Chapter 16 Reproductive System Quiz
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Questions and Answers

The gonads include egg and sperm cells.

False (B)

The head of a sperm contains 46 chromosomes.

False (B)

Sperm are propelled through the ductus deferens by peristalsis.

True (A)

The prostate gland encircles the urethra.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The scrotum is a pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue that contains the testes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of egg formation is known as oogenesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fertilization usually takes place in the uterus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bulk of the uterine wall is made up of the myometrium.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The stratum functionale of the endometrium is shed from the uterine wall during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cessation of the female reproductive cycle is known as menarche.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interstitial cells in the testes produce male sex hormones.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spermatogonia divide by mitosis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The epididymis secretes a fluid containing fructose to provide an energy source for sperm.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ejaculation is the forceful discharge of semen into the urethra.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The epididymis is a tightly coiled tube in which sperm complete the maturation process.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If fertilization does not take place, the corpus luteum continues to grow and enlarge.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fimbriae help propel sperm through the uterus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The growth of the ovarian follicle occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the female, luteinizing hormone (LH) is responsible for stimulating the growth and thickening of the endometrium.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The upper bulging surface of the uterus is the fundus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Corpora cavernosa = Two dorsal columns of erectile tissue found in the penis Corpus albicans = Scar tissue in the ovary that forms when the corpus luteum degenerates Corpus luteum = The yellow structure that develops from the mature follicle after ovulation Corpus spongiosum = Ventral column of erectile tissue found in the penis Ductus deferens = Tubular structure that is continuous with the epididymis and transports sperm to the ejaculatory duct Endometrium = Innermost mucous membrane layer of the uterine wall Epididymis = Tightly coiled tubule along the posterior margin of each testicle that functions in the maturation and storage of sperm Gametes = Sex cells: sperm and ova Gonads = Primary reproductive organs; organs that produce the gametes: testes in the male and ovaries in the female Interstitial cells = Cells between the seminiferous tubules in the testes that produce testosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four functions of the reproductive system?

<p>Produce egg and sperm cells; transport and sustain the egg and sperm cells; nurture the developing offspring; produce hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the primary reproductive organs?

<p>Gonads.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for egg and sperm cells?

<p>Gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the secondary reproductive organs?

<p>Transport and sustain the gametes and nurture the developing offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are the testes located outside of the abdominal cavity?

<p>This environment provides a 3°C lower temperature below normal body temperature, which is necessary for the production of viable sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the scrotum?

<p>Skin and subcutaneous tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)?

<p>Produce male sex hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where in the testes does spermatogenesis take place?

<p>Seminiferous tubules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spermatogonia?

<p>Immature cells that remain dormant until puberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during meiosis I of spermatogenesis?

<p>Primary spermatocytes undergo the first meiotic division to produce two secondary spermatocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during meiosis II of spermatogenesis?

<p>Each secondary spermatocyte divides to produce two spermatids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many spermatids are eventually produced by each primary spermatocyte?

<ol start="4"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during spermiogenesis?

<p>Spermatids formed from spermatogenesis become mature spermatozoa or sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are contained in the head of a sperm?

<p>23 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the acrosome located, and what is its function?

<p>The acrosome covers the tip of the head of the sperm and contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the female gamete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long does it take for a mature sperm to be produced (starting with a primary spermatocyte)?

<p>74 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long can sperm live in the female reproductive tract?

<p>48 hours.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the series of ducts that a sperm passes through to reach the outside of the body from the testes.

<p>Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to sperm in the epididymis?

<p>They complete the maturation process and become fertile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are sperm moved through the ductus deferens?

<p>Peristaltic movements propel the sperm through the tube.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two ducts combine to form the ejaculatory duct?

<p>Ductus deferens and seminal vesicle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the opening of the penis to the outside?

<p>External urethral orifice at the tip of the glans penis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles, and what is its function?

<p>The fluid contains fructose, which provides an energy source for spermatozoa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure does the prostate gland encircle?

<p>Urethra.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the fluid secreted by the prostate gland?

<p>Enhances motility of sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three functions of the fluid secreted by the bulbourethral glands?

<p>Neutralizes the acidity of urine residue in the urethra, helps to neutralize the acidity of the vagina, and provides some lubrication for the tip of the penis during intercourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is semen?

<p>Consists of a slightly alkaline mixture of sperm cells and secretions from the accessory glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual number of sperm contained in each milliliter of semen?

<p>50-150 million.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm formation in the testes.

Oogenesis

The process of egg formation in the ovaries.

Testosterone

The primary male sex hormone, produced by the testes.

Testes

The organ responsible for producing sperm and testosterone in males.

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Ovaries

The organ responsible for producing eggs and hormones in females.

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Acrosome

The structure at the tip of a sperm head containing enzymes that help penetrate the egg.

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Spermiogenesis

The final stage of sperm maturation, where they become capable of fertilization.

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The hormone responsible for stimulating ovulation and regulating the menstrual cycle.

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Endometrium

The inner layer of the uterine wall, responsible for implantation and shedding.

