Chapter 16 Respiratory System

Tubes that filter incoming air and transport it into the microscopic alveoli where gases are exchanged.

The process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells.

Ventilation, gas exchange between blood and lungs, gas transport in the bloodstream, gas exchange between the blood and body cells, and cellular respiration.

<p>Breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The process of oxygen utilization and carbon dioxide production at the cellular level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two: Upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is supported by bone and cartilage and provides entrance for air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By coarse hairs inside the nostrils.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a space posterior to the nose that is divided medially by the nasal septum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It divides the nasal cavity into passageways that are lined with mucous membrane, and help increase the surface area available to warm and filter incoming air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Particles trapped in the mucus are carried to the pharynx by ciliary action, swallowed, and carried to the stomach where gastric juice destroys any microorganisms in the mucus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sinuses are air-filled spaces found within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of the skull.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are open to the nasal cavity and are lined with mucus membrane that is continuous with that lining the nasal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce the weight of the skull and serve as a resonant chamber to affect the quality of the voice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pharynx is a common passageway for air and food. It aids in producing sounds for speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea and inferior to the pharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps keep particles from entering the trachea and also houses the vocal cords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage (thyroid, cricoid, and epiglottic) bound by elastic tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two pairs of folds of muscle and connective tissue covered with mucous membrane make up the vocal cords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The upper pair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lower pair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changing tension on the vocal cords controls pitch, while increasing the loudness depends upon increasing the force of air vibrating the vocal cords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are relaxed and the glottis is a triangular slit.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The false vocal cords and the epiglottis close off the glottis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It extends downward anterior to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity, where it splits into right and left bronchi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells that serve to trap incoming particles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Branched tubes leading from the trachea to the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two main (primary) bronchi, each leading to a lung.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right and left primary bronchi. Yes, they further subdivide until bronchioles give rise to alveolar ducts, then alveolar sacs which terminate in alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through the thin epithelial cells of the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right and left soft, spongy, and cone-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are separated medially by the mediastinum and are enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bronchus and large blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A layer of serous membrane, the visceral pleura.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visceral pleura.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parietal pleura.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pleura cavity between the visceral pleura and parietal pleura.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The right has 3 and the left has 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lobules that contain air passages, alveoli, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>(Breathing) the movement of air in and out of the lungs; it is composed of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atmospheric pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When pressure on the inside of the lungs decreases, higher pressure air flows in from the outside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the size of the thoracic cavity; due to the surface tension (attraction of water) between the two layers of the pleura, the lungs follow with the chest wall and expand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Surfactant (mixture of lipids and protein) keeps the alveoli from sticking to each other so they do not collapse when internal air pressure is low.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The elastic recoil of lung and muscle tissues and from the surface tension within the alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thoracic and abdominal wall muscles that compress the abdomen against the diaphragm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spirometry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Four distinct respiratory volumes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One inspiration followed by expiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An additional volume, the inspiratory reserve volume, can be inhaled into the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The inspiratory capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An expiratory reserve volume can be exhaled, but there remains residual volume in the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By adding the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve and expiratory reserve volumes combined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vital capacity plus residual volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air remaining in the bronchial tree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A rhythmic, involuntary act even though the muscles are under voluntary control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Groups of neurons in the brain stem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controls breathing by causing inspiration and expiration and by adjusting the rate and depth of breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dorsal respiratory group and the ventral respiratory group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The basic rhythm of breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When more forceful breathing is required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurons in the pons. They may contribute to the rhythm of breathing by limiting inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemicals, lung tissue stretching, and emotional state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are central chemoreceptors that are associated with the respiratory center and are sensitive to changes in the blood concentration of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The central chemoreceptors signal the respiratory center, and breathing rate increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral chemoreceptors in carotid bodies and aortic bodies sense changes in blood oxygen concentration, transmit impulses to the respiratory center, and breathing rate and tidal volume increase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By stretch receptors in the visceral pleura, bronchioles, and alveoli, helps to prevent overinflation of the lungs during forceful breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lowers the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alveoli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tiny sacs clustered at the distal ends of the alveolar ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The epithelial cells of the alveolus, the endothelial cells of the capillary, and the two fused basement membranes of these layers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Gases diffuse from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure. 2) In a mixture of gases, each gas accounts for a portion of the total pressure; the amount of pressure each gas exerts is equal to its partial pressure. 3) When partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveolar air than it is in the capillary blood, oxygen will diffuse into the blood. 4) When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greater in the blood than in the alveolar air, carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood and into the alveolus. 5) A number of factors favor increased diffusion; more surface area, shorter distance, greater solubility of gases, and a steeper partial pressure gradient.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are transported in association with molecules in the blood or dissolved in the plasma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over 98% of oxygen is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin of red blood cells, producing oxyhemoglobin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In areas where the concentration of oxygen is low, and gives up its oxygen molecules in those areas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As the blood concentration of carbon dioxide increases, as the blood becomes more acidic, and as blood temperature increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues. It has a variety of causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As carbaminohemoglobin or as bicarbonate ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the form of bicarbonate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Carbon dioxide be transported or dissolved in blood plasma as carbaminohemoglobin or as bicarbonate ions. 2) Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in the form of bicarbonate. 3) When carbon dioxide reacts with water in the plasma, carbonic acid is formed slowly, but instead, much of the carbon dioxide enters red blood cells, where the enzyme carbonic anhydrase speeds this reaction. 4) The resulting carbonic acid dissociates immediately, releasing bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. 5) Carbaminohemoglobin also releases its carbon dioxide which diffuses out of the blood into the alveolar air.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers