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Questions and Answers
What does the respiratory system consist of?
What does the respiratory system consist of?
Tubes that filter incoming air and transport it into the microscopic alveoli where gases are exchanged.
What is respiration?
What is respiration?
The process of exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells.
What does respiration consist of?
What does respiration consist of?
Ventilation, gas exchange between blood and lungs, gas transport in the bloodstream, gas exchange between the blood and body cells, and cellular respiration.
What is ventilation?
What is ventilation?
What is cellular respiration?
What is cellular respiration?
How many groups can the organs of the respiratory tract be divided into? What are they?
How many groups can the organs of the respiratory tract be divided into? What are they?
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?
What is the nose supported by and provide entrance for?
What is the nose supported by and provide entrance for?
How is air filtered in the nose?
How is air filtered in the nose?
What is the nasal cavity and what is it divided by?
What is the nasal cavity and what is it divided by?
What role does the nasal conchae play?
What role does the nasal conchae play?
How are particles in the mucus (nasal) disposed of?
How are particles in the mucus (nasal) disposed of?
What are sinuses and where are they located?
What are sinuses and where are they located?
What are sinuses open to and lined with?
What are sinuses open to and lined with?
What role do the sinuses play?
What role do the sinuses play?
What role does the pharynx play?
What role does the pharynx play?
What is the larynx?
What is the larynx?
What role does the larynx play?
What role does the larynx play?
What is the larynx composed of?
What is the larynx composed of?
What is found inside the larynx?
What is found inside the larynx?
The false vocal cord is considered...
The false vocal cord is considered...
The true vocal cord is considered...
The true vocal cord is considered...
How do vocal cords work?
How do vocal cords work?
What happens to the vocal cords during normal breathing?
What happens to the vocal cords during normal breathing?
What happens to the vocal cords when swallowing?
What happens to the vocal cords when swallowing?
Where is the trachea?
Where is the trachea?
What is the inner wall of the trachea lined with?
What is the inner wall of the trachea lined with?
How is the trachea wall supported?
How is the trachea wall supported?
What does the bronchial tree consist of?
What does the bronchial tree consist of?
What does the bronchial tree begin with?
What does the bronchial tree begin with?
What are the branches of the bronchial tree from the trachea called? Do they further subdivide?
What are the branches of the bronchial tree from the trachea called? Do they further subdivide?
How does gas exchange between the blood and air occur?
How does gas exchange between the blood and air occur?
Describe the lungs.
Describe the lungs.
How are the lungs separated? What are they enclosed by?
How are the lungs separated? What are they enclosed by?
What enters each lung?
What enters each lung?
What folds back to form the parietal pleura?
What folds back to form the parietal pleura?
What is attached to the lung?
What is attached to the lung?
What lines the thoracic cavity?
What lines the thoracic cavity?
What does serous fluid lubricate?
What does serous fluid lubricate?
How many lobes does the right lung have? The left?
How many lobes does the right lung have? The left?
What are each lobe of the lungs composed of?
What are each lobe of the lungs composed of?
What is ventilation? What is it composed of?
What is ventilation? What is it composed of?
What is the force that moves air into the lungs?
What is the force that moves air into the lungs?
Describe what happens during inspiration.
Describe what happens during inspiration.
What happens when air pressure inside the lungs is decreased?
What happens when air pressure inside the lungs is decreased?
What muscles are involved in expanding the thoracic cavity?
What muscles are involved in expanding the thoracic cavity?
What happens as the lungs expand?
What happens as the lungs expand?
What are the forces of expiration due to?
What are the forces of expiration due to?
What is forced expiration aided by?
What is forced expiration aided by?
What is the measurement of different air volumes called?
What is the measurement of different air volumes called?
What does spirometry describe?
What does spirometry describe?
What is a respiratory cycle?
What is a respiratory cycle?
What is the tidal volume?
What is the tidal volume?
What happens during forced inspiration?
What happens during forced inspiration?
What does IRV + TV give us?
What does IRV + TV give us?
What happens during maximal forced expiration?
What happens during maximal forced expiration?
What gives us the functional reserve capacity?
What gives us the functional reserve capacity?
What is vital capacity?
What is vital capacity?
What equals the total lung capacity?
What equals the total lung capacity?
What is anatomic dead space?
What is anatomic dead space?
Describe normal breathing...
Describe normal breathing...
What comprise the respiratory areas?
What comprise the respiratory areas?
What role does the respiratory areas do?
What role does the respiratory areas do?
What are the two groups of neurons that the medullary rhythmicity center includes?
What are the two groups of neurons that the medullary rhythmicity center includes?
What is the dorsal respiratory group responsible for?
What is the dorsal respiratory group responsible for?
When is the ventral respiratory group active?
When is the ventral respiratory group active?
What forms the pontine respiratory group? Do they contribute anything?
What forms the pontine respiratory group? Do they contribute anything?
What factors affect breathing?
What factors affect breathing?
What are chemosensitive areas? What are they associated with?
What are chemosensitive areas? What are they associated with?
What happens if either carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion concentrations rise?
What happens if either carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion concentrations rise?
Explain the role peripheral chemoreceptors play...
Explain the role peripheral chemoreceptors play...
How are inflation reflexes triggered? What does it help prevent?
How are inflation reflexes triggered? What does it help prevent?
What does hyperventilation do?
What does hyperventilation do?
What are the only sites of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood?
What are the only sites of gas exchange between the atmosphere and the blood?
What are alveoli?
What are alveoli?
What does the respiratory membrane consist of?
What does the respiratory membrane consist of?
Where does gas exchange occur?
Where does gas exchange occur?
Describe diffusion across the respiratory membrane...
Describe diffusion across the respiratory membrane...
How are gases transported?
How are gases transported?
How is oxygen carried? What %?
How is oxygen carried? What %?
Where is oxyhemoglobin unstable?
Where is oxyhemoglobin unstable?
When is more oxygen released?
When is more oxygen released?
What is hypoxia? Does it have any causes?
What is hypoxia? Does it have any causes?
How can carbon dioxide be transported or dissolved in blood plasma?
How can carbon dioxide be transported or dissolved in blood plasma?
How is most carbon dioxide transported?
How is most carbon dioxide transported?
Describe the steps in carbon dioxide transport....
Describe the steps in carbon dioxide transport....
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Study Notes
Respiratory System Overview
- The respiratory system filters incoming air through tubes and transports it to alveoli for gas exchange.
- Respiration involves exchanging gases between the atmosphere and body cells, consisting of ventilation, gas exchange, transport, and cellular respiration.
Components of the Respiratory System
- Divided into two groups: upper respiratory tract (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx) and lower respiratory tract (larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, lungs).
- The nose, supported by bone and cartilage, provides air entrance and filters air using coarse hairs in the nostrils.
Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
- The nasal cavity is divided by the nasal septum and contains nasal conchae, which increase surface area for warming and filtering air.
- Sinuses, air-filled spaces in skull bones, reduce skull weight and enhance vocal resonance, opening to the nasal cavity.
Larynx and Vocal Cords
- The larynx, located above the trachea, prevents particles from entering the trachea and houses vocal cords.
- Composed of muscles and cartilage, it contains true (lower) and false (upper) vocal cords, which regulate pitch and loudness by tension changes.
Trachea and Bronchial Tree
- The trachea extends before splitting into left and right bronchi and is lined with ciliated mucous membrane for trapping particles.
- The bronchial tree branches into bronchioles leading to alveolar ducts and sacs for gas exchange.
Lungs Structure
- Lungs are spongy, cone-shaped organs divided into lobes (3 on the right, 2 on the left), separated by the mediastinum and enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage.
Ventilation Mechanics
- Ventilation involves inspiration (inhaling) and expiration (exhaling). Atmospheric pressure is the force moving air into the lungs.
- During inspiration, lung pressure decreases, causing air influx; thoracic cavity expansion is aided by the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
Breathing Control
- Breathing is involuntary but can be voluntarily controlled; the brain stem's respiratory areas manage inspiration and expiration.
- Two groups in the medullary rhythmicity center: the dorsal respiratory group (basic rhythm) and ventral respiratory group (forceful breathing).
Gas Exchange and Transport
- Gas exchange occurs at the respiratory membrane (alveoli and capillary interface) through diffusion based on partial pressure gradients.
- Oxygen is primarily transported as oxyhemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide is transported as bicarbonate, carbaminohemoglobin, or dissolved in plasma.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
- Spirometry measures different air volumes during respiratory cycles, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume.
- Vital capacity combines tidal volume, IRV, and ERV, while total lung capacity is vital capacity plus residual volume.
Regulation of Breathing
- Factors affecting breathing include chemical changes, lung stretch, and emotional states.
- Chemosensitive areas in the brain respond to blood CO2 and hydrogen ion levels; increased concentrations heighten breathing rates.
- Inflation reflexes prevent overinflation during forceful breathing, triggered by stretch receptors.
Conditions Impacting Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Levels
- Hypoxia refers to inadequate oxygen supply in tissues, with various causes.
- Hyperventilation decreases blood carbon dioxide levels, affecting gas exchange efficiency.
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