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Myometrium

The middle layer of the uterine wall, composed of smooth muscle.

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Perimetrium

The outer layer of the uterine wall.

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Stratum basale

The layer of the endometrium that is rebuilt after menstruation.

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Stratum functionale

The layer of the endometrium that is shed during menstruation.

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Epididymis

The coiled tube located at the posterior margin of each testis, responsible for sperm maturation and storage.

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Ductus deferens

The tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

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Ejaculatory duct

The tube that carries sperm from the ductus deferens to the urethra.

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Urethra

The tube that carries both urine and semen.

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Seminal vesicles

The glands that contribute fructose-rich fluid to semen, providing energy for sperm.

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Prostate gland

The gland that enhances sperm motility and encircles the urethra.

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Bulbourethral glands

The glands that secrete fluid that neutralizes acidity and provides lubrication.

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Semen

The mixture of sperm and secretions from accessory glands, usually containing 50-150 million sperm per milliliter.

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Menarche

The start of menstrual cycles in females.

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Corpus luteum

The structure that produces hormones after ovulation and degenerates if fertilization doesn't occur.

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Spermatogonia

Dormant stem cells in the testes that mature into sperm after puberty.

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Fimbriae

Finger-like projections that guide the egg from the ovary into the uterine tube.

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Sperm lifespan

The time it takes for mature sperm to form.

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Peristaltic movements

The process that propels sperm through the ductus deferens.

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Prostatic urethra

The segment of the male urethra that passes through the prostate gland.

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Membranous urethra

The segment of the male urethra that passes through the pelvic floor.

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Penile urethra

The segment of the male urethra that passes through the penis.

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External urethral orifice

The opening at the tip of the penis where urine and semen exit.

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Scrotum

The pouch that houses and protects the testes.

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Oogonia

Stem cells in females that give rise to mature eggs during oogenesis.

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Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)

The tubes that transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

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Study Notes

Reproductive System Overview

  • Gonads produce gametes: testes in males (sperm) and ovaries in females (eggs).
  • Testes are located outside of the abdominal cavity for optimal sperm temperature, which is lower by ~3°C.
  • The process of egg formation is called oogenesis, while spermatogenesis refers to sperm formation.

Sperm and Egg Structure

  • Sperm contains 23 chromosomes in its head.
  • The acrosome, located at the tip of the sperm head, contains enzymes that facilitate penetration of the egg.
  • Sperm undergoes spermiogenesis to mature into spermatozoa.

Hormonal Control and Phases

  • Interstitial cells (Leydig cells) in the testes produce testosterone.
  • Two primary reproductive cycles occur concurrently: ovarian cycle and uterine cycle, also known as the menstrual cycle.
  • Luteinizing hormone (LH) is critical for ovulation and the menstrual cycle.

Uterine Structure

  • The uterine wall consists of three layers: endometrium (inner), myometrium (middle), and perimetrium (outer).
  • The endometrium has two functional layers: stratum basale (rebuilt after menstruation) and stratum functionale (shed during menstruation).
  • The bulk of the uterine wall is made up of the myometrium.

Male Reproductive System

  • The epididymis is responsible for maturation and storage of sperm and is located at the posterior margin of each testis.
  • Sperm travels through several ducts: epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra.
  • Seminal vesicles contribute fructose-rich fluid, providing energy for sperm.

Semen Composition

  • Semen is a mixture of sperm and secretions from accessory glands, usually containing 50-150 million sperm per milliliter.
  • The prostate gland enhances sperm motility and encircles the urethra.
  • Bulbourethral glands secrete fluid that neutralizes acidity in the urethra and vagina and provides lubrication.

Menstrual Cycle and Fertilization

  • Menarche marks the beginning of menstrual cycles in females.
  • Fertilization typically occurs in the uterine tubes (fallopian tubes), not the uterus.
  • Hormonal changes during the ovarian cycle stimulate follicle growth and endometrial thickening.

Key Terms

  • Corpus luteum: Produces hormones after ovulation; degenerates if fertilization does not occur.
  • Spermatogonia: Dormant stem cells in the testes that mature into sperm after puberty.
  • Fimbriae: Finger-like projections that assist in guiding the egg from the ovary into the uterine tube.

Sperm Lifespan

  • Mature sperm takes approximately 74 days to form and can live in the female reproductive tract for about 48 hours.
  • Peristaltic movements propel sperm through the ductus deferens.

Urethra Anatomy

  • The male urethra has three segments: prostatic, membranous, and penile (spongy).
  • The external urethral orifice is the opening of the urethra at the tip of the penis.

Additional Functions

  • The scrotum is a pouch that houses and protects the testes.
  • Oogonia are stem cells in females that give rise to mature eggs during oogenesis.
  • The uterine tubes are essential for egg transport post-ovulation.

Summary of Reproductive System Functions

  • Overall functions include producing and transporting gametes, nurturing offspring, and hormone production which regulates reproductive processes.

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Test your knowledge of the reproductive system with this chapter 16 quiz. Challenge yourself with true or false statements regarding the anatomy and function of reproductive organs. Perfect for students studying human biology or anatomy.

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