopia (double vision) = Increased ICP Eye itching or pain. Burning/itching = Allergies or superficial irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiphora = Excessive watering or tearing (bilateral or unilateral.) Irregularly shaped iris = Shallow anterior chamber Increased risk for narrow-angle (closed-angle) glaucoma Miosis = Pinpoint pupils, constricted and fixed Mydriasis = Dilated and fixed pupils</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anisocoria = Pupils of unequal size Miosis = Pinpoint pupils, constricted and fixed Mydriasis = Dilated and fixed pupils Epiphora = Excessive watering or tearing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Halos</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Throbbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distant Visual Acuity (Snellen Chart) = $20/20$ Near Visual Acuity (Jaeger test) = $14/14$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myopia = Impaired far vision, nearsightedness Presbyopia = Impaired near vision, farsightedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legally blind = $20/200$ Referral needed = Anyone worse than $20/30$</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20/20</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myopia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20/200</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>distant visual activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20/200</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Near visual activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<h1>Snellen = Distant visual activity Jaegar = Near visual activity E-chart = non verbal or cant read</h1> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Jaegar</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patient covers one eye , holds paper 14 in away and reads the smallest line</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At 20ft away , patient reads letters that most people see at 30ft away</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>: Use penlight to observe parallel alignment of light reflection on corneas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strabismus = Constant misalignment of eyes Esotropia = Eye turns inward Exotropia = Eye turns outwards Phoria = Misalignment when fusion reflex is blocked</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exophoria = Eye movement outward Esophoria = Eye movement inward Normal eye movement in Cover test = Eye remains fixed straight ahead, no movement Abnormal eye movement in Cover test = Eye moves to establish focus when the opposite eye is covered</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Corneal Light Reflex Test = Take penlight and shine at nose, observe reflection of light on the corneas Cover test = Have patient look away and focus on one object; have them cover an eye, observe the uncovered eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To check for intact fusion reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uncovered eye remains fixed straight ahead, no movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cranial nerve III</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth and symmetric</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cranial nerve VI = Looking out the corner of the eye Cranial nerve IV = In towards your nose causing double vision Cranial nerve III = Responsible for all other eye movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Failure to follow movement symmetrically, one eye malaligned = Abnormal Eye movement should be smooth and symmetric throughout all 6 directions = Normal Rapid, oscillation movements = Nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Up and out = Cranial nerve III In = Cranial nerve IV Out = Cranial nerve VI</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ophthalmoscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nystagmus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nystagmus and paralytic strabismus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal eye alignment due to muscle weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>strength in eye movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Darken the room, have the client focus on a nearby object, shine light obliquely into the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pupils constrict</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To observe the pupil's reaction to light</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presbyopia = Decreased accommodation making it hard for old people to see things up close Pinguecula = Yellowish nodules on the bulbar conjunctiva Entropion = Condition where the eyelid turns in causing eyelashes to rub against the cornea Ectropion = Condition where the eyelid turns out and does not touch the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Floaters = Floating white spot in vision, usually not a problem and no intervention required Myopia = Nearsightedness, common in individuals 40+ Arcus senilis = Lipid deposits appearing as rings on the outer region of the cornea Entropion = Eyelid turns in causing eyelashes to rub against the cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myopia = Nearsightedness, common in individuals 40+ Pinguecula = Yellowish nodules on the bulbar conjunctiva, harmless and common in older clients Arcus senilis = White arc or lipid deposits that appear as rings on the outer region of the cornea Ectropion = Condition where the eyelid turns out and does not touch the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No more than seven drinks per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Previous eye injury or inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>clouding or frosty windows</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>cataracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

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<p>AACG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>POAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AACG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing age ❖ Family History ❖ Diabetes mellitus ❖ Excessive alcohol use ❖ Exposure to sunlight ❖ Exposure to ionizing radiation (X-rays/radiation therapy) High blood pressure ❖ Obesity ❖ Previous eye injury, inflammation, surgery ❖ Prolonged steroid use (ingested or topical) ❖ Cigarette smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wear sunglasses that block UVB rays. ❖ Avoid smoking or quit smoking. ❖ Avoid excessive alcohol intake. ❖ Avoid eye injuries. ❖ Use eye protectant equipment if necessary. ❖ Seek medication treatment for prolonged or unusual eye inflammation or eye injury. ❖ Regular eye examination. ❖ Maintain healthy weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glaucoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High eye pressure = increased intraocular pressure (IOP) ❖ Family history of glaucoma ❖ Age 40+ for African-Americans ❖ Age 60+ for general population ❖ Thin cornea ❖ Suspicious optic nerve appearance – “cupping</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>POAG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AACG</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular eye examination ❖ Treat elevated IOP ❖ Wear protective eye gear to avoid eye injury ❖ Diet/exercise to reduce risk of DM</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macular Degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wet and dry ( more common )</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macular degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amsler grid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>❖ Maintain healthy weight and regular exercise. ❖ Maintain normal BP ❖ Wear sunglasses and hats outdoors ❖ Regular eye exams ❖ Amsler Grid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<h1>Cataracts = Blurry vision, double vision in one eye  fading/yellowing of colors  Leading cause of blindness  Clouding of the lens of eye  Halos around lights  Pt may describe as looking through a frosty window Macular Degeneration = Age related Loss of central vision Deterioration of macula Wet and dry (more common) Screening Comp exam every 1-2 years for 65+ and people at risk Annual eye exam for 61+ Evaluation and counseling for all women 65 Glaucoma = Both eyes affected Damaged optic nerve, often caused by high intraocular pressure; vision loss irreversible Loss of peripheral vision Poor night vision POAG - patchy blind spots in peripheral or central vision; family history; African American 40+ AACG - East Asian and Inuit; headache, pain in eye, N/V, blurred vision, halos around lights, eye redness, needs immediate care Screening 40-54, ever 1-3 years 55-64, every 1-2 years 65+ every 6-12 months</h1> Signup and view all the answers